江苏专用2022高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破7词句猜测_词义猜测题优选习题

七、词句猜测——词义猜测题(2022·江苏，B)Beforebirth，babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother’svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning(胎教)，birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk：OrnithologicalAdvances，somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch(孵化)．New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom’scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2022bySoniaKleindorfer，abiologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia，andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched，thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme！”call.Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds，theresearcherssoughtthered-backedfairywren，anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafter11\nhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalyzingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks，rankingthembysimilarity.Itturnsoutthatbabyred-backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheirmoms.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs，themoresimilarwerethebabies’beggingcalls.Inaddition，theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmom’svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood.Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurological(神经系统的)strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn.“Asaparent，doyouinvestinqualitychildren，ordoyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed？”Kleindorferasks.“Ourresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.”语篇解读　这是一篇科普类的说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚的一位生物学家通过研究发现，鸟儿在孵化时会进行胎教，幼鸟会用胎教时学会的鸟叫声来引起鸟妈妈的关注。鸟儿在胎教方面比人类更出色。58．TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means“”．A．betheworstB．bethebestC．bejustasbadD．bejustasgood答案　B解析　词义猜测题。画线部分前面的语境说，婴儿在出生之前就能分辨很大的声响与人的嗓音(tellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices)；画线部分后面的语境说，有些鸟妈妈在鸟儿被孵化出来之前，就可能教它们啼叫(teachtheiryoungtosing)。通过对比画线部分的前后我们发现，这里说的是与人类相比，鸟妈妈在胎教方面表现得最好(bethebest)，因此选B。59．WhatareKleindorfer’sfindingsbasedon?A．Similaritiesbetweenthecallsofmomsandchicks.B．TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAustralia.C．ThedatacollectedfromQueensland’slocals.D．Controlledexperimentsonwrensandotherbirds.答案　A11\n解析　细节理解题。根据第三段的研究过程和第四段的研究结果可知，他的发现基于A项(鸟妈妈与幼鸟叫声的相似之处)。60．Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich.A．canreceivequalitysignalsB．areinneedoftrainingC．fittheenvironmentbetterD．maketheloudestcall答案　C解析　推理判断题。文章最后两段说，研究结果发现，叫声与鸟妈妈的声音很接近的幼鸟得到的食物最多(thebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmom’svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood)，这表明，有效的胎教能够把孩子神经系统的优点发信号给母亲(signalneurologicalstrengthsofchildrentoparents)。从这些信息判断，胎教能帮助鸟妈妈识别出更能适应环境的幼鸟，因此选C项。一、题型解读词义猜测题基本上是阅读理解中每年必考的题型。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些生词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来，对于生词的理解是否准确，直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。词义猜测题的命题方式有：1．Theword“...”refersto/probablymeans.2．Theunderlinedword“...”couldbestbereplacedby.3．Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“...”standsfor?4．Bysaying“...”wemean.5．“...”asusedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas.6．Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“...”？7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phrase“...”inParagraph...mean?8．Theunderlinedword“...”isclosestinmeaningto.二、解题技巧——巧用线索猜词义1．