江苏专用2022高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破9词句猜测_代词指代题优选习题

九、词句猜测——代词指代题(2022·常州期末)GPStechnologyisoneofthelatestandgreatestdevelopmentswithinthecommunicationsworld.Alsoknownasa“globalpositioningsystem”，thistechnologyworksoffofradiosignalssentoutbysatellitesinspace.Sinceacellphonealreadyworkslikeatwo-wayradiowhencommunicatingwithcelltowers，theGPScapabilitysimplyextendstheradiosignalreachtospacesatellites.Phonesequippedwithfull-featuredcapabilitiesworkoffofJava-basedradiosignalsandhavedatabaseaccesstotheirproviders’systemforotherdatalikemappingandvoices.Locationtracking，andgivingdirectionstoandfromdestinationsaresomeofthemorecommonusesforthistechnology.GPSnavigationalsystemsaresupportedbyanetworkof27satellites.ThesesatellitesorbittheEarthincyclicpatterns24hoursaday.Atanygiventime，aminimumoffoursatellitessignalsisaccessibletoanyonepointonEarth.Wheneverareceiverdeviceisactivated，radiowaveswithcodedmessagesaresentouttoit.Thisishowsatellitesknowtostarttrackingthedevice.Areceiver’sexactlocationisdeterminedthroughaprocesscalledtrilateration(三边测量法)wherethreesatellitesworktogethertonarrowdownpossiblelocationpoints.Afourthsatelliteisneededifthereceiverisn’tonthegroundandaltitudeiswantedaswell.Distancecalculationsaremadebasedonhowlongittakestheradiosignalstotravelbackandforthbetweenreceiverandsatellites.Themappingcapabilitiesare19\ndisplayedonthephone’sscreenviathecellprovider’sdatabase.AsaGPSdeviceneedstodoallkindsofcalculationsondifferentdatafromsatellitesandprovider’sdatabase，itconsumestime.SoitcantakequiteafewsecondsforaregularGPStoworkoutaplan.AnassistedGPScanhelpsolvetheproblem.Itisanimprovedtechnologythatusesacellnetwork’sAssistanceServerwhichisconnectedtoareferencenetworksuchastheInternet.Throughtheuseofcelltowers，aphonerelayssatellitesignalinformationtotheservers.TheseserversareabletoprocessincomingdataatmuchhigherratesthanGPSreceivers，soinformationisprocessedquicker，andistypicallymoreaccurate.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“their”referto?A．Satellites’.B．Phones’．C．Signals’.D．Capabilities’．答案　B解析　代词指代题。这个句子涉及到长难句的分析，equippedwith...作为定语修饰phones，and连接两个并列的谓语，一个是workoff，一个是have，所以and后面的句子其实是phoneshavedatabaseaccesstotheirproviders’system...，即their指代“手机的”。2．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtotheinformationinthetext?A．PhoneGPSisanewtechnologyunrelatedtoacellphone’soriginalfunctions.B．AmobilephoneworksasasignalreceiverandprocessorinphoneGPSsystem.C．Eachmobilephoneisassignedfourfixedsatellitesfortheircodedmessages.D．Mappingcapabilitiesanddistancecalculationsareaffectedbythespeedofradiosignals.答案　B解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句可知，手机在GPS系统中的作用为信号的接收者和加工者。故选B。3．WhatdoweknowabouttheAssistanceServerintheAssistedGPS?A．ItcanspeedupcalculatingprocessofaregularGPSreceiver.B．ItispartofthecellnetworkdirectlyconnectedtotheInternetandthephone.C．Ithasabetterfunctioningperformanceinprocessingreceivedradiosignals.D．IthelpstheAssistedGPStoreceivedifferentdatamoreaccuratelyinbadconditions.19\n答案　C解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段前三句可知，GPS设备需要对来自卫星和供应商数据库的数据进行各种计算，它需要耗费时间，而辅助服务器帮助解决了这个问题，因此可以说它在处理接收到的信号这一功能上表现更好。