江苏专用2022高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破11主旨大意_文章段落大意题优选习题

十一、主旨大意——文章/段落大意题(2022·江苏，B)Inthe1760s，MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted(享有)aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsommé.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup，Roze’schainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout，whichhelpedtoestablishRozeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant.Today，scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchaboutrestaurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat：dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta(意大利面食)whentheirplatesmatchedtheirfood.Whenadark-coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone，customersrecognizeditassweeterandmoretasty.Lightingmatters，too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness，theycouldn’ttellhowmuchthey’dhad：thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewiser—theydidn’tfeelfuller，andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.Timeismoney，butthatprinciplemeansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.Unlikefast-foodplaces，finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandspend.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround：putonsomeMozart(莫扎特)．Whenclassical，ratherthanpop，musicwasplaying，dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect：dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草)stayedlongerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon，ornoscent.Meanwhile，thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—“bad”tables，crowding，highprices—don’tnecessarily.Dinersatbadtables—nexttothekitchendoor，say—spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot“beoverlyconcernedabout‘bad’tables”，giventhatthey’reprofitable.Asforcrowds，aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant’sreputation，suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffet’spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.20\n语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。它主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰·罗兹制订的标准以及学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费的几个要素：视觉要素(餐具、灯光)、听觉要素(音乐)、嗅觉要素(气味)、其他要素(桌位、拥挤程度和价格)。素材旨在通过现代餐馆的经营理念，让考生了解西方现代餐馆的经营之道。58．Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser”inParagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere.A．notawareofeatingmorethanusualB．notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC．notconsciousofthefoodqualityD．notfondofthefoodprovided答案　A解析　词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“...thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewiser—theydidn’tfeelfuller...”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没有饱腹感，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并没有意识到自己比平时吃得多，所以nonethewiser意为“不清楚，不知道”。故选A项。59．Howcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit?A．Playingclassicalmusic.B．Introducinglemonscent.C．Makingthelightbrighter.D．Usingplatesoflargersize.答案　A解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Whenclassical，ratherthanpop，musicwasplaying，dinersspentmore.”可知，当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音乐的时候，食客们会花更多的钱。spentmore就是对题干中makemoreprofit的语义转化。故选A项。60．Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?A．Tipstoattractmorecustomers.B．Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.C．