江苏专用2022高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破8词句猜测_句意理解题优选习题

八、词句猜测——句意理解题(2022·扬州一模)Competitionisanideology(意识形态)thatspreadsalloveroursocietyandmisleadsourthinking.Butitmeansnoprofitsforanybody，nomeaningfuldifferentiation，andastruggleforsurvival.Weadvocatecompetition，seeitasnecessary，andsetitslaws；andasaresult，wetrapourselveswithinit—themorewecompete，thelesswegain.Oureducationalsystembothdrivesandreflectsourcrazeforcompetition.Gradesaloneareprecisemeasurementofeachstudent’scompetitiveness；pupilswiththehighestmarksreceivestatusandcredits.Anditgetsworseasstudentsrisetohigherlevelsofthetournament.Highereducationistheplacewherepeoplewhohadbigplansinhighschoolgetstuckinfiercecompetitionwithequallysmartpeersoverconventionalcareerslikemanagementconsultingandinvestmentbanking.Fortheprivilegeofbeingturningintoconformists(顺从者)，students(ortheirfamilies)payhundredsofthousandsofdollarsinrapidlyrisingtuition.Whyarewedoingthistoourselves?IwishIhadaskedmyselfwhenIwasyounger.Mypathwassotrackedthatinmy8th-gradeyearbook，oneofmyfriendspredicted—accurately—thatfouryearslaterIwouldenterStanford.AndIenrolledatStanfordLawSchool，whereIcompetedevenharderforthestandardbadges(徽章)ofsuccess.Thehighestprizeinalawstudent’sworldisunambiguous：theSupremeCourtclerkship.Iwassoclosetowinning19\nthislastcompetition.IfonlyIgottheclerkship，Ithought，Iwouldbesetforlife.ButIdidn’t.Atthetime，Iwasfrustrated.In2022，afterIhadbuiltandsoldPayPal，Iranintoanoldfriendwhohadhelpedmeprepareformyfailedclerkshipapplications.Wehadn’tspokeninnearlyadecade.Hisfirstwordstomewerenot“HiPeter”or“Howareyoudoing？”Butrather，“So，aren’tyougladyoudidn’tgetthatclerkship？”BecauseifIhadn’tlostthatlastcompetition，webothknewthatIneverwouldhaveleftthetracklaiddownsincemiddleschool.HadIactuallyclerkedontheSupremeCourt，Iprobablywouldhavespentmyentirecareertakingdepositionsordraftingotherpeople’sbusinessdealsinsteadofcreatinganythingnew.It’shardtosayhowmuchwouldbedifferent，buttheopportunitycostswereenormous.Lookingbackatmyambitiontobecomealawyer，itlookslesslikeaplanforthefutureandmorelikeanexcuseforthepresent.Itwasawaytoexplaintoanyonewhowouldask—tomyparents，tomypeers，andmostofalltomyself—thattherewasnoneedtoworry.Iwasperfectlyontrack.Butitturnedoutthatmybiggestproblemwastakingthetrackwithoutthinkingreallyhardaboutwhereitwasgoing.语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。作者用自己的事例阐述了一个人不应该盲目地随大流，而应该有自己的目标和计划。1．Studentscompeteatschoolbecause.A．theyareassessedbygradesB．theyareunderpeerpressureC．theywanttofindasecurejobD．thetuitionincreasesquickly答案　C解析　细节理解题。根据第二段第四句“Highereducationistheplacewherepeoplewhohadbigplansinhighschoolgetstuckinfiercecompetitionwithequallysmartpeersoverconventionalcareerslikemanagementconsultingandinvestmentbanking.”可知，学生在学校竞争是为了以后找到一份稳定的工作。2．WecanlearnfromParagraph3thatthewriter.A．didn’thaveaclearplanforfutureB．didbadlyinstudyinthe8thgradeC．wasn’tacapablestudentincollegeD．didn’twanttoobtaintheclerkship19\n答案　A解析　推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“IwishIhadaskedmyselfwhenIwasyounger.”可知，作者很后悔当初没有弄清楚为什么要这样做，由此可知当时他对未来缺乏清晰的规划。