2022版高考英语大二轮复习第二部分阅读理解专题十四科普知识类阅读+完形填空+短文改错优选习题

专题十四　科普知识类阅读+完形填空+短文改错Ⅰ.阅读理解A(2022吉林长春二模)Sleeprepairsthebodyandthemindandhelpspreventdiseasebystrengtheningtheimmunesystem.However,manyadultsdonotgeteighthoursofsleepeachnight.Theaveragesleeptimeanadulttodaygetsisonly6.4hours.Onlyinrecentyearshavehealthprofessionalsbeguntorealizetheseriousnessofsleepdeprivationintheworkingpopulation.Asignificantnumberofpeopleworkatnight,worklonghours,orsufferfromsleeplessnessorjetlag.Studiesshowthatthebrainisnegativelyaffectedbysleepdeprivationbecausecertainpatternsofelectricalandchemicalactivitythatoccurduringsleepareinterruptedandthebraincannotfunctionnormally.Inonestudy,thirteenhealthyadultsubjects(实验对象)whousuallyhadnormalsleeppatternswerekeptawakeandcarefullymonitoredinalabduringaperiodof35hours.Duringtheexperiment,thesubjectswereaskedtoperformseveraltasks,suchasmathematicsandwordproblems,whileundergoingscansoftheirbrainactivity.Theresearchersfoundthatthetemporallobe(颞叶)ofthebrain,theregioninvolvedinlanguageprocessing,wasactiveduringspeechtasksinrestedsubjectsbutnotinsubjectswholackedenoughsleep.Afterseveralhourswithoutsleep,therewasnoactivitywithinthisregion.Severalstudiesshowthatgettingfewerthansixhoursofsleepcandamageshort-termmemoryandreactiontime—thuscausingaseriousriskofaccident.Inonestudyofdrivers,researchersreportedthatsleepdeprivationhadthesameeffectsasbeingdrunk.Theyfoundthatpeoplewhodroveafterbeingawakefor17hoursperformedworse11\nthanthosewithabloodalcohollevelof0.5percent,thelegallimitfordrunkdrivinginmostwesternEuropeancountries.Theresearchersconcludedthatcountrieswithdrunkdrivinglawsshouldconsidersimilarrestrictionsagainstsleep-depriveddriving.【语篇解读】本文介绍缺少睡眠给人带来的影响。研究表明睡眠剥夺对大脑活动有不利的影响,它和醉酒有同样的危险性。1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“deprivation”inthefirstparagraphmean?　　　　　　　　　　　　A.Weakness.B.Loss.C.Discomfort.D.Pain.答案B解析词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Onlyinrecentyearshavehealthprofessionalsbeguntorealizetheseriousnessofsleepdeprivationintheworkingpopulation.”的关键词seriousness“严重”,可知是缺觉带来的严重性。画线词的意思是“缺少,损失”,故选B项。2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingascausesofsleepdeprivationEXCEPT　　　. A.jetlagB.longworkhoursC.boringworkD.workingatnight答案C解析细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Asignificantnumberofpeopleworkatnight,worklonghours,orsufferfromsleeplessnessorjetlag.”可知,句中提到了A、B、D三项,故选C项。3.WhatdoestheauthorintendtodeterminebythestudydescribedinParagraph2?A.Howmanyhourspeoplecansurvivewithoutsleep.B.Howpeoplereactwhentheirsleepisinterrupted.C.Thechangesinbrainactivitythatoccursduringsleep.D.Theeffectsofsleepdeprivationonbrainactivity.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Studiesshowthatthebrainisnegativelyaffectedbysleepdeprivationbecausecertainpatternsofelectricalandchemicalactivitythatoccurduringsleepareinterruptedandthebraincannotfunctionnormally.”可知,研究目的是确定睡眠剥夺对大脑活动的影响。故选D项。