Waystoimproverestaurants’reputation.D．Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.答案　D解析　段落大意题。根据最后一段首句“Meanwhile，thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—‘bad’tables，crowding，highprices—don’t20\nnecessarily.”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西——位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高——未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见的观点是一种误解，故选D项。一、文章大意题的题型解读说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，多会考查文章大意类题。设问形式常有：(1)Whatisthemaintheme/topic/ideaofthispassage?(2)Thepassageismainlyabout.(3)Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageis.(4)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.二、文章大意题的解题技巧——“主题句定位”寻主旨文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。主题句的位置一般有以下几种：(1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。(2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。(4)主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，infact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，inshort，conclude，conclusion等词。三、段落大意题的题型解读段落大意类题型多在说明文和议论文中所涉及的各类话题如社会文化类、科普说明类等进行考查。设问形式常有：(1)Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis.(2)Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?(3)Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout.20\n四、段落大意题的解题技巧(1)段首：说明文和议论文中的主题句常在段首句(2)段尾：先表述细节，后归纳概括，段落中心在段尾(3)段中间：先用一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，再陈述主题，再论述细节，即引出主题→段落中心→再论述(4)没有明显段落中心时，需概括段落内容，总结段落中心例如：真题感悟中第60题，根据文章最后一段首句“Meanwhile，thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—‘bad’tables，crowding，highprices—don’tnecessarily.”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西——位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高——未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见的观点是一种误解，故选D项。AMostofushavelostourwalletatsomestageinourlives.Butfewwouldimaginehavingitreturnedafteranearlyseven-decadegap.EdwardParkerdroppedhiswalletin1950intoaninaccessiblespotbehindabookshelf，whileworkingasanelectrician，repairingWorldWarTwobombdamageinthepalace.Thewalletstayedthereuntilthisyearwhenabuilder，doingsome1restorationwork，finallyfoundit.20\nThewalletisatimecapsule.Itsleatherandwebbinghaslongagostartedtodisintegrate.Butitcontainsnumerouspicturesoffamily，invoices(发票)，receipts，oldunioncards，resultsofachestX-ray(senttohimin1948，thesameyearastheNHSwasfounded)，anationalservicecarddated9December1944andamedicalinsurancecard.Hisbusinesscards—EParker，ElectricalContractor—seemalmostoriginal.Reflectingthetypicalmethodsofcontactofthetime，theyhaveanaddressbutnotelephonenumber.AmonthagoIwasspeakingtoa8pressofficeratLambethPalaceandhementionedthatthewallethadjustbeenhandedin.Wethoughtitmightbenicetotryandworkoutwhoseitwasandgiveitbacktothefamily.EdwardParkerisaprettycommonname，buthismedicalcardcontainedtwoplacesofresidence—PoetsRoadandSpringdaleRoadinnorthLondon.Fromthis，IslingtonCouncilwereabletofinddetailsofamarriagebetweenEdwardParkerandConstanceButlerin1947.ThatinformationwasenoughtoworkoutthathewasstillaliveandinacarehomeinEssex，soIwenttovisithim.Now89，Edwardhasdementia(痴呆)，buthewasclearlyhappytogetthewalletandinparticular，thephotographsback.Hepointedoutpicturesofhismotherandfather，hisbrother，hiscousinsandhiswifeConstance，whowaswithhimwhenIvisited.“Hehadn’tseenapictureofhisfathersincehelostthewallet，”Constance,90，says.语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道，介绍了一个物归原主的故事。爱德华·帕克曾是一名电工，他于1950年维修因二战受损的宫廷时，不慎将钱包丢失。