3．Theunderlinedsentence“theopportunitycostswereenormous”(inParagraph4)showsthewriter.A．isunsurewhetherhischoiceiscorrectB．regretsfailingclerkshipapplicationsC．ishappyaboutnotgettingtheclerkshipD．thinkshecouldhavehadabettercareer答案　C解析　句意理解题。根据第四段中的“HadIactuallyclerkedontheSupremeCourt，Iprobablywould...It’shardtosayhowmuchwouldbedifferent，buttheopportunitycostswereenormous.”可知，作者对于没有成为最高法院的职员是感到高兴的。4．Thewritershareshislifestorymainlytoarguethat.A．peopleshouldn’tsupportcompetitionB．gradescannotreflectstudents’abilityC．failurecanbeagoodthingsometimesD．weshouldn’tfollowotherpeopleblindly答案　D解析　写作意图题。根据最后一段最后一句“Butitturnedoutthatmybiggestproblemwastakingthetrackwithoutthinkingreallyhardaboutwhereitwasgoing.”可知，作者分享这个故事的目的是告诉人们不要盲目地跟随他人，而应该有自己的目标和计划。一、题型解读记叙文、说明文和议论文中可能会考查句意猜测题。要求考生用合适的语句解释一个具有概括性的句子或格言谚语。设问形式常有：1．Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans“”．2．Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph?二、解题技巧——“意义吻合”定句意19\n例如：【感悟体会】中第3题：第一步：速读文章，并标出文章中与画线句子相关的句子(1)HadIactuallyclerkedontheSupremeCourt，Iprobablywouldhavespentmyentirecareertakingdepositionsordraftingotherpeople’sbusinessdealsinsteadofcreatinganythingnew.(2)It’shardtosayhowmuchwouldbedifferent，buttheopportunitycostswereenormous.第二步：对比信息句、画线句和选项，确定答案由第(1)句话可知，要是作者成为最高法院的职员，一辈子就不会有所创新了。第(2)句话的意思是“很难说有什么不同，但是这个机会成本是巨大的”。由此可推知作者对于没有成为最高法院的职员是感到高兴的。A(2022·湖南郴州质检)6Companionplantingistheideathatwhensomecropsareplantedtogether，theyhelpeachothergrow.These1compatibleplantsgenerallyhavesimilarneedsfornutrients，soiland2moisture.Adviceforcompanionplantingissometimesbasedmoreontraditionthanproof.ButFabianFernandezattheUniversityofIllinoissaysthereisevidenceforsomecombinations.Thesecanleadtobettercrops，reducediseaseandhelpwithpestcontrolbyattractinghelpfulinsects.Forexample，somekindsofsoilbacteriatakenitrogen(氮)fromtheairandmakeaformthatplantscanuse.Theplantskeepthenitrogenintheirroots.Legumes(豆类)areespeciallygoodatthis.Anycropssharingthesamespacecangetthenitrogenastherootsdecompose(腐烂)．Cropslikebeansandpotatoes，carrotsandcabbages，beansandricecanalsoshareterritorywellbecausetheirrootsreachdifferentlevelsinthesoil.Deep-rootedvegetablesgetnutrientsandmoisturefromlowerdown，sotheydonotcompetewithshallowerplants.Butsomeplantsplacedtogethermayharmeach19\nother’sdevelopment.Forexample，tomatoesdonotlikewetsoilbutwatercressdoes，asthenamesuggests.Soyouwouldprobablynotwanttoputthemtogether.Evenafterharvest，somekindsofproduceshouldbekeptapart.Apples，forexample，releaseethylenegas，aplant3hormone.Itcancauseotherfoodstoripen(成熟)tooquickly.Marketsoftenseparatehighethylene-producingfoodsfromthosethataresensitivetothegas.Butsometimesyoumightwantthemtogether.Forexample，ifyouputanappleinabagwithagreenbanana，thebananawillbereadytoeatsooner.Nowwhataboutpeaches，plumsandnectarinesthataretoofirmtoeat?GrowersinCaliforniaanswerthisquestionateatcaliforniafruit.com.Theysayanapple，abananaorariperpieceoffruitisnotneeded.Thepeaches，plumsandnectarinesthemselvesreleaseenoughofthegastoripensuccessfully.Here’stheiradvice：placethefruitinafruitbowlorinapaperbagwiththetopfoldedover.Keepthefruitatroomtemperature.Whenthefruitissoftenoughtoyourliking，eitheruseitorplaceitinarefrigeratortostopfurtherripening.