2022版高考英语一轮基础达标选题Unit3Inventorsandinventions含解析新人教版选修8

Unit3Inventorsandinventions李仕才一、阅读理解。Angrymenappeartogaininfluenceinagroup,butangrywomenloseinfluence,accordingtoanewstudy.ResearchersfromArizonaStateUniversity(ASU)publishedtheirfindingsinthejournalLawandHumanBehavior.JessicaSalernoisapsychologistandwasco­authorofthestudy.Thefindingssuggestthat“womenmightnothavethesameopportunityforinfluencewhentheyexpressanger”.   Thestudyfoundthatwhenmenexpressedtheiropinionwithanger,participantsratedthemasmorebelievable.Butwhenwomenexpressedanger,theywereviewedasmoreemotionaland,thus,lessconvincing.Inotherwords,amancouldbenefitfromusingangerinpowerandpersuasion.Awoman,however,couldbeignoredorhurtbyhergroupifsheexpressedanger.   Thestudywasbasedontheresponsesof210students.Theywereshownevidenceandphotographsonlinefromarealmurdertrial.Amanwassaidtohavemurderedhiswife.Thestudentswereaskedtodecideifthemanwasguiltyornot.Beforemakingtheirdecision,thestudentsdiscussedthecaseonlinewithfivejurors(陪审员).Butthesewerenotrealjurors:Theywerecomputersmakingresponsesandcommentsbacktothestudents.Someofthefakejurorshadmaleidentities.Othershadfemaleidentities.   Somemalejurorswereangryaboutthejudgment.Whenthishappened,thestudentsreactedbydoubtingtheirowndecisionsaboutthecase.Confidenceintheirresponsesonthejudgment“droppedobviously,”saidthestudy.But,whenfemalejurorsseemedangry,thestudentparticipants“becameobviouslymoreconfidentintheiroriginaljudgments,”thestudyfound.   Thestudycouldhavewiderimportance.“Ourresultshaveimplications(启示)foranywomanwhoistryingtohaveinfluenceonadecisionintheirworkplaceandeverydaylives,”saidSalerno.Sheaddedthatinapoliticaldebate,afemalecandidatemighthavelessinfluenceifsheshowsanger.9\n1.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.PowerfulMenMustBeThoseWhoOftenGetAngryB.Women,beCarefulNottoTurnAngryEasilyC.AngryMenWinInfluenceWhileAngryWomenLoseD.AngryWomenAreNotUnfitforLeadersWhileMenAre2.Theunderlinedword“rated”inParagraph2canbereplacedby“________.”A.forgaveB.ignoredC.regardedD.praised3.Howdidthestudentsreacttothefemalejurors'angerwiththeirjudgments?A.Theymorefirmlystucktotheirjudgments.B.Theybegantodoubtabouttheirjudgments.C.Theygaveuptheirjudgmentswillingly.D.Theyhadtochangetheirjudgments.4.Ifawomanpoliticianwantstohavemoreinfluence,she'dbetter________.A.alwayskeepsmilingB.avoidlosinghertemperC.becomeangryD.giveordersfirmly参考答案：1.C;2.C;3.A;4.B解析：1.[主旨大意题。本文讨论的话题是生气的男人更有影响力,而生气的女人却会减少影响力。由主题段第一段得出。]2.[词义猜测题。研究发现,当男人用气愤的方式表达意见时,参与者认为他们更可信。rate此处的意思是“认为”,与regard同义。]3.[细节理解题。试验中,如果女陪审员对学生的判断生气,学生会更坚信自己的判断。由第五段最后一句得出。]4.[细节理解题。女政治家要想获得更大的影响力,不要生气发火。由第六段Sheaddedthatinapoliticaldebate,afemalecandidatemighthavelessinfluenceifsheshowsanger得出。]二、单句语法填空1．Somepeoplesaythatclassicalmusic________(associate)onlywitholdpeople.9\n答案：isassociated　beassociatedwith...“与……有关”。2．Thoughwearelivingabetterlife,Ican'tbear________(see)foodthrownaway.答案：seeing　can'tbeardoing...“不能忍受做某事”。3．