4.WhydoestheauthormentionbloodalcohollevelinParagraph3?A.Toshowhowsleepdeprivationreducesthebloodalcohollevel.B.Toshowthatsleepdeprivationhasthesamedangerouseffectsasbeingdrunk.C.Tosuggestthatsleep-depriveddriversarealsolikelytodrink.D.Toargueagainstraisingthelegallimitfordrunkdriving.答案B11\n解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Severalstudiesshowthatgettingfewerthansixhoursofsleepcandamageshort-termmemoryandreactiontime—thuscausingaseriousriskofaccident.Inonestudyofdrivers,researchersreportedthatsleepdeprivationhadthesameeffectsasbeingdrunk.”可知,作者提到血醇水平是为了表明睡眠剥夺和醉酒有同样的危险性。故选B项。B(2022广西钦州三模)Americansareworriedaboutnewtechnology.Theyareconcernedthatmachines,includingrobots,willtakeoverworknowdonebyhumans.ThesefindingscomefromanewreportbythePewResearchCenterofWashingtonD.C.About75percentofAmericansquestionedbyPewsayautomationwillincreaseincomeinequalitybetweentherichandthemiddleclassandthepoor.And64percentofpeopleexpectautomationtobesocommoninAmericathatpeoplewillfacedifficultyfindingthingstodowiththeirlives.Someoftheconcernsabouttechnologycomefromadistrustaboutwhethermachineswillalwaysmaketherightdecision.ManyAmericansbelievehumanshavebetterjudgmentindealingwithcomplexmatters.Oneexampleisselectingapersonforajob.ThreequartersofAmericanssaytheywillnotwanttoapplyforajobthatusesacomputerprogramtochoosethemostqualifiedperson.MostAmericanswantthegovernmenttolimitautomation,forexample,87percentsupportarequirementthatalldriverlessvehicleshaveahumaninthedriver’sseatwhocantakecontrolwhenneeded.And85percentwanttolimitmachinestomostlydoingjobsthataredangerousorunhealthyforhumans.Andonly25percentexpectmorejobstocomefromautomation.MarkZuckerberg,theco-founderofFacebook,spokelastMaytograduatingseniorsfromHarvardUniversityinMassachusetts.Histalkcenteredontheuncertainfuturefacingyoungpeople.“Ourgenerationwillhavetodealwithtensofmillionsofjobsreplacedbyautomationlikeself-drivingcarsandtrucks,”Zuckerbergtoldthegraduates.Zuckerbergsaidyoungpeoplewouldhavetofindprojectsthatwouldbringbothjobsanddirectbenefitstothepeopleoftheworld.Hesaidinhisspeechthat300,000peopleworkedtoputamanonthemoon,andmillionsofpeoplebuilttheHooverDamaswellasothergreatprojectsoverthelast100years.【语篇解读】文章介绍了美国人担心随着科技发展机器人会代替人类工作,增加富人、中产阶级和穷人之间的收入差距,主张政府限制机器人的社会现象。5.WhatdoAmericansthinkoftechnology?A.Useful.B.Effective.C.Dangerous.D.Undependable.11\n答案D解析推理判断题。根据第一段中“Americansareworriedaboutnewtechnology.”,第二段中“About75percentofAmericansquestionedbyPewsay...andthepoor.”,第三段中“Someoftheconcernsabouttechnologycomefromadistrustaboutwhethermachineswillalwaysmaketherightdecision.”和第四段中“MostAmericanswantthegovernmenttolimitautomation...”等信息可知美国人对科技的态度,他们担心新技术带来的变化,认为自动化将增加富人、中产阶级和穷人之间的收入差距,主张限制自动化。由以上观点可以看出美国人认为科技是不可信赖的,故选D项。6.WhichofthefollowingdothemajorityofAmericanswantthegovernmenttodo?A.Usemachinestododangerousandharmfuljobs.B.Increasejobchancesbyintroducingmachines.C.Selectapersonforajobbythecomputer.D.Getridofalldriverlessvehicles.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第四段中“And85percentwanttolimitmachinestomostlydoingjobsthataredangerousorunhealthyforhumans.”