语篇解读　本文介绍了兼容种植的原理和方法。兼容种植是指当一些作物被种植在一起时，它们互相帮助生长。1．Whatarethebasicneedsforcompanionplanting?A．Goodoldcompanions.B．Somekindsofsoilbacteria.C．Similarneedsfornutrients，soilandmoisture.D．Helpfulinsects.答案　C解析　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Thesecompatibleplantsgenerallyhavesimilarneedsfornutrients，soilandmoisture.”可知，兼容模式种植的基本要求是对“nutrients，soilandmoisture”有相似的需求。故答案为C。2．WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph2mostprobablymean?A．4Tosomeextent，companionplantingreliesmoreontraditionalexperience.B．Inthefieldofcompanionplanting，proofalwaysspeakslouderthantradition.C．Traditionalexperienceismuchlessreliablethanscientificexperiments.D．Scientificresearcheshavethrownlightonthetheoryofcompanionplanting.答案　A19\n解析　句意理解题。画线句子的意思是在某种程度上，兼容种植更多地依赖于传统经验。故选A。3．Accordingtothetext，whichgroupofplantsarenotsuitabletobeplantedtogether?A．Beansandpotatoes.B．Tomatoesandwatercress.C．Carrotsandcabbages.D．Beansandrice.答案　B解析　细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句“Forexample，tomatoesdonotlikewetsoilbutwatercressdoes，asthenamesuggests.Soyouwouldprobablynotwanttoputthemtogether.”可知，西红柿和豆瓣菜不适合在一起种植。故答案为B。4．Whatcanbeinferredfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Weshouldchoosefruitfrommarketsasoftenaspossible.B．Thepeaches，plumsandnectarinesshouldalwaysbeputtogethertogetriper.C．Thefruitinafruitbowlorinapaperbagshouldbeeatenassoonaspossible.D．Weshouldnotplaceanyripeningfruitoutindirectsunlight.答案　D解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，我们应当把水果放在水果碗里或纸袋里。保持水果在室温下，当水果柔软到你喜欢的程度的时候，要么用掉它要么放到冰箱里。由此可推知我们不应该把任何成熟的水果放在阳光直射的地方。故选D。BAfterfoursilentyears，the27-year-oldBritishsingerAdeleAdkinshasfinallyintroducedherselftotheworldagainwithHello，theopeningsongfromherthirdalbum25，whichwill8comeoutonNov.20.AlthoughAdeleisaverysuccessfulsingernow，musicwasn’talwayswhatshesawherselfdoing.Atage10，whenshesawhergrandmother’spainoverthedeathofAdele’sgrandfather，she7picturedherselfasaheartsurgeon.“Iwantedtofixpeople’shearts，”shetoldtheUKmusicwebsitei-D，rememberingthechildhoodinterestshe’dhadinbiologyclassesuntilshefoundoutthatherrealtalentwasforsinging.Adeledidn’tgotomedicalschool，butmanywouldagreethatshestillhashealing(治愈)powers.“Hersongsfindthekindofmemoryeverylistenerholdssomewhereintheirheart.Thiskindoffeelingiswhatpeoplehavealwayslikedin19\nAdele，”saidTheTelegraph.“Shewritesapopdiary，sharingthesimplesecretsofherheart.”Mostsuccessfulpopstarsmakealbumsatafastpace，butnotAdele.Afterhersecondalbum21wonthe2022GrammyAwardforAlbumoftheYear，shemadeitclearwithherlabelthatshewouldspend“fourorfiveyears”makinghernextalbum.ShetoldVoguemagazine，“Iwon’tcomeoutwithnewmusicuntilit’sbetterthan21.”Insteadofseeking5fame，Adeleremainedsilentandmovedtothecountryside.Inherfreetime，shelovedtowatchTVseriesTeenMom，AmericanHorrorStory，andTheWalkingDead.Livinglifeasnormallyaspossibleisimportanttothesinger’sart.“Nobodywantstolistentoarecordfromsomeonewho’snotlivingintherealworld，”Adeletoldi-D.