Whatwasitthatdistinguishedher________herclassmates?答案：from　distinguish...from...“把……与……区分/辨别开”。4．Wemustalwaysbearinmind________Chinaisabigcountrywithahugepopulation.答案：that　bearinmindthat...“记住……”。5．Theserviceoffersyoungpeople________(practice)adviceonfindingajob.答案：practical　此处应用形容词修饰其后的名词advice。practical“实用的；实际的；实践的”。6．Weallhavean________(expect)thathecanpassthedrivingtestnextweek.答案：expectation　由空前的冠词可知应填名词。7．Inmyopinion,onlybyfacingdifficultiesbravelyand________(seize)opportunitiescanonesucceed.答案：seizing　该句为“only＋状语”位于句首引起倒装的句式。face与seize为and连接的两个并列成分，且均作by的宾语，故由facing可知应填seizing。8．Itwasnotuntilshegothome________Jenniferrealizedshehadlostherkeys.答案：that　该句为含有notuntil的强调句。由该句型“Itis/was＋notuntil...＋that＋其他”可知，应填that。9．She________(tap)meontheshoulderbutIdidn'tfeelit.答案：tapped　由but连接并列成分可知，设空处动词在句中作谓语；且后面并列句的谓语为didn't...，所以空格处也应用一般过去时，应填tapped。10．Pricesofdailygoods________(buy)throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.答案：bought　过去分词短语在句中作后置定语修饰goods。三、完形填空。阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。9\nIamasocialworker.Iwantedtotelleveryoneaboutmyverydearfriendwhopassedawayafewmonthsago.Imethimmanyyearsagowhiledoingmyinternship(实习期)inthecountryprison.Hewas__1__aprogramhehaddesignedtohelpprisonerswithdrugandalcoholproblems.Hewasalways__2__newwaystobringhopeandhelptothesemenandtheir__3__.Oneofhisfavorite__4__wastheToyDrive.HewouldruneveryChristmasforthechildrenoftheprisoners.Hedidthisfortwentyyears__5__hissuddendeath.AslastChristmas__6__，Idecidedthatthistraditionhadtobe__7__，forthechildrenaswellasthe__8__ofmyfriend.Butthefilewherehekeptthenamesofthepeoplewhohadbeenhelpedbyhimovertheyearswas__9__.Ihadtostartanew(重新)andwithverylittle__10__！Istartedmakingphonecalls，explainingabouttheprojectandmy__11__.Iprayedeverynightthattheeventwould，__12__，beworthyofmyfriend.Tomygreat__13__，individuals，churchesandbusinessesbegantocomeonboardand，__14__，Ihadenoughtoystogivetoallthechildrenoftheprisonerswithsomeleftoverforthelocalcommunity__15__！WhenChristmasEvefinallyarrived，Ifeltveryhappy，thinkingIhaddoneallIcoulddoandreflectingonwhata(n)__16__ithadbeenforme.Iwasbagginguptheremainingtoys__17__iftherewasanyoneleftwhomightlikethem.Thenmyphonerang.Itwasmydaughter.She__18__toexplainaboutawomansheknewinKentuckywhohadfivechildren，oneseriouslyill，nohusband，noheatinginthehome，notoys！Oh！Howcouldwenot?MydaughterandIdroveallnight，fromNewYorktoKentucky,andthosechildrenwokeupinanicewarmhousewithplentyof__19__！Myfriend's__20__ofkindnesslivedonthatyear，reachingallthewaytoKentucky!1．A.recordingB．attendingC．directingD．improving2．A.puttingupwithB．comingupwithC．keepingupwithD．catchingupwith3．A.groupB．familyC．companyD．club9\n4．A.eventsB．sportsC．hobbiesD．games5．A.afterB．sinceC．becauseD．until6．A.arrivedB．followedC．approachedD．finished7．A.carriedoutB．livedonC．carriedonD．livedout8．A.benefitB．memoryC．pleasureD．favor9．A.activeB．extraC．hidingD．missing10．A.timeB．pressureC．energyD．confidence11．A.difficultiesB．impressionC．importanceD．