一、题型解读代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多，动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。设问形式常有：1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this/it/them/which...”referto?2．Theunderlinedpart“it/that/they/which...”inParagraph...refersto.二、解题技巧——“就近原则”判指代第一步：明确代词所指代内容的位置代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句的前面一句中，或者前几句中。第二步：熟悉代词的含义1．it/this/that可指代一件事。2．it/he/them/they/one/those指上文提到的人或物。3．which/that/who等关系代词指代其所修饰的先行词，非限制性定语从句中which可指代前面整句话的内容。第三步：替换核实再比较1．用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。2．比较所指代部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。例如：【感悟体会】中1题，画线单词所在的句子为“Phonesequippedwithfull-featuredcapabilitiesworkoffofJava-basedradiosignalsandhavedatabaseaccesstotheirproviders’．..”可知整个句子的主语是Phones，故their就相当于Phones’。A(2022·河南新乡二模)Throughoutthepastfewyears，Ihavetriedtogivemyselftoothers.IhavebouncedaroundtofindwhereItrulyfitin.IfoundmyplacewhileIstayedinGuatemala，anorphanage(孤儿院)，withthechildrenlivingthere.Throughhearingmanystoriesoftheirlives，Iwasmovedtotearsandstartedtoquestionmylivingwaysandgaveupeverythingthatwasn’tessential：7makeupandanyothersortofluxury(奢侈品)．Ilivedliketheydid.Itwasthemostrelaxingfeelingintheworld.19\nWhenatNuestrosPequenosHermanos，weweregiventhetaskofcreatingapig8pen.Atfirst，Ithoughtitshouldbeeasy.Afterarrivingattheareawherethepigpenshouldbe，wesawahill.Weweretoldto1uproottheweedsaswellasleveltheentirearea.Lookingatit，wefeltitwouldbeimpossible.Onmyownfaithjourney，Ihavefeltthistypeofdoubtbefore.The“hole”，aswereferredto，isasymbolofmyfaithjourney.Itappearedtobean2obstacleIcouldnotovercome，butintheendIcompleteditwithefforts.Ifeelthispigpenwasn’teasytocreatebutwassorewardingtogive.I’vealwaysstruggledtobeonajourneyoffaith，butI’venevercompletelysteppedfootontothepathuntilGuatemala.I’vealwaystriedtoopenmyhearttoeveryonearoundmeandgivethemmylove.IfeelasthoughIcutopenmyheartandshareeverybitofloveIhadwiththeseorphans.ThereisoneorphannamedCetowhowillalwaysremainveryclosetomyheart.InGuatemala，Isponsorwiththirtydollarsamonth，butitdoesn’tseemenough.I’llreturntherenextsummerandgivemoreofmyloveforawholemonth.Whenitwastimetoleave，Ilookedoutofthewindowandsawnotjustordinarychildren.Overall，themostsignificantaccomplishmentImadeinGuatemalawassteppingtowardsmyownfaithjourneyandnotlookingback.语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在危地马拉期间，改变了自己的生活，从而改变了自己的人生。1．Whatresultedintheauthor’sdecisiontoliveanewlife?A．Desiretohelpothers.B．Decreaseinhisincome.C．Aknowledgeoftheorphans’life.D．Awarenessofthedifficultyinhislife.答案　C解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“IfoundmyplacewhileIstayedinGuatemala，anorphanage(孤儿院)，withthechildrenlivingthere.Throughhearingmanystoriesoftheirlives，Iwasmovedtotearsandstartedtoquestionmylivingwaysandgaveupeverythingthatwasn’tessential”可知，作者了解到孤儿的生活之后，决定改变自己的生活。故选C。2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph2referto?19\nA．Removingthedoubt.B．Uprootingtheweed.C．Startingthefaithjourney.D．Creatingthepigpen.答案　D解析　代词指代题。