“SoIlivealow-keylifeformyfans.”5．Whatdoesthetextmainlytellus?A．ThepopularityofAdele’salbum25.B．ThehealingpowersofAdele’smusic.C．ThesecretsofAdele’ssuccessinmusic.D．ThereasonforAdele’sbecomingasinger.答案　C解析　主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后三段可推知，本文主要讲述了阿黛尔在音乐上取得成功的秘密。故选C。6．WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph2probablymean?A．Adelewasn’tinterestedinmusic.B．Adelewasn’tgoodatmusicatfirst.C．Musicwasn’tveryimportantinAdele’slife.D．Musicwasn’tallAdelewantedtobedevotedto.答案　D解析　句意理解题。根据第二段末句“Atage10，whenshesawhergrandmother’spainoverthedeathofAdele’sgrandfather，shepicturedherselfasaheartsurgeon.”可知，10岁时，当阿黛尔看到祖父的去世给祖母带来的伤痛时，她想成为一名外科医生，减轻别人的痛苦。由此可推知，音乐并不是阿黛尔想要的全部。故选D。7．Whydoesn’tAdelewanttomakealbumsatafastpace?A．Tolivealow-keylife.19\nB．TowintheGrammyAward.C．Toguaranteethequalityofhermusic.D．Tosharethesecretsofherheartasamusician.答案　C解析　推理判断题。根据第五段中的“ShetoldVoguemagazine，‘Iwon’tcomeoutwithnewmusicuntilit’sbetterthan21.’”并结合最后两段的整体内容可推知，阿黛尔放慢做音乐的速度是为了追求高质量的音乐。故选C。8．WhatcanweknowaboutAdele?A．HeralbumHellowillcomeoutonNov.20.B．Shehaskeptadiarysincechildhood.C．Shemovedtothecountrysidebefore2022.D．Herworksarebasedonreallife.答案　D解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段最后两句“‘Nobodywantstolistentoarecordfromsomeonewho’snotlivingintherealworld，’Adeletoldi-D.‘SoIlivealow-keylifeformyfans.’”可知，阿黛尔的音乐作品基于真实的生活。故选D。Ⅰ.障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1．Todaytherearelotsofsmartphoneappstochoose.Butthey’realldifferentandnotcompatiblewithothersmartphoneoperatingsystems.兼容的2．Theyrequirelittlewater，perhapsbecausetheyobtainmuchoftheirmoisturefromtheirfood.水分3．Ahormoneisachemical，usuallyoccurringnaturallyinyourbody，thatmakesanorganofyourbodydosomething.荷尔蒙；激素4．Doyouthinkyourhappinessistied，atleasttosomeextent，toyourfinancialsituation？在某种程度上5．Shewasoneofthemostpopularstarsofourtimeandshecouldsitbackandenjoyherfameandfortune.名声；名望19\n(二)同义词语替换6．Althoughshefinishedhervoyagewithoutacompanion，shedidnotstartitalone.fellow；friend7．Wefoundithardtopicturehimasthefatherofayounggirl.imagine(三)一词多义8．comeout出来，出现；开花，发芽；出版，发表(1)We’regoingtocomeoutwithanewdictionarynextmonth.出版，发表(2)Ihavelotsofideas，buttheyneverseemtocomeoutofmymouth.出来(3)Someflowershavebeguntocomeout.开花Ⅱ.长难句理解1．Marketsoftenseparatehighethylene-producingfoodsfromthosethataresensitivetothegas.[句式分析]　本句话是一个复合句，句子的主干部分由短语separate...from...构成，those指代前面的foods；thataresensitivetothegas是定语从句。[精美译文]　市场把乙烯含量高的食品与那些对乙烯气体敏感的食物分开。2．Afterhersecondalbum21wonthe2022GrammyAwardforAlbumoftheYear，shemadeitclearwithherlabelthatshewouldspend“fourorfiveyears”makinghernextalbum.[句式分析]　本句话是一个复合句，主干部分是主谓宾宾补结构，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是thatshewouldspend“fourorfiveyears”makinghernextalbum；Afterhersecondalbum21wonthe2022GrammyAwardforAlbumoftheYear是时间状语。[精美译文]　在她的第二张专辑《21》获得了2022年年度格莱美奖后，她明确表示要花四、五年的时间出下一张专辑。专题强化练(二十二)Ⅰ.单项填空1．Hewritingthepapernow.Hehadn’twrittenasinglewordwhenIlefthimtenminutesago.A．shouldn’tbeB．can’thavefinishedC．can’tbeD．mustn’thavefinished答案　B解析　句意为：他现在一定还没完成论文，十分钟前我离开他的时候，他还没有动笔。此处表示否定猜测“不可能做过”用can’thavedone。