atmosphere12．A.otherwiseB．howeverC．somehowD．though13．A.curiosityB．disappointmentC．reliefD．thought14．A.eventuallyB．occasionallyC．absolutelyD．generally15．A.inparticularB．aswellC．oncemoreD．atfirst16．A.honorB．pityC．burdenD．discovery17．A.predictingB．wonderingC．evaluatingD．realizing18．A.droveB．cameC．returnedD．called19．A.chocolatesB．candiesC．toysD．flowers20．A.spiritB．positionC．courageD．attention9\n【解题导语】本文主要讲述了作者多年前在实习期间被朋友帮助他人的精神所感动，而在朋友逝世后继续朋友的活动以使朋友的精神得以延续的感人故事。【核心词汇】filen．文件箱，文件夹　reflectv．反射，仔细思考　remainingadj.剩余的，留下的1．C　根据下文的“HewouldruneveryChristmasforthechildrenoftheprisoners”，并与空后的“program”呼应可推知，作者的朋友当时负责这样的一个项目。record“记录，记载”；attend“参加，出席，到场”；improve“提升”；direct“负责，管理”。2．B　根据语境可知，此处表示想出办法。putupwith“忍受”；comeupwith“想出”；keepupwith“跟上”；catchupwith“赶上”。3．B　根据下文的“HewouldruneveryChristmasforthechildrenoftheprisoners”可推知，作者的朋友不仅帮助那些服刑的人，而且还帮助他们的家人。4．A　根据下文的“Istartedmakingphonecalls,explainingabouttheproject”可推知，此处作者介绍了朋友最喜欢做的活动项目，与下文的“Iprayedeverynightthattheeventwould，__12__，beworthyofmyfriend”呼应。event“事件，活动”。5．D　根据语境可推知，作者的朋友坚持了20年，一直做这样的活动，直到最后自己突然离逝。6．C　根据语境可知，朋友去世后，在上一个圣诞节来临之际，作者准备把这个圣诞传统继续下去，且与下文的“WhenChristmasEvefinallyarrived”呼应。approach“临近”。7．C　参见上题解析。carryout“实行”；liveon“以……为生”；carryon“继续”；liveout“不住在工作场所，实现某事(指曾计划或期望的事)”。8．B　上一个圣诞节来临之际，为了孩子们，也为了朋友的善意行为，作者决定延续这一传统。benefit“好处，益处”；memory“记忆”；pleasure“乐趣”；favor“善意的行为”。9．D　根据下文的“Ihadtostartanew(重新)andwithverylittle__10__”可推知，之前朋友所帮助过的人的信息都丢失了，作者不得不重新获取。extra“额外的，另外的”；missing“找不到的，丢失的”。10．A　根据上文的“AslastChristmas__6__，Idecidedthatthistraditionhadtobe__7__，forthechildrenaswellasthe__8__ofmyfriend”可知，圣诞节马上来临了，作者找到朋友帮助过的人的信息的时间并不多。pressure“压力”；energy“能量”；confidence“信心”。9\n11．A　在时间紧、文件丢失的情况下，作者要继续朋友生前的活动是困难的。impression“印象”；atmosphere“气氛”。12．C　根据语境可推知，作者每晚祈祷，这样的活动能以某种方式配得上朋友。otherwise“否则，要不然”；somehow“以某种方式”。13．C　根据下文的“individuals，churchesandbusinessesbegantocomeonboard”可推知，大家都来帮忙，因此作者很宽慰。curiosity“好奇心”；disappointment“失望”；relief“宽慰”。14．A　根据下文的“Ihadenoughtoys”可推知，作者在大家的帮助下，最终收集到了活动所需要的足够多的玩具。eventually“最终”；occasionally“偶尔，偶然，间或”；absolutely“完全地，绝对地”；generally“总体上来说，大致”。15．B　根据上文的“withsomeleftoverforthelocalcommunity”可推知，作者收集到的玩具不仅够活动本身用，还有剩余。inparticular“尤其，特别”；aswell“也”；oncemore“再一次”；atfirst“开始”。16．A　根据上文的“Ifeltveryhappy”可推知，作者成功地举办了圣诞节活动，感觉能够为逝去的朋友做些值得的事是很大的荣幸。honor“荣誉，荣幸”；pity“可惜”；burden“负担”；discovery“发现”。17．B　根据上文的“Iwasbagginguptheremainingtoys”，并与本句中的if条件句呼应可推知，作者想知道是否有人喜欢剩余的玩具。predict“预计”；wonder“想知道”；evaluate“评估”；realize“实现，意识到”。18．D　根据上文的“Thenmyphonerang”和“Itwasmydaughter”可知，是作者的女儿打来了电话。19．C　根据语境可推知，作者和女儿一路驱车去很远的地方给孩子们送圣诞节玩具。20．A　根据上文可知，作者的朋友已经逝世，作者通过把其生前的活动继续下去，让这种仁慈的精神继续存活。spirit“精神”。四、单句改错1．Thesoundofseagullscalledonhappymemoriesofhischildhoodholidays._____________________________________________________答案：on→up　callup“使回忆起；给……打电话”。2．Thetelephoneisoutoftheorder;therefore,wecannotgetintouchwiththeboss._____________________________________________________答案：去掉第二个the　outoforder“发生故障；次序颠倒”。3．