根据画线词后面的“Ifeelthispigpenwasn’teasytocreatebutwassorewardingtogive.”可以猜测出，it代指建造猪圈这件事。故选D。3．WhatdidtheauthorthinkofhisexperienceinGuatemala?A．Itwasregretful.B．Itwasmeaningful.C．Itwasinteresting.D．Itwasfrightening.答案　B解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Overall，themostsignificantaccomplishmentImadeinGuatemalawassteppingtowardsmyownfaithjourneyandnotlookingback.”可以推断出，作者认为在危地马拉的经历是有意义的。故选B。4．Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A．AStepintoaNewWorldB．AnAwfulFaithJourneyC．AGreatSuccessinLifeD．AReturnofConfidence答案　A解析　标题归纳题。根据最后一段中的“Overall，themostsignificantaccomplishmentImadeinGuatemalawassteppingtowardsmyownfaithjourneyandnotlookingback.”可以推断出，在危地马拉期间，作者改变了自己的生活，从而改变了人生。故用AStepintoaNewWorld作为本文的标题最佳。故选A。B(2022·内蒙古包头一模)Vinegarisgreat.Itmakessalad，friesanddumplingstastebetter，andyoucanevencleanyourwindowswithit.Andnow，accordingtoscientists，itmayevenhelptheplanet’spopulationsurviveclimatechange.ResearchersfromtheRIKENCenterforSustainableResourceScience(CSRS)inJapanprovedthat.Theyfoundgrowingplantsinvinegarmakesthemmoreresistanttodroughts.Thiscouldmeanthatinthefuture，worriesaboutclimatechangeaffectingtheworld’ssupplyoffoodwillbe19\nmuchlower.ThediscoverywasmadeaftertheresearchersstudiedtheArabidopsis，aplantknownforitsabilitytosurviveindryweather.Itwasfoundthatwhentheplantwasplacedindrought-likeconditions，itproducedachemicalcalledacetate(醋酸盐)—themain3componentofvinegar.Afterdiscoveringthis，thescientistsexperimentedfurtherbyaddingacetatetothesoilofotherplantsbeforetheystoppedgivingthemwatercompletely.Afterleavingtheplantsfor14days，theyfoundthattheonestreatedwithacetatehadsurvived，whiletheuntreatedplantshaddriedupanddied.It’shopedthatthissimplemethodofsurvivalcouldsoonbeusedtohelpfarmersindrycountrieskeeptheircropsalive.“Intheexperiment，wetargetedthe4staplefoodsoftheworld—rice，wheatandmaize...andprovedsuccessful，”JongMyongKim，co-authorofthestudy，toldPopularSciencemagazine.Kimhasalreadybeenintouchwithpeoplearoundtheworldwhoareinterestedintryingthissimpleandcost-effectivemethodoutforthemselvesfromfarmerstocompaniesand5amateurgardeners.“Nowwearetryingtocooperatewiththemtomakeamethodtoapplythissystem，andmaketheprocessassimpleaspossible，”hesaid.Hopefullythismeanstheendofhungercausedbybadweatherinthefuture.语篇解读　本文是一篇科普类文章。文章主要介绍了日本科学家们近期发现了一个有意思的现象：给植物加点“醋”，植物就能变得更耐旱……5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inParagraph1referto?A．Vinegarmayhelpcreaturessurvivebadweather.B．VinegarisfoundinplantsbyJapanesescientists.C．Vinegarisveryusefulforcookingagoodmeal.D．Vinegarismainlyusedbypeopletocleanhouses.答案　A解析　代词指代题。根据画线词前一句“Andnow，accordingtoscientists，itmayevenhelptheplanet’spopulationsurviveclimatechange.”可以判断出that指代的是醋可以帮助生物更好地适应气候的变化。故选A。6．ScientistsinJapanfindfromtheirstudiesthat.A．theArabidopsiscouldsurviveindryweatherbecauseoftheshapeB．soilconditioncouldbechangedbypouringvinegarcontinuallyC．theacetatecanbeusedbyfarmerstoreplacethesoil19\nD．theplantstreatedwithacetatecouldsurvivedryconditions答案　D解析　细节理解题。根据第一段倒数第二句“Theyfoundgrowingplantsinvinegarmakesthemmoreresistanttodroughts.”可知，在酸性环境下生长的植物更加耐旱。故选D。7．Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A．