故选B项。2．Isn’titlovelytothinkthatImyselfonthesunnybeachtomorrowat19\nthistime?A．willenjoyB．amenjoyingC．willbeenjoyingD．shallenjoy答案　C解析　根据时间状语tomorrowatthistime可知，此处表示将来的一个时间点正在做某事，故用将来进行时。句意为：想到明天的这个时候我正在阳光明媚的沙滩上玩耍，难道不是一件快乐的事吗？3．Don’tyouknowit’sthefirsttimehethiskindofmeeting?A．attendsB．attendedC．hasattendedD．isattending答案　C解析　在“Itisthefirsttimethat...”结构中，that从句中的动词用现在完成时。4．—Imusthaveeatensomethingwrong.Ifeellike.—Itoldyounottoeatatarestaurant.You’dbetterathome.A．tothrowup；toeatB．throwingup；eatingC．tothrowup；eatD．throwingup；eat答案　D解析　feellike想要，后接名词或动名词；hadbetter最好，后接动词原形。故选项D正确。5．—DoyoumindifIrecordyourlecture?—.Goahead.A．NevermindB．NowayC．NotatallD．No.You’dbetternot答案　C解析　根据后面的“Goahead.”可知，说话者同意(不介意)对方对其讲座进行录音，因此选C，即“不介意”。6．Agoodadvertisementoftenuseswordspeopleattachpositivemeanings.A．thatB．whichC．withwhichD．towhich答案　D解析　attach...to...把……与……联系起来，在本句中介词to前置，构成“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。句意为：一个好的广告通常使用让人产生积极联想的词汇。7．NancyenjoyedherselfsomuchshevisitedherfriendsinSydneylastyear.19\nA．thatB．whichC．whenD．where答案　C解析　when引导的是时间状语从句，表示“当南希去年在悉尼拜访朋友的时候”。8．Thegoodserviceatthehotelthepoorfoodtosomeextent.A．madeupB．madeupforC．madeforD．madeout答案　B解析　句意为：酒店的良好服务在一定程度上弥补了餐食上的不足。makeup构成，化妆；makeupfor弥补，补偿；makefor走向，有助于；makeout辨认，理解。根据句意应选B项。9．Ididn’tknowwhattodobutthensuddenlyanideatome.A．happenedB．occurredC．hitD．entered答案　B解析　occur作动词除表示“发生，存在”外，还可与介词to连用，意为“被想起，被想到，浮现在某人的脑海中”等。10．—Wehaven’tseeneachotherforages.—No，Idon’trememberhowmanyyearsagoIlastsawyou.A．itwasthatB．wasitthatC．itwaswhenD．wasitwhen答案　A解析　特殊疑问句的强调句型作remember的宾语从句，此时从句中应用陈述语序。Ⅱ.阅读理解A(2022·南通、泰州一模)Tounderstandoneofthesecretsofcreativity，justpeek(窥视)intoanartclassroominDenver，Colorado.TheteacherasksherpupilstoimitatethestyleofVassilyKandinsky.ThestudentscopyKandinsky’sartstyle，masteringbrushworkandlearningcolourtheory.Ifthatwasallthereweretothelesson，itwouldbeahands-onclassinarthistory.Buttheartteacherasksthestudentstocutuptheirpaintingsandbuild3Dsculpturesoutofthepieces.Theyhaveallstartedwiththesamesource，buttheirworksallenduplookingextremelydifferent：somerisestraightupinacolumn，whileothersareajigsaw(相互交错)ofdifferentformsandangles.Thestudentslearntotreatthepastnotasalandingpoint，butasalaunchingpad.19\nCreativitydoesn’tcomeoutoftheblue.Noideaiseverwhollyoriginal；thereisalwaysalinkfromtheknowntothenew.Werelyonculturetoprovideuswithastorehouseofrawmaterialswhichwethentransform.Eachgenerationaddsanotherlayertothecliffsideofhistory.Oneofthekeystodevelopinginventivenessisnottotreatthepastassacred.Beethovendidn’twritesymphoniesbecausehethoughttherewasanythingwrongwithMozart’s.Picassodidn’tpaintvariationsoncanvasesbyVelásquezandManetbecauseherejectedtheoldmasters，butratherbecauseheadmiredthem.Whilewesometimestinker(修补)withtheimperfect，wealsoremakewhatwelove，showingouradmirationforthepastbypassingdownitsDNA.Sometimesinventorsattempttocovertheirtracks.StravinskydeniedthatTheRiteofSpring，hisrevolutionaryballet，includedanyactualfolktunes，butscholarsfoundavolumeoftheminhislibraryafterhisdeath.Creativemindsalwaysstartfromaprecedent(先例)andmovefromthere，buthowfarshouldtheygo？