根据定义、释义或同位语进行猜测11\n有些文章，特别是科技说明文，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语下定义，通过阅读定义和解释部分，考生便可理解该词或短语的意思。有时，需要猜测的单词或短语后面会紧跟一个同位语，作为对前面的词或短语的解释说明。有时，文章会用冒号、破折号、括号等对某个词或短语加以解释说明。例如：(2022·江苏，B)WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness，theycouldn’ttellhowmuchthey’dhad：thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewiser—theydidn’tfeelfuller，andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.试题：Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser”inParagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere.A．notawareofeatingmorethanusualB．notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC．notconsciousofthefoodqualityD．notfondofthefoodprovided分析：所猜测短语nonethewiser后面出现了破折号来进行解释说明，我们可推知那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的nonethewiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。2．根据构词法进行猜测英语中通过词根加词缀或两个单词合成的方式可以构成新词。因此，掌握了一定的构词知识，再结合上下文语境，也可以快速猜测词义。例如：Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness，uneasiness，orworry.分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。3．根据因果关系进行猜测在阅读理解文章的句子或段落中，若两个事物或两种现象之间构成因果关系，这时我们可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推断词或短语的含义。表示因果关系的标志词有because，so，thus，therefore，asaresultof，since，sothat，so/such...that...等。例如：Mysoncouldnotfollowtheteacher’sdirections，hetoldme，andthus，Scolawasdisruptingtheclass.Didn’theknowmysondidnotspeakEnglishyet?试题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disrupting”inParagraph4probablymean?A．Breaking.B．Following.C．Attending.D．Disturbing.11\n分析：画线单词所在的句子出现了因果关系标志词thus，由前面的原因“我儿子听不懂老师的指示”可以推知，“因此，我儿子Scola干扰了课堂秩序”，故选D项。其余三项都不符合这一因果逻辑关系。4．根据同义或近义关系进行猜测在画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该词或该短语的含义，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词或短语的含义。常见的表示相同或相近意义的词和短语有and，or，like，aswell，similarly，too，also，either等。例如：Thefineselectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration(合作)withtheMuseoNacionalReinaSofiainMadrid，Spain，andwithcontributionsfromotherinstitutionsliketheSalvadorDaliMuseuminSt.Petersburg，Florida.试题：Whatdoestheword“contributions”inthelastparagraphreferto?A．Artworks.B．Projects.C．Donations.D．Documents.分析：画线单词contributions前出现了and，可利用同义或近义关系进行猜测。and前面提到了thefineselectionofthemajorworks(精选的重要作品)，后面说contributions来自其他机构，由并列关系可以推断出contributions应该属于works的范畴。故选A项。5．根据反义，转折和对比关系进行猜测有些需要猜测词义的词或短语前后会出现表示转折或对比的词语，运用这些词语也可以帮助猜测词义。能体现转折、对比关系的词汇很多，常见的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead(of)，ontheotherhand，ratherthan，onthecontrary等。例如：Intheevening，ridesareusuallyatamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace，withgoldenlightstreamingacrossthegrassydeltaandtheanimalscomingouttoeatanddrink.Sedatethoughtheyare，ridesatthistimeofdayarestillveryimpressive.试题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sedate”probablymean?A．Wildandromantic.B．Slowandpeaceful.C．Hungryandthirsty.D．Activeandexcited.分析：画线词语所在句子的句意为“虽然它们，但是在一天的这个时候骑马观赏仍然令人印象非常深刻”。由though可知前后两句是转折关系，再结合前一句中提到的“atamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace”可知，应选B项，sedate意为“慢悠悠的，安静的”。6．根据上下文进行猜测有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。例如：(2022·全国Ⅲ，C)Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspecificlocal11\nconditions.OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette，butyou’llneedawarm，shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit，soit’sapipedreamformostappleloverswhofallforit.试题：Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“apipedream”inParagraph3mean?A．Apracticalidea.B．Avainhope.C．Abrilliantplan.D．Aselfishdesire.