It’stoodifficultforfarmerstoacceptthemethod.B．Howtodecreasethecostisthemainissue.C．Themethodis6promisingespeciallyinagriculture.D．Keepingplantsalivemeansalotforscientists.答案　C解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段尤其是最后一句“Hopefullythismeanstheendofhungercausedbybadweatherinthefuture.”可以推断出这种方法尤其在农业上很有前景。故选C。8．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．JapaneseScientistsFindaPlantB．VinegarCouldEndHungerC．VinegarandFoodD．PlantsNeedWater答案　B解析　标题归纳题。根据全文大意可知，科学家们研究发现醋更能够让植物适应各种恶劣的气候，提高粮食的产量，从而消除饥饿。所以用VinegarCouldEndHunger作为题目较为合适，故选B。Ⅰ.障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1．Thismorningwhenwewerewalkingalongthestreet，wefoundmanyfallentreeswhichwereuprootedbythestorm.连根拔起；根除2．Mostcompetitioncarswillonlyrolloveriftheyhitanobstacle.障碍；障碍物3．Hydrogenisakeycomponentoffuelcells.组成部分，成分4．WheatmaybePakistan’sstaplefood，andmilkyteaisthenationaldrink.主要的5．Atthetime，IwasplayingasanamateurforCambridgeUniversityagainst19\nprofessionalcountyteams.业余爱好者(二)同义词语替换6．We’retryingtobringalongseveralpromisingyoungfootballplayers.hopeful(三)一词多义7．makeupn．化妆品；组成(1)Eventhegeneticmakeupofthevirusisunderdebate.组成(2)Normallysheworelittlemakeup，butthiseveningwasclearlyanexception.化妆品8．penv．撰写；把……关起来；n.钢笔；(围养家畜的)圈(1)Theanimalswerepennedupincages.把……关起来(2)Ireallyintendedtopenthislettertoyouearlythismorning.撰写(3)Takeapieceofpaperandapenandtrytofigureouthowyouknowwhenyourvaluesarefulfilled.钢笔(4)Apenisasmallareawithafencearounditinwhichfarmanimalsarekeptforashorttime.(围养家畜的)圈Ⅱ.长难句理解1．Throughhearingmanystoriesoftheirlives，Iwasmovedtotearsandstartedtoquestionmylivingwaysandgaveupeverythingthatwasn’tessential：makeupandanyothersortofluxury(奢侈品)．[句式分析]　本句话是一个并列句，第一个and前的简单句是主系表结构；第二、三个and后的简单句与前面的句子主语一致，故省略了主语I，且这两个简单句为主谓宾结构；thatwasn’tessential：makeupandanyothersortofluxury为定语从句，修饰限定everything。[精美译文]　因为听了关于他们生活的很多故事，我感动得留下了眼泪，开始质疑自己的生活方式并且放弃了所有不必要的东西：化妆品和其他的奢侈品。2．Afterleavingtheplantsfor14days，theyfoundthattheonestreatedwithacetatehadsurvived，whiletheuntreatedplantshaddriedupanddied.[句式分析]　本句话是一个并列句，由并列连词while连接，前后表示对比关系。while前面的句子是主谓宾结构，其宾语为宾语从句thattheonestreatedwithacetatehadsurvived，在宾语从句中treatedwithacetate作定语，修饰theones；while后面的句子是主谓结构。[精美译文]　丢下这些植物不管14天后，他们发现那些加了醋酸盐的植物活了下来，而未加醋酸盐的植物都干死了。19\n专题强化练(二十三)Ⅰ.单项填空1．Insomeplaceswomenareexpectedtoearnmoneymenworkathomeandraisetheirchildren.A．butB．whileC．becauseD．though答案　B解析　while在此意为“而，却”，用来表示前后对照，比较。2．AscanbeseenfromtheBible，helpingothersintroubleisagoodquality，youwillbeabletobenefitavarietyofvaluablerichesfrom.A．itB．thatC．whatD．one答案　D解析　句意为：从《圣经》上可以得知，帮助那些处在困难中的人是一种良好的品质，你可以从中获得各种有价值的财富。空格处与前句中的agoodquality构成同位关系，one后面省略了which/that，所以选择D项。3．Ournewhousewarminwinterandcoolinsummer.A．feelsB．isfeltC．findsD．isfound答案　A解析　feel作系动词后接形容词时，如果主语是人，则feel用其主动意义，表示主语的感觉；如果主语是物，则feel用主动形式表示被动意义，指主语(物)被接触后给接触者(人)的感觉。4．He’ssometimeshot-tempered，buthe’sagoodfellow.A．atheartB．inheartC．withheartD．byheart答案　A解析　句意为：他有时脾气暴躁，但他本质上是个好人。atheart在内心，本质上；inheart情绪高昂；withheart真心地；byheart用心记住。5．Mostinsuranceagentswouldratheryouanythinguntiltheyinvestigatethesituation.A．doB．didn’tdoC．don’tdoD．