直到今年，钱包被一名宫廷修复工人发现。钱包里的物品充满了那个年代的回忆，89岁的爱德华·帕克重新拿到钱包，非常开心。1．WecanpossiblyinferthatEdwardParker.A．onceworkedasanelectricaltechnicianB．alwayslosthiswalletC．onceparticipatedinWorldWarⅡD．onceworkedasarestorationbuilder答案　A解析　推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“EdwardParkerdroppedhiswalletin1950intoaninaccessiblespotbehindabookshelf，whileworkingasanelectrician，repairingWorldWarTwobombdamageinthepalace.”可知，EdwardParker曾是一名electrician(电工)，因此A项正确。20\n2．What’sthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?A．Thematerialofthewallet.B．Theproducerofthewallet.C．The9contentsofthewallet.D．Theshapeofthewallet.答案　C解析　段落大意题。本题适合用排除法。A项钱包的材质；B项钱包的制造商；C项钱包里的东西；D项钱包的外形。根据文章第二段，其中提到了钱包的外皮及边线已破损，钱包里有picturesoffamily(家人照片)，invoices(发票)，receipts(收据)，oldunioncards(工会卡)，resultsofachestX-ray(胸片报告)，anationalservicecard(服务卡)，amedicalinsurancecard(医保卡)，businesscards(名片)等物品，可知A项表述片面，B、D项未提及，仅C项符合题意。故选C。3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disintegrate”inthesecondparagraphmean?A．2Maintain.B．Damage.C．Disappear.D．Destroy.答案　B解析　词义猜测题。根据第二段第二句“Butitcontains...(但是，钱包里有……)”可知，钱包外皮还在，排除C、D项，A项“维护”，不符合文意；B项“损坏”，根据第二段前两句可知，“虽然钱包的外皮及边线已破损，但里面有……”，符合题意。故选B。4．Whatplaysakeyroleinreturningthewallettoitsowner?A．Businesscard.B．Nationalservicecard.C．Oldunioncard.D．Medicalcard.答案　D解析　推理判断题。根据第三段第三句中的“buthismedicalcardcontainedtwoplacesofresidence”可知，他的医保卡上有两个住址，此处明确了医保卡是找到主人的关键物品。故选D。BInthird-worldcountriessuchasSwazilandandHaiti，a15-dollarinventionismakingaworldofdifference.Nokero，acompanystartedbyBrianRants，sellslampsthatdonotrequirekerosene(煤油)．Thesesolarlampshavebecomeastaple(主流产品)incountriesinAfrica，toprovidelightforreadingandsafetyatnight.Nokerohassoldover500,000lampsinover120countriessinceitwasfirstfoundedin2022andRantsthinksthedemandforhisproductwillonlycontinuetoincrease.Mostlampsfoundinthird-worldcountries3currentlyrequirekeroseneto20\nrun，butkerosenecausesindoorpollutionandhasbeenlinkedtofiresthathavecausedoveramilliondeaths.Insteadofexperiencingtheeffectsofsmoking40cigarettesadayfromkerosenelamps，Rantsthinkshissolarlampscouldbetheanswerforthird-worldcountries.TheEconomistagrees，callingsolarlights“thenextbig4innovationfortheworld’spoor”．Nokero’ssolarlampsarehigherinqualityandlessexpensivethanalotofsolartechnology，makingthemapractical6optionformanypeopleinthird-worldcountries.Ratherthangivingsolarlampstoindividualsinneed，Nokero’s7missionistomakethem5affordable.ThroughresearchRantshasrealizedthatindividualswhobuyasolarproductwouldtakebettercareofitandvalueitmorethaniftheyreceiveditforfree.FamilieswhobuyNokero’ssolarlampsmakeupthecostinjustafewmonthsofnothavingtobuykeroseneorpayforoff-the-gridelectricity.SomeactivistshaveattackedcompaniessuchasNokeroforsellingproductstothepoorratherthansimplygivingthemoutforfree.Theyarguethatthesecompaniesunfairlyprofitfromthepoor.However，Rantsdisagrees.Familiesreceiveaproductthatismuchhigherinqualitythanwhattheymightreceiveforfreeandfeelasenseofownershiphavingpurchaseditforthemselves.语篇解读　本文主要介绍了由Nokero公司发明的不需要煤油的太阳能灯具，这些太阳能灯已经成为非洲国家的主流产品，为夜间的阅读和安全提供照明。5．Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarlampsinthepassage?A．Theysaveenergyandcausenopollution.B．Theyequaltheeffectof40cigarettesaday.C．Theyaregiventotheindividualsfreeofcharge.D．Theyhelptosavekeroseneinthird-worldcountries.答案　A解析　细节理解题。根据第二段末句“Mostlampsfoundinthird-worldcountriescurrentlyrequirekerosenetorun，butkerosenecausesindoorpollutionandhasbeenlinkedtofiresthathavecausedoveramilliondeaths.”