Thechallengeisthatstayingtooclosetothefamiliarcandissatisfy，whilewanderingtoofarcanfailtofindfollowers.ThomasEdisonmadesmallchangestothetelephone，dramaticallyimprovedthelightbulb—andatthefarendimaginedunderwatercitiespoweredbysolarenergy.ThedesignerNormanBelGeddesdesignedahostofpracticalproducts，suchascocktailshakersandfurniture—buthealsorangedmuchfurther，sketchingflyingcarsandhousesinwhichthewallsroseupintotheceilinglikegaragedoors.TheDNAoftheoriginalisstillthere，butbytheendithasevolvedtosomethingnew.Eachofusiscreatingourownvariationsonthemespasseddowntous.We’reatourmostinventivewhenwedon’tallowhistorytolimitourimaginations，buttolaunchthem.That’salessonthatcanstartyoung—andthatneverages.11．TheartteacherinColoradointendstotellthestudentsthatthesecretofcreativityis.A．tocopythemasters’workswithouteffortB．tocompletelyrejectthemasters’stylesC．tobuildtheirbrilliantideasonthepastD．tocomparetheirworkswiththemasters’答案　C19\n解析　细节理解题。根据第二段尤其是最后一句“Thestudentslearntotreatthepastnotasalandingpoint，butasalaunchingpad.”可知，老师要求学生们把临摹的画剪开，制作成3D的样式，最后他们每个人的成品都不一样，故创新的秘诀是在前人的基础上有自己的想法。12．Theunderlinedphrase“outoftheblue”inParagraph3means“”．A．unfortunatelyB．graduallyC．frequentlyD．unexpectedly答案　D解析　词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句“Noideaiseverwhollyoriginal；thereisalwaysalinkfromtheknowntothenew.”可知，创新思维不是凭空而来的。unexpectedly意为“想不到地，突然地，意外地”。13．Whichofthefollowingisn’ttheproductofcreativityaccordingtotheauthor?A．Aflyingcar.B．AcopyofaMozart.C．Animprovedlightbulb.D．Anunderwatercitypoweredbysolarenergy.答案　B解析　细节理解题。copy(复制)并没有在前人的基础上有创新，而根据倒数第二段内容可知A、C、D三项都是创新。BBiologyclasswasover，butIstayedbehinduntilmyclassmateshadleftandIwasalonewiththeteacher.“MrsOliver？”Iaskednervously.“CouldIseemygradesforthisterm？”Schoolwasimportanttome，andMrsOliverwasthebestteacherI’deverhad.She’dmadebiology—asubjectI’dalwaysstruggledwith—fun.WhenIdidn’tunderstandsomethingshestoodbymydeskuntilIdid.SoIwantedtomakeherproudofme.“Thelasttimeyouaskeditwasaneighty-eight，”shesaid，checkinghergradebook.“Isaidyoucoulddobetter，andyouprovedmeright.YoubroughtituptoanA．”IwassohappyIcouldbarelyspeak，butMrsOliverwasn’tfinished.“DukeUniversityholdsasummeracademy，”shesaid.“Irecommendedyouandjustfoundoutyou’vebeenaccepted.”ForasplitsecondIwasontopoftheworld.Thenrealitycrashedbackdownontopofme.“MrsOliver，Ican’tgoto19\ncollege，”Isaid，mycheeksheatingwithshame.“Ihavetwobabybrotherstolookafter.”EverybodyinschoolknewIwasn’tlikethem.Igotupbeforedawneverydaytotakemybrotherstotheday-carecenterbeforedawneverydaytotakemybrotherstotheday-carecenterbeforeschool.ThenIpickedthemuponthewayhome.Ididmyhomeworkinbetweenchangingdiapers(尿布)．TherewasnowayIcouldmakeittocollege.MymotherhadsentusfromOklahomatolivewithourfatherhere，andhepredictedI’dneverfinishhighschool.ButIwasdeterminedtostayinschoolaslongasIcould.Withthehelpofthenewpublicdaycarenearmyhouse，Iconvincedmyfathertoletmecontinue.Igotgoodgrades，andfollowedalltherules.Inevergavemyfatheranexcusetomakemequit.MrsOliver’sclasswasthebrightspotinmylife.Andnowshewantedmetodreamanimpossibledream.