可知多数美国人希望政府让机器人从事一些危险或对人类不健康的工作,故选A项。7.WhatdidZuckerbergencouragethestudentstodo?A.Refuseself-drivingvehicles.B.Createnewjobchances.C.Considerlargeprojects.D.Fightagainstrobots.答案B解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Histalkcenteredontheuncertainfuturefacingyoungpeople.‘Ourgenerationwillhavetodealwithtensofmillionsofjobsreplacedbyautomationlikeself-drivingcarsandtrucks,’”和“Zuckerbergsaidyoungpeoplewouldhavetofindprojectsthatwouldbringbothjobsanddirectbenefitstothepeopleoftheworld.”可知Zuckerberg认为年轻人必须面对许多工作自动化的现实,寻找能给世界人民带来工作和直接利益的项目。故选B项。8.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.NewTechnologyCreatesMoreJobsB.NewTechnologyMakesNewUnfairnessC.AmericansWorryRobotsWillTakeJobsD.RobotsMakeWorkEasytoDoforWorkers答案C解析主旨大意题。根据第一段“Americansareworriedaboutnewtechnology.Theyareconcernedthatmachines,includingrobots,willtakeoverworknowdonebyhumans.”和下面每段中心句可知美国人担心随着科技发展机器人会代替人类工作,增加富人、中产阶级和穷人之间的收入差距。AmericansWorryRobotsWillTakeJobs概括了全文内容,适合作为文章标题。故选C项。11\nC(2022安徽马鞍山二模)Lastweek,twocompanies,KittyHawkandUber,announcedtheirplanstobringflyingcarstorealityverysoon.KittyHawkpresident,SebastianThrun,announcedKittyHawk’sflyingcarplanslastMonday.Accordingtoitswebsite,thecariselectric-poweredandwillbeabletotravelataspeedupto40kilometersanhour.Itsayssuchamachine“doesnotrequireregistrationorapilot’slicenseandmaybeflowninuncrowdedareasforrecreationalpurposes.”Asofnow,thecarcanonlybeflownoverfreshwater.KittyHawkismakingalistofpeopleinterestedinbuyingtheflyingcar.Theymustpayadepositof$100.Thosewhogettheirnamesonthelistearlywillreceive$2,000offthefinalcostofthecar.However,KittyHawkhasnotyetannouncedtheprice.Itsfirstflyingcarsareexpectedtogoonsalebytheendofthisyear.UnliketheKittyHawkcompany,Uberdoesnotplantobuilditsflyingcars.UberexpectstolaunchflyingtaxisinDallas-Ft.Worth,Texas,USby2022.LiketheKittyHawkcar,Uberflyingtaxiswilluseelectricpower.Ubersaysitsflyingtaxiscouldtravelupto241kilometersanhour.ThecompanysaysthatcouldreducethetraveltimebetweenSanFranciscoandSanJose,Californiafrom2hoursontheroadto15minutesintheair.RiderscouldusetheUberapptobookaflyingtaxitotakethemtotheirdestinations.Thecompanyhasnotyetsaidhowcostlyairtaxitravelwouldbecomparedtoroadtaxitravel.Soonerthanyouthink,flyingcarsmayappearinthesky.Muchconvenienceastheywillbring,justimaginehavingtoavoidotherflyingcars.Also,whatifyourbatterydieswhenyouareintheair?And,howwillyouknowwheretoland?【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。上周,KittyHawk和Uber两家公司宣布他们很快就会使飞行汽车成为现实。文章具体介绍了两家公司研制的飞行汽车的一些特点。9.WhatmayKittyHawk’sflyingcarbeusedforatpresent?A.Acceleratingthespeed.B.Havingfun.C.Advertisingthecompany.D.Fetchingwater.答案B解析细节理解题。由第二段中的“Itsayssuchamachine‘...maybeflowninuncrowdedareasforrecreationalpurposes.’”可知,目前,该飞行汽车主要用于消遣娱乐。故B项正确。10.WhatdoweknowaboutKittyHawk’sflyingcarfromthethirdparagraph?A.Itcoststwothousanddollarseach.B.Itcantraveloverwater.11\nC.Itoffers$100toitspotentialbuyers.D.Ithasn’tgonetomarket.答案D解析推理判断题。由第三段中的“However,KittyHawkhasnotyetannouncedtheprice.Itsfirstflyingcarsareexpectedtogoonsalebytheendofthisyear.”