可知，这种太阳能灯既节约能源，又没有污染。故选A。6．AccordingtoRants，ifthepooraregiventhelampsforfree，they.A．willhavetopayforkeroseneorelectricityB．won’ttakegoodcareoforvaluethelamps20\nC．willfeelasenseofownershipofthelampsD．won’thelptoincreasethesalesofthelamps答案　B解析　细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“ThroughresearchRantshasrealizedthatindividualswhobuyasolarproductwouldtakebettercareofitandvalueitmorethaniftheyreceiveditforfree.”可知，如果免费送给穷人这种灯，他们就不会好好珍惜它们了。故选B。7．WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A．Aninnovationoftheworld.B．Advantagesofthesolarlights.C．Solutiontoworld’spovertyproblems.D．Heavypollutioncausedbykerosenelamps.答案　B解析　段落大意题。根据第三段所说Nokero的太阳能灯质量更好，价格也比很多太阳能技术的灯便宜，适合发展中国家的人们使用，所以可知该段主要介绍了这种太阳能灯的优点。故选B。Ⅰ.障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1．We’dbetterdosomerestorationworktosomethingsuchasanoldbuildingorapieceoffurniture，sothatitlooksthesameasitoriginallywas.恢复，复原2．CareersOfficersstillmaintaincontactwithyoungpeoplewhentheyhaveleftschool.维持；保持3．Thematterwhichhasbeenconfusingusiscurrentlybeingdiscussedamongmanyexpertsinthemeetingroom.目前，现在4．Wemustpromoteoriginality，inspirecreativityandencourageinnovation.改革，革新5．Wethushavefullbeliefinpersonalgenomicsandpersonalisedmedicinethatthey20\nwillcertainlybeaffordabletomostpeopleindevelopingcountries.支付得起(二)同义词语替换6．Criminalsaregiventheoptionofgoingtojailorfacingpublichumiliation.choice7．Hewassentonover200missionsbeforebeingkilledinaction.assignments(三)一词多义8．pressvt.压，按；逼迫；vi.重压；n.压，按；报刊；印刷媒体；报道；评论；记者；新闻工作者；出版社；印刷机(1)Don’tpressyouropinionsuponher.逼迫(2)Pressthisbuttontostarttheengine.压，按(3)Tojudgefromthepress，theconcertwasagreatsuccess.报道；评论(4)Christielookedrelaxedandcalmasshefacedthepressafterwards.记者(5)Apressoraprintingpressisamachineusedforprintingthingssuchasbooksandnewspapers.印刷机9．contentn．内容；目录；容量，含量；满足；满意；adj.满意的；vt.使满足(1)I’mperfectlycontentwiththewaythecampaignhasgone.满意的(2)Sunflowermargarinehasthesamefatcontentasbutter.含量，容量(3)Sheisreluctanttodiscussthecontentsoftheplay.内容(4)Youhavetocontentyourselfwithwhatyouhave.使满足Ⅱ.长难句理解1．EdwardParkerdroppedhiswalletin1950intoaninaccessiblespotbehindabookshelf，whileworkingasanelectrician，repairingWorldWarTwobombdamageinthepalace.[句式分析]　本句是一个复合句，句子的主干部分是EdwardParkerdroppedhiswallet；in1950作时间状语；intoaninaccessiblespotbehindabookshelf作地点状语；whileworkingasanelectrician，repairingWorldWarTwobombdamageinthepalace为while引导的时间状语从句。[精美译文]　爱德华·帕克在1950年作为电工维修王宫中二战中炸弹炸毁处时，把钱包掉在了书橱后面很难发现的地方。2．ThroughresearchRantshasrealizedthatindividualswhobuyasolarproductwouldtakebettercareofitandvalueitmorethaniftheyreceiveditforfree.[句式分析]　本句是一个复合句，thatindividualswhobuyasolarproductwouldtakebettercareofitandvalueitmorethaniftheyreceiveditforfree为宾语从句，其中又含有一个who引导的定语从句。20\n[精美译文]　通过调查研究，兰特意识到那些个体购买太阳能产品比免费得到这些产品，能更好地照顾和珍惜这些东西。专题强化练(二十五)Ⅰ.单项填空1．manypeoplesaidthesmartphonemadetheirliveseasier，otherspointedoutitsshortcomings.A．IfB．OnceC．UnlessD．While答案　D解析　句意为：虽然很多人说智能手机让他们的生活更轻松，但也有人指出了它的缺点。if如果；once一旦；unless除非。前后句之间是让步关系，while在此是从属连词，意为“虽然，尽管”，符合语境。故选D。2．Exercise—oratleastgetmoving，whichhelpsthebloodtoandgetsideasmovingaround.A．circulateB．transformC．accelerateD．develop答案　A解析　句意为：做锻炼，至少(身体)活动一下，有助于血液循环，想出好主意。circulate传播，循环；transform转变，改变；accelerate加速，促进；develop发展，形成。故选A。3．Alargequantityofbooksandnewspapersinforeignlanguagesuptonow，nottomentionthoseinChinese.A．hasbeensubscribedtoB．