hadn’tdone答案　B解析　would19\nrather后面所跟的从句用虚拟语气，而根据句子时态，此处应选择用过去时表示对现在或将来的虚拟语气，故答案是B。6．It’sthefirsttimethatshehasbeentotheUnitedStates，？A．isn’tsheB．isn’titC．hasn’tsheD．hasn’tit答案　B解析　本句的主句是“It’sthefirsttime”，后面的that从句是主语从句，该句是一个反意疑问句，反问部分的具体表达方式应该根据句子的主句判断而不是主语从句。7．greatwasthedestructionthattheeconomytookseveralyearstorecover.A．TooB．SoC．SuchD．Very答案　B解析　本句是so...that...结构的倒装结构，该句的正常语序应该是“Thedestructionwassogreatthattheeconomytookseveralyearstorecover.”。8．—Doyouknowanythingnewabouttheincident?—Aworkingpartytolookintotheproblem.A．wassetupB．hasbeensetupC．hasbeensettingupD．issettingup答案　B解析　首先确定主语是aworkingparty，与setup是动宾关系，因此应为被动语态；另外根据句意，表示说话时已经完成的动作，故用现在完成时的被动语态。9．Thismanalongwithhisdaughtersalwaysthelargestfish.A．catchB．catchesC．arecatchingD．werecatching答案　B解析　句子的真正主语是thisman，而alongwith...只是跟在后面的介词短语，所以谓语应用第三人称单数形式。10．BythetimeyougettoGreenwichyouthemosthistoricpartsofLondon.A．willbeseeingB．willseeC．aregoingtoseeD．willhaveseen答案　D解析　根据“bythetime＋从句”结构可知，主句常与完成时连用。此处从句用一般现在时，故主句用将来完成时。Ⅱ.阅读理解19\nA(2022·湖南三十四校联考)HereisarecordofthediscussionaboutAI(artificialintelligence)conductedbyseveralscientists：ScientistA：IwouldsaythatwearequitealongwayoffdevelopingtheAI，thoughIdothinkitwillhappenwithinthenextthirtyorfortyyears.Wewillprobablyremainincontroloftechnologyanditwillhelpussolvemanyoftheworld’sproblems.However，noonereallyknowswhatwillhappenifmachinesbecomemoreintelligentthanhumans.Theymayhelpus，ignoreusordestroyus.ItendtobelieveAIwillhaveapositiveinfluenceonourfuturelives，butwhetherthatistruewillbepartlyuptous.ScientistB：Ihavetoadmitthatthepotentialconsequencesofcreatingsomethingthatcanmatchorgobeyondhumanintelligencefrightenme.Evennow，scientistsareteachingcomputershowtolearnontheirown.Atsomepointinthenearfuture，theirintelligencemaywelltakeoffanddevelopatanever-increasingspeed.Humanbeingsevolvebiologicallyveryslowlyandwewouldbequicklysubstituted.Intheshortterm，thereisthedangerthatrobotswilltakeovermillionsofhumanjobs，creatingalargeunderclassofunemployedpeople.Thiscouldmeanlarge-scalepovertyandsocialunrest.Inthelongterm，machinesmightdecidetheworldwouldbebetterwithouthumans.ScientistC：I’mamemberoftheCampaigntoStopKillerRobots.ForgetthemovieimageofaterrifyingTerminatorstampingonhumanskulls(头骨)andthinkofwhat’shappeningrightnow：militarymachineslikedrones，gunturretsandsentryrobotsarealreadybeingusedtokillwithverylittlehumaninput.Thenextstepwillbeautonomous“murderbots”followingordersbutfinallydecidingwhotokillontheirown.Itseemscleartomethatthiswouldbecompletelyunethicalanddangerousforhumans.Weneedtobeverycautiousindeedaboutwhatweaskmachinestodo.11．WhatisScientistBworriedabout?A．AItechnologywilldestroytheearth.B．Computerscan’tthinkbythemselves.C．Robotswilltaketheplaceofhumans.D．Humanswillbeunhappywithoutmachines.答案　C19\n解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Intheshortterm，thereisthedangerthatrobotswilltakeovermillionsofhumanjobs，creatingalargeunderclassofunemployedpeople.Thiscouldmeanlarge-scalepovertyandsocialunrest.”可知，科学家B担心机器人会代替人类，造成人类失业、贫穷和社会动荡。故选C。12．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this”inthelastparagraphreferto?A．