分析：由上文中的“OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette，butyou’llneedawarm，shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit...”可知，尽管OrleansReinette是很好的品种，但是对各项条件的要求很高，因此大多数喜欢它的人种植它的希望会落空。故选择B项。A(2022·黑龙江齐齐哈尔一模)83-year-oldAntonioVicentehasspentthelastfourdecadesofhislifefightingagainstthetrend.AsBrazilianlandowners9cutdownrainforeststomakeroomfor1profitableplantations(种植园)andcattlegrounds，hestruggledtobringthejunglesofhischildhoodbacktolife.“WhenIwasachild，thepeasantscutdownthetreestomakegrasslandsandcharcoal，andthewaterdriedupanddidnotcomeback，”hetoldthereporters.“Ithought：‘Waterisvaluable，noonemakeswaterandthepopulationwillnotstopgrowing.Whatisgoingtohappen?Wearegoingtorunoutofwater.’”Withonlysomedonkeysandasmallteamofhiredworkers，AntonioVicentesetaboutbringingbacktheforesttohisland.Whatstartedoutasaweekendhobbysoonbecamea2permanentwayoflife，andAntoniorecallsoftenspendingwholedaysandnightsinhisyoungjungle，surroundedbyratsandfoxes，andeatingbananasandwichesforbreakfast，lunchanddinner.Overthelast40years，hehasplantedanestimated50,000treesonhis31-hectareland，whichnowmakeupasmallbutuniqueareaofrainforest，andahavenforwildlife.Astheforestgrew，thewaterreturned，andAntoniosaysthattherearenowover20watersourcesonhislandthatwerenolongertherewhenheboughtit.Thentheanimalsstartedmakingahomethere.Today，theforestisalivewiththesoundsofbirdsand3insectslivingthere，andmorespeciesaresettlingineveryyear.“Therearetoucans(巨嘴鸟)，allkindsofbirds，squirrels，lizards，andeven11\ntheboarsarereturning，”83-year-oldVicentesays.“Ifyouaskmewhomyfamilyare，Iwouldsayallisrighthere，eachoneofthesethatIplantedfromaseed.”1．WhatdowelearnabouttheBrazilianpeasants?A．Theywastedmuchwateronfarming.B．Theyfocusedonshort-termprofits.C．Theycaredmuchabouttheenvironment.D．Theyreliedheavilyonrainforestsforaliving.答案　B解析　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“AsBrazilianlandownerscutdownrainforeststomakeroomforprofitableplantations...”及第二段中的“thewaterdriedupanddidnotcomeback”可知，巴西的农民关注的是短期的利益。故选B。2．WhatusedtobeyoungAntonio’sbiggestconcern?A．Overpopulation.B．Pollutedwater.C．Lossofgrasslands.D．Watershortage.答案　D解析　推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句可知，年轻的Antonio最关心的是水的短缺。故选D。3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“haven”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Trap.B．Disaster.C．Shelter.D．Balance.答案　C解析　词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“insectslivingthere，andmorespeciesaresettlingineveryyear”可知，昆虫生活在这里，每年更多的物种在这里定居，由此可推断出这里成了野生生物的“安居地，避难所”。故选C。4．Inthelastparagraph，Antoniomainlyexpresseshis.A．4affectionforhisforestB．thanksforhisfamilyC．deeploveforrarebirdsD．prideasasuccessfulfarmer答案　A解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可推知，Antonio主要在表达他对森林的爱。故选A。B11\n(2022·广东茂名一模)Haveyoueverlostyourcaronaparkinglot?Ithappens.Youparkandgoshopping.Whenyougetback，youhavenoideawhereyourcaris.Itcanbediscouraging.Youdon’tneedtoinstall(安装)anexpensiveGPSsystemtokeep10trackofyourcar.That’stooexpensive.Youwouldneedtopayamonthly5subscriptionfeejusttouseit.Butisthereawaytotrackyour6vehiclewithoutspendingafortune?Yes，nowthereis!ACalifornia-basedstart-upcompanyisabletomakethisareality.Theyhavecreatedatinydevice(装置)thatworkswithyoursmartphone，anditcanbeexactlywhatyou’relookingfor!It’scalledTrackRBravo.It’schangingthewaywekeeptrackoftheimportantthingsinourlives.7InstallthefreeTrackRapponyoursmartphone，connecttheapptoyourdeviceandyou’rereadytogo!SimplyattachTrackRtowhateveryouwanttokeepaneyeon.Theentireprocessofsettingituponlytakes5minutesorless.Youcanattachittoyourkeys，walletandanythingelseyoudon’twanttolose.ThenusetheTrackRapptofindwhereyourmissingitemsareinseconds.ForgetexpensiveGPSsystemsortrackingservices.Nobodywantstopayexpensivemonthlysubscriptionfees.Weunderstandhowstressfulthesethingscanbe，andthisisthereasonwhythecompanycreatedTrackR.ThisdeviceisyourVIPwhenyouneedtotakecareofimportantthings.Ifyouforgetwhereyouparkyourcar，takeoutyoursmartphoneandopentheTrackRapp.Taponthe“lostitem”signonthescreenandtheappwilltellyoutheexactlocation.Thisdeviceisbynomeansexpensive.TrackRonlycosts29，asmallpricetopayforpeaceofmind.Thedeviceissmallenoughthatyoucanattachittoyourpets.Putitontheircollar，andyouwillneverlosetrackofthem!Attachittoyourkeyorwallet，andneverwasteaminuterummagingthewholehouseforit.Sinceyou’vebeeninformedaboutthisbrilliantinvention，nowattachittoeverythingthat’simportanttoyou.5．Whydoestheauthormentionthelostcarinthefirstparagraph?A．Toexplainhowterriblethesituationis.B．Tostresstheimportanceofbeingcautious.C．Toleadtothetopicconcerningfindinglostitems.D．Toprovideonecommonexampleabouttheft.11\n答案　C解析　推理判断题。由第一段及下文中的内容可知，提到丢失的汽车是为了引出寻找丢失物品的话题。故选C。6．What’sthefeatureoftheTrackRapp?A．Theprocessofsettinguptheappiscomplex.B．Thecostofsettinguptheappisratherhigh.C．Theappisavailableinanyelectronicequipment.D．Theapphelpslocatethelostitemsinashorttime.答案　D解析　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，这个应用软件可以帮助你在短时间内找到丢失的物品。故选D。7．TheTrackRwascreatedbecause.A．lifeisfullofallkindsofpressureB．trackingservicescause8financialburdenC．peoplewanttokeeptheirimportantitemssafeD．GPSsystemscannotprovidespecificlocation答案　B解析　细节理解题。根据第四段前三句可知，跟踪服务会带来经济负担。故选B。8．Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“rummaging”inParagraph5?A．Searching.B．Destroying.C．Cleaning.D．Moving.答案　A解析　词义猜测题。根据第五段可知，该装置足够小，你可以将它固定到你的宠物上。把它放在它们的项圈上，你就不会与它们失去联系！把它固定在你的钥匙或钱包上，就不用浪费时间搜寻整个房子寻找它。画线词的意思应该是“搜寻”，故选A。Ⅰ.障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1．DrugmanufacturingisthemostprofitablebusinessintheU．S.赚钱的；赢利的2．Thischoiceisnotapermanentsituation，however，asmanypeoplehavechosentochangethevaluesoftheirlives.永久的11\n3．Aninsectisasmallanimalthathassixlegsandmostofthemhavewingssuchasflies，butterflies.昆虫4．Say“Iloveyou”often.Expressyouraffectionandappreciationtofriendsandfamily.感情；喜爱5．Someofthesestoriesarepartofamonthlysubscriptionpackage.订阅6．Theredtrafficlightindicatesthateverypersonandvehiclemuststop.车辆7．Itshowsyouwheretodownloadtheserverandhowtoinstallit.安装8．ThegovernmentpredicatesthatthemarketcollapsewascausedbyAsianfinancialcrisis.金融的(二)一词多义9．cutdown削减，减少；缩短，降低；砍倒(1)Youcancutdownonthenumberofadsandstillreachmorepeople.削减(2)Avoidunhealthyfoodandcutdownonsugarandsalt.减少(3)Ifyoucutdownmoretreesthanyougrow，youwillrunoutoftrees.砍倒10．trackn．轨道；足迹；小道；vt.追踪(1)ThefirstthingthatIhadtodotounderstandhowIusemytimewastrackalmosteverything.追踪(2)Thisistheonewhotriestoforceeveryguyshedatesontothemarriagetrack.轨道(3)Wesetoffoncemore，overaroughmountaintrack.小道(4)Theonlyevidenceofpandaswastheirtracksinthesnow.足迹Ⅱ.长难句理解1．Overthelast40years，hehasplantedanestimated50,000treesonhis31-hectareland，whichnowmakeupasmallbutuniqueareaofrainforest，andahavenforwildlife.[句式分析]　本句是一个复合句，句子的主干部分是简单句的主谓宾结构，主语是he，谓语是hasplanted，宾语是anestimated50,000trees；Overthelast40years是时间状语，onhis31-hectareland是地点状语，whichnowmakeupasmall...是定语从句，修饰trees。[精美译文]　在过去的40年里，他已在他31公顷的土地上种植了大约5万棵树，这构成了一个小但独特的热带雨林，它是野生生物的避难所。2．Weunderstandhowstressfulthesethingscanbe，andthisisthereasonwhythecompanycreatedTrackR.11\n[句式分析]　本句是一个并列句，由并列连词and连接；and前面的句子是主谓宾结构，宾语是宾语从句；and后面的句子是主系表结构，表语是thereason；whythecompanycreatedTrackR是定语从句。[精美译文]　我们理解这些事情会产生多么大的压力，这就是这家公司创造TrackR的原因。11