“Kim，you’recollegematerial，”saidMrsOliver.ShesoundedalmostsurprisedthatIdidn’tagree.“Idon’twantyoutomissthisopportunity.”“I’llthinkaboutwhatyousaidcarefully，”Ipromised，butIalreadyknewitwashopeless.WhenIgraduatedfromhighschoolIworkedtwoorthreejobstomakeendsmeet.Wewerestillonlybarelygettingby.Oneevening，afterthekidswereinbed，IlaydownonthecouchandwatchedTV.Itriedtofocusonthenews，butmyeyesweretooheavy.“TodaythePresidentwelcomedthisyear’sNationalTeacheroftheYeartotheWhiteHouse，”theannounceronthetelevisionsaid.“MrsDonnaOliverfromBurlington，NorthCarolina.”Iopenedmyeyesandstruggledtositup.Thereshewas.MrsOliver！ShakinghandswiththePresident！Ifeltproudofher.ThenIheardhervoiceinmyhead.“Kim，you’recollegematerial.”IthadbeenyearssinceI’dthoughtaboutschool，muchlesscollege.ButseeingMrsOliveronTVseemedlikeasign.IftheNationalTeacheroftheYearsaidIcoulddomorewithmylife，maybeIoughttolisten！Thatfall，Iwenttocollege.IworkedoutadealsoIcouldpayforitalittleatatime，thengotfinancialaid.Itookmorningclasseswhilemybrotherswereinschool，gettingmyselfthereonaused10-speedbike.Imajoredinbiology，whichisstillmyveryfavoritesubject.Ibecameascienceteacher，likeMrsOliver.SometimesinmyclassesIthoughtbackonmydaysinhighschool.Ilookoutforkidswhoneedextraencouragement.Iknowthatsometimesateacherismorethanjustateacher.Sometimesshe’sanangel.19\n语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。因为家庭处境艰难而被迫自高中毕业后便放弃上学的作者在老师的鼓励与肯定下，于多年后重回大学课堂，而那位给予她诸多鼓励的老师在作者的心目中是一位天使。14.Whywastheauthoranxioustoknowhergradesinbiology?A．Becauseshefearedtofailagain.B．Becauseshewasweakestinbiology.C．Becauseshewasunwillingtodropout.D．Becauseshedidn’twanttoletMrsOliverdown.答案　D解析　细节理解题。根据前两段的内容，尤其是第二段中的“SoIwantedtomakeherproudofme.”可知，作者之所以着急知道她的生物分数是因为她想让Oliver老师为她感到骄傲，即不让她失望。故选D。15．HowdidtheauthorreacttothenewsthatshewasacceptedbyDukeUniversity?A．Shewasextremelyproud.B．Sheexpressedmixedfeelings.C．Shesighedwithrelief.D．Shefeltgreatpressure.答案　B解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“ForasplitsecondIwasontopoftheworld.”和第四段中的“Thenrealitycrashedbackdownontopofme.‘MrsOliver，Ican’tgotocollege，’Isaid，mycheeksheatingwithshame.”可知，一开始听到自己被杜克大学的暑期学院接收时，作者非常高兴，但作者随后又联想到了自己的家庭困境，便向Oliver老师表示自己上不了大学，由此可知，作者在听到这个消息时的心情是复杂的。16．Whatcanweinferfromthefourthparagraphabouttheauthor?A．Sheattachedgreatvaluetoeducation.B．Sheexcusedherfatherforundervaluingher.C．Herfatherdisciplinedherverystrictly.D．Herteachertalkedherintocontinuinglearning.答案　A解析　推理判断题。根据第四段的内容，尤其是“Ididmyhomeworkinbetweenchangingdiapers(尿布)”“ButIwasdeterminedtostayinschoolaslongasIcould...Iconvincedmyfathertoletmecontinue.Igotgoodgrades，andfollowedalltherules.Inevergavemyfatheranexcusetomakemequit.”可知，作者的家庭处境艰难，但她依旧下定决心要上学，并说服自己的父亲让自己继续学习，且成绩优异。由此可推知，作者十分看重教育。故选A。19\n17．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”refertointhepassage?A．Goingtoherdreamtopcollege.B．Graduatingfromhighschoolsuccessfully.C．Supportingherfamilyfinancially.D．AttendingDukeUniversity’ssummeracademy.答案　D解析　代词指代题。根据上下文可知，画线词“it”其实指代的便是上文的“thisopportunity”，再结合第三段中的“DukeUniversityholdsasummeracademy”“Irecommendedyouandjustfoundoutyou’vebeenaccepted.”