可知,KittyHawk的飞行汽车还没有定价,预计到今年年底进行销售。由此可以推知,该飞行汽车还没有上市。故D项正确。11.InwhatwayisUber’sflyingtaxisimilartoKittyHawk’sflyingcar?A.Theytravelatthesamespeed.B.Theyareelectric-powered.C.TheyaresupportedbytheUberapp.D.Theyrequireaflyinglicense.答案B解析细节理解题。由第二段中的“...thecariselectric-powered”和第四段中的“LiketheKittyHawkcar,Uberflyingtaxiswilluseelectricpower.”可知,它们都是电动的。故B项正确。12.Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraphofthetext?A.Tocallforpublicdonations.B.Tointroducesomeadvantages.C.Topromoteinterestinscience.D.Totalkaboutpossibleproblems.答案D解析写作目的题。由最后一段中的“Muchconvenienceastheywillbring,justimaginehavingtoavoidotherflyingcars.Also,whatifyourbatterydieswhenyouareintheair?And,howwillyouknowwheretoland?”可知,该段介绍了飞行汽车可能出现的问题。故D项正确。Ⅱ.完形填空(2022江西南昌二模)“Ihavealetterforyou,”myfriendKirstentoldmeonthephone.“Ithinkit’sfromyourmother.”Iwas　1　,sincemymotherhadbeen　2　forsevenyears. AfewweekslaterKirstenhandedmethe　3　datedAug.30,2022.AroundthenIwaspreparingformypilotcourse’sfinalexamatthe　4　school.Thestudentsfinishedthetrainingon　5　days. Iwasthefirstto　6　.Mymother’sletter　7　afterIleft.Kirstenpickeditupfrommymail-box,tokeep　8　shenextsawme.　9　,afewdayslater,whenitwasherturntoleave,she　10　theletteramongthepilesofpapersshe　11　packedintoboxes.It　12　thereforadecade,duringwhichmymotherdied.In2022,when11\nKirsten　13　somedustybelongingsfromherflyingschooldays,she　14　theletter. It’sbeentwoyearssinceKirstengavemetheletterwhichI’vecarriedonmylongflights.ButIhaven’t　15　ityet.WhenItoldsomefriendsthis,they　16　theirheads.Theysaidtheywouldn’thavebeenabletowaitasecond.Ofcourse,I　17　—HowcouldInot?—abouther　18　intheenvelope.Surely,Ithink,shehadwrittentowishmeluck,askaboutmylifeandtellmethenewsfrom　19　tomakemeatcase.However,fornowit’s　20　tolookatherhandwritingontheenvelope,andtorememberthatuntilIopenit,IknowI’llhearfromheroncemore. 【语篇解读】这是一篇记叙文。作者飞行学校即将毕业的时候,母亲给她寄了一封信。信到的时候,作者已经离校。作者的朋友替她拿了这封信。但是,由于意外,这封信在朋友那儿待了10年之后才到了作者手里。作者一直随身携带这封信,没有打开。作者感觉只要看到信封上母亲的字迹就足够了。1.A.delightedB.confusedC.terrifiedD.moved答案B解析考查形容词词义辨析。delighted“高兴的”;confused“困惑的”;terrified“恐惧的”;moved“感动的”。作者的母亲去世七年之后,作者的朋友给她一封来自她母亲的信,作者感到很惊讶、困惑。B项正确。2.A.backB.lostC.deadD.sick答案C解析考查形容词词义辨析。back“回来的”;lost“丢失的,迷路的”;dead“死去的”;sick“生病的”。由第三段中的“It　12　thereforadecade,duringwhichmymotherdied”可知,作者的母亲已经去世。C项正确。 3.A.envelopeB.packageC.ticketD.stamp答案A解析考查名词词义辨析。envelope“信封”;package“包裹”;ticket“票”;stamp“邮票”。第一段中提到朋友要给作者一封信。该空后面提到“datedAug.30,2022”可知,朋友递给作者的应该是信封,信封上的日期是2022年8月30日。A项正确。4.A.artB.sportsC.flightD.military答案C解析考查名词词义辨析。art“艺术”;sports“体育运动”;flight“飞行,航班”;military“军队”。由前面的“mypilotcourse’s”可知,作者上的是飞行学校,作者要参加飞行员最后的考试。C项正确。5.A.blessedB.hard11\nC.particularD.different答案D解析考查形容词词义辨析。blessed“神圣的,有福的”;hard“困难的”;particular“尤其的,特别的”;different“不同的”。由下一段中的“Iwasthefirstto　6　”和“afewdayslater,whenitwasherturntoleave”可知,作者和她的朋友在不同的日期完成了培训。D项正确。 6.A.fleeB.leaveC.abandonD.escape答案B解析考查动词词义辨析。flee“逃离”;leave“离开”;abandon“抛弃”;escape“逃跑”。由下一句中的“afterIleft”可知,作者是第一个离开学校的。故B项正确。