havebeensubscribedtoC．hadbeensubscribedtoD．issubscribedto答案　B解析　句意为：到目前为止，大量的外语书籍和报纸已经被订阅了，更别提那些中文的。主语是booksandnewspapers，谓语用复数，且主谓之间是被动关系，且由uptonow可知应用现在完成时。故选B。4．—Doyouhaveanyshoeswhichmyjacket?—I’mafraidnot.Butyoumayhavemorechoices.A．agreewithB．beginwith20\nC．gowithD．comparewith答案　C解析　句意为：——有和我夹克相配的鞋吗？——恐怕没有了。但是你可以有更多的选择。agreewith与某人(观点)一致，同意(赞同)某人的意见；beginwith以……开始，从……开始；gowith相伴，跟……相配；comparewith(把……)与……相比，比得上，可与……相比，比较。故选C。5．TheargumentarousesquiteinsocietyitisgoodtocancelEnglishtestintheCollegeEntranceExamination.A．whyB．whereC．whatD．whether答案　D解析　句意为：在高考中取消英语考试是否有好处，这常常引起社会的争论。whether在此处引导同位语从句，故选D。6．Theretiredteachersaid，“Bytheyear2022，mysavingsoffallmydebts.”A．willhavepaidB．wouldhavepaidC．havepaidD．hadpaid答案　A解析　句意为：这位退休教师说，“到2022年，我的存款将还清我所有的债务。”将来完成时表示“到将来某时之前或某动作发生之前已经完成的动作”，符合语境。故选A。7．WhatI’mgoingtosaymayoffendsomesensitivelistenersatthemeeting，Ioffermyapologiesinadvance.A．fromwhomB．forwhomC．towhomD．towardswhom答案　C解析　句意为：我的发言可能会冒犯一些敏感的听众，我事先向这些人致歉。offersth.tosb.是固定搭配。这是“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。故选C。8．Ourcountryhassuccessfullyestablishedthetemporaryspacelab，whichprovesthat，withanddetermination，allobstaclescanbeovercome.A．requirementB．commitmentC．extensionD．distinction答案　B20\n解析　句意为：我国已成功建立了临时太空实验室，这证明，有了投入和决心，所有的障碍都能被克服。requirement要求；commitment投入，奉献；extension延期，延伸；distinction区别，差别。故选B。9．Ashasbeenaconsensus，thoughsomeonehasdifferentopinions，thatundernocircumstancesanypracticeofdividingChina.A．mayweacceptB．wemayacceptC．wecouldacceptD．didweaccept答案　A解析　句意为：尽管有人有不同意见，但是我们绝不可以接受任何分裂中国的行径，这一点已形成共识。undernocircumstances“决不”，当其位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。由语境可知应用一般现在时，排除D项。故选A。10．—Isthisyourfavorite?—ThenewkindofcomputerisOKstyle，butit’sabitoutofcolor，I’mafraid.A．inspiteofB．regardlessofC．intermsofD．forthesakeof答案　C解析　句意为：——这是你的最爱吗？——这种新型电脑在款式方面没有问题，但是颜色恐怕有点过时了。inspiteof虽然，尽管；regardlessof不管，不顾；intermsof根据，就……而言；forthesakeof为了……的缘故。根据句意，C项是最佳答案。Ⅱ.阅读理解AMajRundlöfremembersthemomentshechangedhermindaboutneonicotinoids—theworld’smostwidelyusedpesticides(杀虫剂)．InDecember2022，inherofficeatLundUniversityinSweden，sheandpostdoctorGeorgAnderssonwerelookingatdatafromtheirlateststudy.Itwasdesignedtotestwhatwouldhappentobeesiftheyfedoncropstreatedwithneonicotinoids.“Ididn’texpecttoseeanyeffectatall，tobehonest，”saysRundlöf.Honeybeesweren’tgreatlyaffectedbythechemicalsincrops，thestudysuggested.Butthedataonbumblebeestoldadifferentstory.Bumblebeecoloniesthathadn’tfedonthetreatedcropslookednormal：theywerepackingonweighttosurvivethewinter.Butinthecoloniesexposedtoneonicotinoids，thegrowthchartwasafatline.WhentheSwedishstudywaspublishedinApril2022，itmadeheadlinesaroundtheworld.Itwasthefirsttoshowthatneonicotinoids—knownasneonics—couldharmbeesinareal-worldfarmingsituation.Beepopulationsaredeclininginmanyparts20\noftheglobe，aworryingsignforthecropsandwildplantsthatrelyonthesebeesfortheirsurvival.Parasites(寄生虫)，diseasesandshrinkingfoodresourcesareallprimesuspects.Butalinktoneonicshasbecomeamajorflashpoint.EvenbeforeRundlöf’sresultswererevealed，theEuropeanUnionhadplacedheavyrestrictionsonthreemostwidelyusedneonicsinfloweringcrops—plantsthatmightbeattractivetobees—amongrisingconcernsthatthechemicalsmightharmpollinators(传粉者)．