TheCampaigntoStopKillerRobots.B．ThemovieimageofaterrifyingTerminator.C．“Murderbots”can’tdecidebythemselves.D．“Murderbots”willbeagainsthumans’orders.答案　D解析　代词指代题。根据画线词前一句“Thenextstepwillbeautonomous‘murderbots’followingordersbutfinallydecidingwhotokillontheirown.”可知，自动“杀人机器人”服从人类的命令，但最后杀死谁由他们自己决定。句中this指“杀人机器人不服从人类的命令”。故选D。13．WhichstatementisCORRECTaccordingtotherecord?A．ScientistAthinksAItechnologywillneverdevelop.B．TheemploymentwillbeaffectedbyAItechnologyinthefuture.C．“Murderbots”willfollowtheordersoftheirmanufacturersinthewars.D．AllthethreescientistsagreethatAItechnologywillbenefithumanbeings.答案　B解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Intheshortterm，thereisthedangerthatrobotswilltakeovermillionsofhumanjobs，creatingalargeunderclassofunemployedpeople.”可知，机器人的发展会代替人类工作，造成人类失业。也就是说，未来人工智能技术将会影响就业。故选B。14．Whoagree(s)AIhasmorenegativeaspectsthanpositiveaspects?A．ScientistA.B．ScientistB.C．ScientistsB&C.D．ScientistsB&A.答案　C解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“ItendtobelieveAIwillhaveapositiveinfluenceonourfuturelives”可知，科学家A认为人工智能的积极因素比消极因素多。根据第三段中的“...thereisthedangerthatrobotswilltakeovermillionsofhumanjobs，creatingalargeunderclassofunemployedpeople.Thiscouldmeanlarge-scalepovertyandsocialunrest.”和第四段中的“Itseemscleartomethatthiswouldbecompletelyunethicalanddangerousforhumans.Weneedtobeverycautiousindeedaboutwhatwe19\naskmachinestodo.”可知，科学家B和科学家C认为人工智能的消极因素比积极因素多。故选C。B(2022·南京三模)Thereareplentyofgoodreasonsforayoungpersontochoosetogotouniversity：intellectualgrowth，careeropportunities，havingfun.Aroundhalfofschool-leaversintherichworldnowdoso，andtheshareisrisinginpoorercountries，too.Governmentsarekeenonhighereducation，seeingitasameanstoincreasesocialmobilityandeconomicgrowth.Buttheytendtooverestimatethebenefitsandignorethecostsofexpandinguniversityeducation.Often，publicmoneyjustfeedsthearmsraceforqualifications.Asmoreyoungpeopleseekdegrees，thereturnsbothtothemandtogovernmentsarelower.Employersdemanddegreesforjobsthatneverrequiredtheminthepastandhavenotbecomemoredemandingsince.Inadesperateattempttostandout，studentsarestudyingevenlonger，anddelayingwork，toobtainmaster’sdegrees.Spendingonuniversitiesisusuallyjustifiedbythe“graduatepremium”—theincreaseinearningsthatgraduatesenjoyovernon-graduates.Theseindividualgains，thethinkinggoes，adduptoaneconomicincreaseforsocietyasawhole.Butthegraduatepremiumisaflawedunitofcalculating.Partoftheusefulnessofadegreeisthatitgivesagraduatejobseekeranadvantageattheexpenseofnon-graduates.Itisalsoasignaltoemployersofgeneralqualities，suchasintelligenceanddiligence，thatsomeonealreadyhasinordertogetintoauniversity.Someprofessionsrequirequalifications.Butadegreeisnotalwaysthebestmeasureoftheskillsandknowledgeneededforajob.Withdegreessocommon，recruitersareusingthemasasimplewaytoevaluateapplicants.Non-graduatesarethusincreasinglylockedoutofnicework.Inanycase，thepremiumcountsonlythewinnersandnotthelosers.Acrosstherichworld，athirdofuniversitystudentsnevergraduate.Itistheweakeststudentswhoaredrawninashighereducationexpandsandwhoaremostlikelytodropout.Theypayfeesandsacrificeearningstostudy，butseelittleincreaseintheirfutureincomes.Whendropoutsareincluded，theexpectedfinancialreturntostartingadegreefortheweakeststudentsshrinkstoalmostnothing.Manyschool-leaversarebeingmisledabouttheprobablevalueofuniversity.19\nGovernmentsneedtooffertheyoungawiderrangeofoptionsafterschool.Theyshouldstartbyrethinkingtheirownhiringpractices.Mostinsistondegreesforpublic-sectorjobsthatusedtobedonebynon-graduates，includingnursing，primary-schoolteachingandmanycivil-serviceposts.Instead，theyshouldseekotherwaysfornon-graduatestoprovetheyhavetherightskillsandtogetmoreon-the-jobtraining.School-leaversshouldbegivenawidervarietyofwaystogainjobskillsandtodemonstratetheiremployabilityintheprivatesector.Ifschoolqualificationsweremademorestrict，employerswouldbemorelikelytotrustthemassignalsofability，andlessinsistentondegrees.Universitiesshouldgrantcreditstodropoutsforthepartsofcoursestheyhavecompleted.Theycouldalsoopentheirexamstoanyonewhowantstotakethem，andawarddegreestothosewhosucceed.Suchmeasureswouldbemoreefficientatdevelopingtheskillsthatincreaseproductivityandshouldsavepublicmoney.Topromotesocialmobility，governmentswoulddobettertodirectfundstoearly-schooleducationandtohelpingstudentswhowouldbenefitfromuniversitybutcannotaffordit.Youngpeople，bothrichandpoor，areill-servedbythearmsraceinacademicqualifications，inwhicheachmuststudylongerbecausethatiswhatalltherestaredoing.Itistimetodisarm.15．Howdoestheauthorconsiderhighereducation?A．It’sagoodwaytoraisestudents’socialstatus.B．Itdefinitelybenefitsthedevelopmentofeconomy.C．Itwillamplyrewardindividualsandgovernments.D．It’sawasteofmoneyforsomestudentsandtaxpayers.答案　D解析　推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“Often，publicmoneyjustfeedsthearmsraceforqualifications.”和第五段第四句“Theypayfeesandsacrificeearningstostudy，butseelittleincreaseintheirfutureincomes.”可知，作者认为对于一些学生和纳税人而言，高等教育是在浪费金钱。16．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inParagraph3referto?A．Degrees.B．Returns.C．Employers.D．Jobs.答案　A19\n解析　代词指代题。根据画线词所在句可知，在过去工作不需要学历，故them指代句中提到的degrees。17．Whatistheauthor’spreferredsolutiontotheissue?A．Todecreaseuniversitydropoutrates.B．Toimprovetheteachingqualitiesofuniversities.C．Toopenmorepublic-sectorjobstonon-graduates.D．Toprovideschool-leaverswithproperjobtraining.答案　D解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第三段最后一句“Instead，theyshouldseekotherwaysfornon-graduatestoprovetheyhavetherightskillsandtogetmoreon-the-jobtraining.”可知，作者认为高中毕业生应该得到合适的在职培训。18．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．MeasurestoBoostSocialMobilityB．TimetoEndtheAcademicArmsRaceC．DifficultyinSolvingUnemploymentD．NecessityofChangingHiringPractices答案　B解析　标题归纳题。根据最后一段最后两句可知，作者认为是时候结束学历军备竞赛了。故B项“TimetoEndtheAcademicArmsRace”最适合做文章的标题。Ⅲ.完形填空(2022·吉林长春质检)WhenIwasateenager，Ivolunteeredtopassoutwateratalocalrace.Iwassoexcitedto19allthedifferentrunnerswhopassedbyandquicklytookacupofwater.Somewalkedpast，somejoggedpastandafew20past.Watchingsomany21ofpeopledoingit，IthoughtmaybeIcoulddoittoo!ThenextyearIdecidedto22therace.With23runningpractice，Ijustwantedtofinish.Onthedayoftherace，itwasterriblyhot.Onlyafter2miles，Ifeltsweat24offmeandmylegsswelling.Ibeganto25，“WhyamIdoingthis？