7.A.landedB.returnedC.disappearedD.delivered答案A解析考查动词词义辨析。land“抵达,到达,登陆”;return“返回”;disappear“消失”;deliver“递送”。作者离开之后,她母亲的信才到达。A项正确。8.A.untilB.whenC.unlessD.after答案A解析考查连词词义辨析。until“直到”;when“当……时候”;unless“除非”;after“在……之后”。Kirsten从我的邮箱里把信取出来,想保留着它一直到她下次见到我(把信给我)。A项正确。9.A.SurelyB.ThankfullyC.DoubtfullyD.Unfortunately答案D解析考查副词词义辨析。surely“肯定地”;thankfully“谢天谢地”;doubtfully“怀疑地”;unfortunately“不幸地”。下文提到Kirsten因故没有及时把信给我,信在Kirsten那一直待了10年。这是“不幸地”。故D项正确。10.A.removedB.misplacedC.hidD.unfolded答案B解析考查动词词义辨析。remove“移走”;misplace“把……放错位置”;hide“藏”;unfold“展开,打开”。由下一句可知,信在Kirsten那待了10年才被她发现。由此可以推知,Kirsten在打点行装的时候,误把信放到了她的一堆文件里。B项正确。11.A.slowlyB.seriouslyC.hurriedlyD.carefully答案C11\n解析考查副词词义辨析。slowly“慢慢地”;seriously“严肃地,认真地”;hurriedly“匆忙地”;carefully“认真地”。由Kirsten误把信放到她的一堆文件里可知,她收拾行装很匆忙才犯了这个错误。C项正确。12.A.appearedB.stoodC.settledD.remained答案D解析考查动词词义辨析。appear“出现”;stand“站”;settle“在……定居,使定居”;remain“停留在某处”。那封信在Kirsten那儿待了10年。D项正确。13.A.sortedthroughB.setdownC.putdownD.gotthrough答案A解析考查动词短语辨析。sortthrough“分类,整理”;setdown“记下来”;putdown“放下,记下”;getthrough“完成,度过”。2022年,当Kirsten整理飞行学校的旧物时,她才发现了这封信。A项正确。14.A.postedB.recalledC.foundD.addressed答案C解析考查动词词义辨析。post“张贴”;recall“回想起”;find“发现”;address“写地址”。2022年,当Kirsten整理飞行学校的旧物时,她才发现了这封信。C项正确。15.A.receivedB.openedC.touchedD.replied答案B解析考查动词词义辨析。receive“收到”;open“打开”;touch“接触,触动”;reply“回复”。由下文的“Theysaidtheywouldn’thavebeenabletowaitasecond.”可知,朋友们会迫不及待地打开这样的一封信。由此可以推知,作者两年一直没有打开这封信。B项正确。16.A.noddedB.liftedC.shookD.lowered答案C解析考查动词词义辨析。nod“点头”;lift“抬起”;shake“摇动”;lower“低下”。作者没有打开这封信,朋友们会迫不及待地打开这样一封信。由此可推知,朋友们对作者的做法不理解、不赞同,他们会“摇头”。C项正确。17.A.complainB.inquireC.worryD.wonder答案D解析考查动词词义辨析。complain“抱怨”;inquire“调查”;worry“(使)担心”;wonder“疑惑,想知道”。作者疑惑母亲的信里写了什么。D项正确。18.A.wordsB.interestsC.puzzleD.secret11\n答案A解析考查名词词义辨析。word“话,词”;interest“兴趣”;puzzle“谜”;secret“秘密”。由下一句中的“Surely,Ithink,shehadwritten...”可知,作者也疑惑母亲的信里写了什么。A项正确。19.A.networkB.abroadC.papersD.home答案D解析考查名词词义辨析。network“网络”;abroad“海外”;paper“文件”;home“家”。母亲给孩子写信,当然会告诉孩子来自家里的一些消息。D项正确。20.A.appropriateB.enoughC.foolishD.polite答案B解析考查形容词词义辨析。appropriate“适当的”;enough“足够的”;foolish“愚蠢的”;polite“礼貌的”。看到信封上母亲的字迹作者就感到足够了。B项正确。Ⅲ.短文改错(2022江西八所重点中学联考)LastFridayIsawtheworstweatherinyears.Inthemorning,thesunwascompletelyblockedsothatIcouldseesomethingclearly.Istayedathome,lookoutside.Thatcameintosightwasaflashoflightning.Secondslater,thenoiseofthunderbrokethesilent.Thenastrongwindstartstoblowintomyroom.Piecesofpaperonmydeskwasblownhighintotheairandsomeflewouttheopenwindow.ThenIclosedthewindowwhenitrainedhardandnearbrokemywindow.Whatabadweather!IhateitsoIcan’tgoouttoplay.答案LastFridayIsawtheworstweatherinyears.Inthemorning,thesunwascompletelyblockedsothatIcouldseesomethingnothingclearly.Istayedathome,looklookingoutside.ThatWhatcameintosightwasaflashoflightning.Secondslater,thenoiseofthunderbrokethesilentsilence.Thenastrongwindstartsstartedtoblowintomyroom.Piecesofpaperonmydeskwaswereblownhighintotheairandsomeflewout∧oftheopenwindow.ThenIclosedthewindowwhenitrainedhardandnearnearlybrokemywindow.Whata11\nbadweather!IhateitsobecauseIcan’tgoouttoplay.11