Butfarmers，theagrochemicalindustryandsomescientistspointedoutthatthesewerebasedonlimitedevidence，gatheredmostlyfromlabtests.SinceRundlöf’spaper，studiesshowingreal-worldevidenceofharmfrompesticidesinthefieldhavebeenmounting—andenvironmentalorganizationshavedemandedwide-rangingbans.Regulatoryagencieswillsoondecidewhattodoaboutneonics，whichhaveaglobalmarketworthmorethanUS1.5billionperyear.Thismonth，theEU’sEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthorityisduetocompleteare-evaluationofevidenceforrestrictingneonics；theEUwillthenneedtodecidewhatactiontotake.Francehaspassedalawthatwouldbanneonicsin2022.Butindustrygroupsandsomescientistssaytheevidencestillisn’tconclusive.Thepictureincomplicated：somestudiesshowharmtosomebeesinsomecircumstances，whileothersfindnoharm.Theresultsseemtobeaffectedbymanyfactors，includingthespeciesofbeesandthekindsofcropsinvolved.Scientistsworkingonthequestionsayanynewstudyisinstantlypickedatbyadvocatesonbothsides.Eventheresultsofthelargeststudyonthematter，fundedbytheagrochemicalindustry，failedtoproduceaconsensus.It’slikelythatpoliticalorregulatorydecisionswillsettlethematterbeforeopposingpartiesagree.11．MajRundlöf’sstudysuggeststhat.A．neonicotinoidsarelinkedtobeedeclinesB．bumblebeesarethreatenedwithcoldwinterC．honeybeesareatnoriskfromneonicotinoidsD．neonicotinoidsareharmfultobeesasexpected答案　A解析　推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，新烟碱类农药对蜜蜂的影响比较小，但是对大黄蜂的影响比较大。所以杀虫剂与蜂类数量的减少是有关的。20\n12．Whydoesthedecliningofbeepopulationsraisemuchconcern?A．Diseasehascausedthelackoffoodresources.B．Floweringcropswithneonicsareappealingtobees.C．Beesplayaleadingroleinlimitingthenumberofparasites.D．Beepopulationsarecrucialtothesurvivalofcropsandwildplants.答案　D解析　推理判断题。根据第三段第三句“Beepopulationsaredeclininginmanypartsoftheglobe，aworryingsignforthecropsandwildplantsthatrelyonthesebeesfortheirsurvival.”可知，蜂的数量在全球许多地方都在下降，这对那些依靠蜂类生存的农作物和野生植物来说是令人担忧的迹象，即蜂的数量对那些依靠其生存的农作物和野生植物很重要。13．Accordingtothepassage，weknowthat.A．theEUistofurtherassesstheharmofneonicotinoidsB．evidenceofharmtobeesfrompesticidesissufficientC．theEUhasalreadybannedtheuseofneonicotinoidsD．moreandmorestudiesprovepesticidesharmfultobees答案　D解析　推理判断题。根据第五段第一句“SinceRundlöf’spaper，studiesshowingreal-worldevidenceofharmfrompesticidesinthefieldhavebeenmounting...”可知，越来越多的研究表明杀虫剂对蜂类是有害的。14．Thelastparagraphismainlyabout.A．thebattleoverthewidespreaduseofneonicotinoidsB．thedebateabouttheharmbyneonicotinoidstobeesC．factorsofinfluenceonthepresentsituationofbeesD．doubtsaboutcurrentpoliticalorregulatorysystems答案　B解析　段落大意题。根据最后一段尤其是第二句“...somestudiesshowharmtosomebeesinsomecircumstances，whileothersfindnoharm.”可知，本段主要讲述由新烟碱类农药是否对蜂类有害而引发的争论。B(2022·苏锡常镇一调)Exposinglivingtissuetosubfreezingtemperaturesforlongcancausepermanentdamage.Microscopicicecrystals(结晶体)cutcellsandseizemoisture(潮气)，makingdonororgansunsuitablefortransplantation.Thus，organscanbemadecoldforonly20\nafewhoursaheadofaprocedure.Butasetoflastingnewantifreezecompounds(化合物)—similartothosefoundinparticularlyhardy(耐寒的)animals—couldlengthenorgans’shelflife.ScientistsattheUniversityofWarwickinEnglandwereinspiredbyproteinsinsomespeciesofArcticfish，woodfrogsandotherorganismsthatpreventbloodfromfreezing，allowingthemtoflourishinextremecold.Previousresearchhadshownthesenaturalantifreezemolecules(分子)couldpreserveratheartsat—1.3degreesCelsiusforupto24hours.Buttheseproteinsareexpensivetoextract(提取)andhighlypoisonoustosomespecies.“Foralongtimeeveryoneassumedyouhadtomakesynthetic(人造的)alternativesthatlookedexactlylikeantifreezeproteinstosolvethisproblem，”saysMatthewGibson，achemistatWarwickwhocoauthoredthenewresearch.