Afterashortwhile,theboyssetoutdoingtheirhomework._____________________________________________________答案：out→about或doing→todo　setaboutdoing...＝setouttodo...9\n“着手/开始做……”。4．Theboyknockdownbythecarwasimmediatelytakentothenearbyhospital.___________________________________________________答案：knock→knocked　过去分词短语在句中作后置定语，修饰theboy,表被动，故应把knock改为knocked。5．Theteacher'sabruptlyendingspeakingcanmakesomestudentsfocustheirattentionontheirlistening.____________________________________________________答案：abruptly→abrupt　修饰动名词短语endingspeaking应用形容词，故将abruptly改为abrupt。五、七选五Yourfirststeptowardhealthylivingistogetahandleonyourhealthstatusrightnow.Here’syourto－dolist：Assessyouractivity.Howmuchphysicalactivitydoyougetinatypicalweek?1.？Howmuchvarietydoyougetinyouractivity,andhowmuchdoyouenjoyit?TheCDCrecommendsthatadultsgetatleasttwoandahalfhoursperweekofmoderate－intensityaerobicactivityoronehourand15minutesperweekofvigorous－intensityaerobicactivity,plusmuscle－strengtheningactivityatleasttwodaysperweek.Keepafooddiary.Writedowneverythingyoueatforaday—andnofairskippingtheitemsyou’reembarrassedabout.“2.，”saysKathianneSellersWilliams,MEd,RD,anutritionist,wellnesscoach,andpersonaltrainerwithCafePhysiqueinAtlanta.“Youcan’tchangewhatyou’renotawareofordon’tacknowledge.”Checkyourmoodandenergy.Healthylivingincludesemotionalwellnessandadequaterest.Howhasyourmoodbeenlately?3.？Doyouusuallysleepwellforseventoeighthoursanight?4．.Howstrongareyourconnectionswithfamilyandfriends?Areyoupluggedintosocialorspiritualgroupsthatenrichyourlife?“Peoplehaveafundamentalneedforpositiveandlastingrelationships，”C．NathanDeWall,assistantprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofKentucky,tellsWebMD.9\nIfyou’renotthrilledwiththeanswerstosomeofthosequestions,rememberthatthepointistofigureoutwhereyouaretodaysoyoucansetyourhealthylivinggoals.It’snotaboutbeing“good”or“bad”，“right”or“wrong”.5..A．HowintenseisthatactivityB．ConsideryoursocialnetworkC．TheideaistowriteitdownwithoutjudgmentD．It’stimetolearnsomethingaboutthesocialappsE．It’sOKifyouleaveoutsomeitemsinyourfooddiaryF．ItistheawarenessofyourownstateofhealththatmattersG．Areyouexperiencinganysymptomsofdepressionoranxiety【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了掌握自身健康状况的方法。1．A　解析：根据该段主题句“Assessyouractivity.”以及关键词activity可知A项与此处匹配。A项与“Howmuchphysicalactivitydoyougetinatypicalweek？”及“Howmuchvarietydoyougetinyouractivity,andhowmuchdoyouenjoyit？”为并列问句。2．C　解析：根据空前的“Writedowneverythingyoueatforaday—andnofairskippingtheitemsyou’reembarrassedabout.”可知，空处应讲的是不做评判地记下一天要吃的食物。所以C项正确。3．G　解析：空前一句“Howhasyourmoodbeenlately？”中的关键词mood与G项中的“anysymptomsofdepressionoranxiety”相呼应；G项与空后的“Doyouusuallysleepwellforseventoeighthoursanight？”为并列问句。4．B　解析：根据空后的“Howstrongareyourconnectionswithfamilyandfriends?Areyoupluggedintosocialorspiritualgroupsthatenrichyourlife？”和“Peoplehaveafundamentalneedforpositiveandlastingrelationships”可知，本段主要讲述的是要有社交活动，B项中的“socialnetwork”与此呼应。所以选B。5．F　解析：根据空前的“It’snotaboutbeing‘good’or‘bad’，‘right’or‘wrong’．”可知，选F项“意识到你自身的健康状况是很重要的”。9