WhatwasIthinking？Imustbe26.”Forthefollowingmiles，Ijogged，Iwalked，Ijoggedandwalked.Attimes，IwonderedifIcould27.28theend，a70-year-oldmanrushedpastme，very29，andIfeltalittle30thatIwasmorethan50yearsyoungerthanhimandIcouldn’t31keep19\nupwithhim.ButthenIrealizedsomething：hewasrunninghisraceandIwasrunningmine.Howofteninlifedowe32ourselvestoothersandfeeldisappointedinourselveswhenwereally33？Wearealluniquehumanbeingswithunique34.It’sreallynogoodfocusingonothers’race.IdecidedthatIwouldnot35running.Infact，IwouldrunevenmoreracesandIwouldlearnhowtotrainandprepareproperlyandonedayIwouldbeoneofthose36peoplewhowerestillrunningraces.AsIcrossedthefinishingline，Iwasproudofmyself.Ididn’tregrethavingsuchanexperience.Ifyoudon’t37othersbutgetthelessonandgrow，youaretrulya38.语篇解读　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者第一次参加长跑比赛，由开始的放弃心理到最后咬牙坚持完成比赛的故事。说明生活中我们不应该总是把自己和别人进行比较，而是应该把我们的不足化作前进的动力，活出自己的梦想。19．A.seeB．inspectC．stareD．notice答案　A解析　see看见；inspect检查；stare盯着；notice注意到。我兴奋地看见许多不同的运动员从这经过时很快拿走一瓶水。故选A。20．A.struggleB．draggedC．rushedD．moved答案　C解析　struggle挣扎；drag拖；rush匆忙；move移动。一些人走过去，一些人慢跑，还有一些人匆忙经过。故选C。21．A.stylesB．ranksC．typesD．races答案　C解析　style风格；rank级别；type类型；race比赛。看到各种各样的人都在那么做，我想也许我也能做。故选C。22．A.runupB．runoutC．runacrossD．runfor答案　D19\n解析　runup向上跑；runout用完，耗尽；runacross偶然遇到；runfor竞选。第二年我决定竞选比赛。故选D。23．A.someB．littleC．muchD．any答案　B解析　some一些；little几乎没有；much很多；any任何。我很少练习跑步，我只是想完成比赛。故选B。24．A.pouringB．takingC．meltingD．blowing答案　A解析　pour倾泻；take拿走；melt融化；blow吹。根据前文“itwasterriblyhot”可知，我身上的汗水倾泻而下，腿也肿了。故选A。25．A.doubtB．rememberC．imagineD．suppose答案　A解析　doubt怀疑；remember记得；imagine想象；suppose猜想。我开始怀疑，“我为什么这样做？我是怎么想的？我一定是疯了。”根据句意可知选A。26．A.friendlyB．crazyC．generousD．tired答案　B解析　friendly友好的；crazy疯狂的；generous慷慨的；tired劳累的。参见上题句意解析。根据句意可知选B。27．A.winB．stopC．makeD．finish答案　D解析　win赢得；stop停止；make制造；finish完成。有时候，我在想我是否能完成比赛。故选D。28．A.OnB．AtC．NearD．By答案　C解析　句意为：快结束时，一位70岁的老人从我身边跑过，很快。故选C。29．A.slowlyB．gentlyC．heavilyD．fast19\n答案　D解析　slowly慢慢地；gently温柔地；heavily猛烈地；fast快速地。参见上题句意解析。故选D。30．A.pleasedB．frightenedC．delightedD．embarrassed答案　D解析　pleased感到高兴的；frightened感到害怕的；delighted高兴的；embarrassed感到尴尬的。我感到有点尴尬，我比他小50多岁，我甚至跟不上他。故选D。31．A.justB．evenC．stillD．already答案　B解析　just只是，仅仅；even甚至；still仍然；already已经。参见上题句意解析。故选B。32．A.compareB．devoteC．recommendD．show答案　A解析　compare比较；devote奉献；recommend建议；show显示，说明。在生活中，我们常常拿自己跟别人比较，因而对自己感到失望，但我们真的不该如此。故选A。33．A.couldn’tB．won’tC．shouldn’tD．can’t答案　C解析　couldn’t不能；won’t将不会；shouldn’t不应该；can’t不能。参见上题句意解析。故选C。34．A.significanceB．paceC．principleD．concept答案　B解析　significance意义；pace步速；principle原则；concept概念。我们都是具有独特步速的独一无二的人类。故选B。35．A.insistonB．lookuptoC．putupwithD．giveup答案　D解析　insiston坚持；lookupto尊重；putupwith忍受；giveup放弃。我决定我不会放弃跑步。故选D。19\n36．A.elderlyB．professionalC．internationalD．educated答案　A解析　elderly上了年纪的；professional专业的；international国际的；educated受过教育的。有一天我将是仍然参加比赛的最年老的人之一。故选A。37．A.persuadeB．changeC．beatD．follow答案　C解析　persuade规劝；change改变；beat打败；follow跟随。如果你不是为了打败别人而是得到教训并成长，那么你是一个真正的获胜者。故选C。38．A.learnerB．winnerC．dreamerD．competitor答案　B解析　learner学习者；winner获胜者；dreamer梦想家；competitor竞争者。参见上题句意解析。故选B。19