“Butwefoundthatyoucandesignnewmoleculesthatfunctionlikeantifreezeproteinsbutdonotnecessarilylooklikethem.”Mostnaturalantifreezemoleculeshaveamixtureofregionsthateitherattractorrepelwater.Scientistsdonotknowexactlyhowthisprocesspreventsicecrystalformation，butGibsonthinksitmightthrowwatermoleculesintopush-pullchaosthatpreventsthemfromturningintoice.Tocopythismechanism，heandhiscolleaguessynthesizedspiral-shapedmoleculesthatweremostlywater-repellent—buthadironatomsattheircentersthatmadethemhydrophilic，orwater-loving.Theresultingcompoundsweresurprisinglyeffectiveatstoppingicecrystalsfromforming.SomewerealsoharmlesstotheroundwormCaenorhabditiselegans(线虫)，indicatingtheymightbesafeforotheranimals.“Thesecompoundsarereallycoolbecausetheyarenotproteins—theyareothertypesofmoleculesthatnonethelesscandoatleastpartofwhatnaturalantifreezeproteinsdo，”saysClaradoAmaral，abiologistatMountSt.JosephUniversity，whowasnotinvolvedintheresearch.Gibson’santifreezecompoundswillstillneedtobetestedinhumans，however，andmaybeonlypartofasolution.“Wedon’thavethewholepictureyet，”doAmaraladds.“It’snotjustonemagicalcompoundthathelpsfreeze-tolerantorganismssurvive.It’sawholesuiteofadaptations.”语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。科学家通过在北极的一些动物身上发现的一种天然防冻物质中获得灵感，成功研制出新型防冻化合物。15．Whatwillhappeniforgansarekeptforalongtimeintemperaturesbelowzero?A．Theywillhaveicecrystalformationinside.20\nB．Theywillnotsufferpermanentdamage.C．Theywillhavelongershelflife.D．Theywillbefitfortransplantation.答案　A解析　推理判断题。根据第一段前两句“Exposinglivingtissuetosubfreezingtemperaturesforlongcancausepermanentdamage.Microscopicicecrystals(结晶体)cutcellsandseizemoisture(潮气)，makingdonororgansunsuitablefortransplantation.”可知，长期保存在零摄氏度以下的器官内会形成冰晶体。16．Whatcanwelearnaboutnaturalantifreezeproteins?A．TheylooklikeGibson’santifreezecompounds.B．Theyarecomposedofantifreezemoleculesharmlesstootherspecies.C．Theyarespiral-shapedandhaveironatomsattheircenters.D．Theycanbefoundinorganismslivinginfreezingcoldweather.答案　D解析　推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“...proteinsinsomespeciesofArcticfish，woodfrogsandotherorganismsthatpreventbloodfromfreezing，allowingthemtoflourishinextremecold.”可知，这种天然的防冻蛋白可以在一些生活在严寒气候中的生物体中找到。17．Howareantifreezemoleculespreventedfromicecrystals?A．Bycreatingcompoundsbothwater-repellentandwater-loving.B．Byextractingtheproteinsfromsomehardyanimals.C．Bymakingsyntheticalternativeslikeantifreezeproteins.D．Bycopyingspiral-shapedmoleculesmostlywater-resistant.答案　A解析　推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Mostnaturalantifreezemoleculeshaveamixtureofregionsthateitherattractorrepelwater.”可知，防冻分子通过形成既吸水又防水的化合物防止结晶体的形成。18．What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A．Push-pullchaosmightpreventwatermoleculesfromturningintoice.B．Thefinalsolutiontopreservingdonororganshasbeenfoundrecently.C．ChemicalsinspiredbyArcticanimalscouldlengthenorgans’shelflife.D．Gibson’santifreezecompoundscandowhatnaturalantifreezeproteinsdo.答案　C解析　文章大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Butasetoflastingnewantifreezecompounds(化合物)—similartothosefoundinparticularlyhardy(耐寒的)20\nanimals—couldlengthenorgans’shelflife.”可知，本文主要介绍了科学家受到耐寒动物的启发，研制出可延长器官保存期限的化合物。Ⅲ.完形填空AngelaFullmeralreadyhadenoughtohandle.She’drecentlycompletedherbachelor’sdegreeandshehadgivenbirthtoher19babyAtreyujustthreemonthsbefore.Soat1∶30a．m.March15，whenherdogCaponewasbarking20intheirhome，sheyelled，“Shutup!You’regoingto21thebaby.”Hewouldn’t22.ShecalledforCaponetocometoher.Hewouldn’tcome.Thedog23comes，shesaid，eversincesheandhusband，Isaac，24thewanderinganimalfromabusyhighway18monthsago.Caponejustlookedatherandranbacktothe25.Fullmer,32—whohasa26aboutdogs—thoughtsomethingwasn’t27.Tiredasshewas，shewentto28whatwasgoingoninthekitchen.Theplugforthemicrowavewasonfire.Thefireseemed29atfirst，butsheknewsheneededtogetthe30outfast.Shescoopedupher31babyAtreyu，andthengrabbedher20-month-oldtoddlerMondecai.Sheyelledforheroldest，Landon,12，tohelp32theotherchildren.Bythetimemostofthechildrenwereheadingout.33shotuptothekitchenceilingandthesmokealarm34wentoff.Shecalled911anddidarollcall.Herninechildrenwereall35outsidethehouse.Capone？Hehadbarkedandbarkedfortwominutesbeforethefirealarmeven36.Hehadsavedtheirlives.“He37hisfamily，”Fullmersaid.“I’mgladwefoundhimonthe38.”语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。富尔默的丈夫在高速上救了一条狗Capone。有一次Capone发现厨房微波炉插头起火，及时提醒主人，救了她和孩子的性命。19．A.firstB．ninth20\nC．healthyD．sleepy答案　B解析　first第一；ninth第九；healthy健康的；sleepy困乏的，欲睡的。根据倒数第三段中“Herninechildrenwerealloutsidethehouse.”可知，三个月前她生下了第九个孩子。故选B。20．A.asusualB．onpurposeC．likecrazyD．atrandom答案　C解析　asusual像平常一样；onpurpose有目的地，故意地；likecrazy拼命地，发疯地；atrandom随意地。根据下文的“Shutup！”可知她家的狗像疯了一样狂叫。故选C。21．A.wakeB．feedC．protectD．milk答案　A解析　wake醒来；feed喂；protect保护；milk挤牛奶。狗叫会把婴儿吵醒。故选A。22．A.shutupB．showupC．listenupD．wakeup答案　A解析　shutup闭嘴；showup显示；listenup听……；wakeup使醒来。根据后文可知此时的狗并没有停止狂叫。故选A。23．A.seldomB．hardlyC．alwaysD．rarely答案　C解析　seldom很少，难得；hardly几乎不；always总是；rarely罕见地。自从18个月前她和丈夫艾萨克从一条繁忙的高速公路上把这条流浪狗救出以来，(主人一唤它)它总是很听话地过来。故选C。24．A.huntedB．purchasedC．trappedD．rescued答案　D解析　hunt猎获；purchase购置；trap围困，诱捕；rescue营救。句意参见上题解析。故选D。25．A.gardenB．kitchenC．bathroomD．bedroom答案　B解析　garden花园；kitchen厨房；bathroom浴室；bedroom卧室。根据下文“shewentto20\nwhatwasgoingoninthekitchen”可知，Capone只是看着她然后跑回厨房。故选B。26．A.doubtB．curiosityC．senseD．puzzle答案　C解析　doubt怀疑；curiosity好奇心；sense感觉，观念；puzzle疑惑。她对狗有种感觉，认为有些事情不对头。故选C。27．A.trueB．sureC．strangeD．right答案　D解析　true真实的；sure确信的；strange奇怪的；right正确的。句意参见上题解析。故选D。28．A.checkoutB．setdownC．tellaboutD．thinkup答案　A解析　checkout核查；setdown记下；tellabout讨论关于；thinkup想出。尽管很累，她还是要去核查一下厨房里发生了什么。故选A。29．A.fierceB．dangerousC．openedD．small答案　D解析　fierce凶猛的；dangerous危险的；opened打开的；small小的。根据下文“thesmokealarmwentoff”可知，一开始火很小。故选D。30．A.dogB．cookersC．kidsD．plug答案　C解析　dog狗；cooker炊具；kid孩子；plug插头。微波炉的插头起火，起初火是小的，但是她知道她需要把孩子快速转移出去。根据句意以及下文描述的一系列动作，可知选C。31．A.cleverestB．weakestC．youngestD．strongest答案　C解析　cleverest最聪明的；weakest最弱的；youngest最年轻的；strongest最强壮的。抱起最小的婴儿，拉着刚学走路的Mondecai。由上文她刚生了自己的第九个孩子Atreyu可知，Atreyu是最小的孩子。故选C。32．A.examineB．gatherC．cureD．educate20\n答案　B解析　examine检查；gather聚集；cure治愈；educate教育。作者让最大的孩子Landon把其他孩子聚集到一起。故选B。33．A.floodB．fogC．cloudsD．flames答案　D解析　flood洪水；fog雾；cloud云；flame火焰。到大多数孩子都走出去的时候，火焰已到了厨房天花板，最后烟雾报警器响了。故选D。34．A.finallyB．immediatelyC．graduallyD．casually答案　A解析　finally最后；immediately立刻，马上；gradually逐渐地；casually随便地，休闲地。句意参见上题解析。故选A。35．A.afraidB．presentC．injuredD．awake答案　B解析　afraid害怕的；present现在的，出席的；injured受伤的；awake醒着的。所有九个孩子都在屋子外面。故选B。36．A.wentoffB．brokedownC．shutoffD．turnedup答案　A解析　gooff响起，离去；breakdown坏了，出故障；shutoff关闭；turnup出现，音量调大。甚至在报警器响起以前，狗不停地叫了有两分钟。上文的“thesmokealarmwentoff”亦是提示，故选A。37．A.missesB．losesC．raisesD．loves答案　D解析　miss错过；lose失去；raise饲养，提高；love爱。由Capone救了他们的命可知，它很爱这个家。故选D。38．A.ceilingB．highwayC．spotD．ground答案　B解析　ceiling天花板；highway高速公路；spot地点；ground地面。由上文的“fromabusyhighway”可知，此处指他们很高兴在高速上发现了它。故选B。20