可知，thisopportunity的内容指的是作者被杜克大学的暑期学院接收，故it指代的是作者去杜克大学的暑期学院学习这件事，故选D。18．Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingtheunderlinedpartinthelastparagraph?A．Teachersshouldgivestudentsmoreinspirations.B．Teachersshouldimprovetheirownqualityconstantly.C．Teachersshouldadoptmoreflexibleteachingmethods.D．Teachersshouldpayattentiontostudents’innerworld.答案　A解析　句意理解题。根据上文提及的作者家庭处境艰难、准备放弃上大学时，Oliver老师积极的鼓励让她多年后重返大学校园的内容及最后一段中的“Ilookoutforkidswhoneedextraencouragement.”可知，作者的言外之意是老师不仅仅需要教授学生知识，而且还需要给予学生鼓励。故选A。19．WhichwordscanbestdescribeMrsOliver?A．Warm-heartedandmodest.B．Strong-willedandcautious.C．Patientandresponsible.D．Considerateandgenerous.答案　C解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“WhenIdidn’tunderstandsomethingshestoodbymydeskuntilIdid.”可知，Oliver老师十分有耐心；根据第三段和第五段中MrsOliver和作者的谈话内容可知，MrsOliver主动推荐作者去杜克大学的暑期学院学习并鼓励作者继续上大学，由此可知，她很负责任。故选C。Ⅲ.任务型阅读(2022·无锡一模)Peopletendtoblametheexternal(外部的)forcewhenbadthingshappenandgive19\nthemselvescreditwhengoodthingsoccur.Forexample，ifyoupassedanexam，theself-servingwouldleadyoutobelievethatitwasbecauseyoustudiedhard.Ifyoufailed，ontheotherhand，youmightbelieveitwasbecausetheteacherdidnotexplainthesubjectcorrectly，theclassroomwastoowarmoryourroommatekeptyouupallnightbeforetheexam.Socialpsychologistsdescribethisphenomenonasself-servingbias(自利性偏差)．Anumberoffactorshavebeenshowntoinfluencetheself-servingbias.Generally，olderadultsmaketheinternalattribution，thatis，creditthemselveswiththeirsuccess.Menaremorelikelytomaketheexternalattribution，meaningtheytendtoblametheoutsideforcefortheirfailure.Oftenwhenapersonissad，thiskindofbiasmaybeopposite：theywillattributepositiveresultstotheoutsidehelporevenluck，andblamethemselveswhenbadthingshappen.ExpertssuggestthatwhilethisbiasisquitewidespreadintheWesterncultureincludingtheUSandCanada，ittendstobemuchlessfrequentintheEasterncultureincludingChinaandJapan.Why？IndividualistculturessuchastheUSplacegreaterstressonthepersonalachievementandself-respect，soprotectingtheselffromfeelingsoffailureismoreimportant.Collectivistcultures，ontheotherhand，aremorelikelytoattributethepersonalsuccesstoluckandfailuretothelackoftalent.However，therearesomesituationswheretheself-servingbiashappenslessoften.Someresearchhasfoundthatpeopleincloserelationships，whethertheromanticrelationshiporfriendship，tendtobemoremodest.Yourfriendsoryourpartner，inotherwords，wouldremindyouwhenabadsituationmightbepartlybecauseofyourowndoing.Althoughthebiascanmeanavoidthepersonalresponsibilityforone’saction，inmanycases，itisadefensemechanismthatprotectsaperson’sself-respect.Byattributingpositiveeventstopersonalcharacteristics，peoplegetanincreaseinconfidence.Byblamingtheoutsideforceforfailure，peoplemakethemselvesbelievetheydon’tneedtoberesponsibleforthefailureandthusprotecttheirself-respect.Anotheradvantageofthisbiasisthatitleadspeopletopersevereeveninthefaceofdifficultsituations.Anunemployedworkermayfeelmoremotivatedtokeeplookingforworkifheattributeshisunemploymenttoaweakeconomy，forexample，ratherthansomepersonalfailure.Anathletemightfeelmoremotivatedto19\nperformwellifhebelievesthathisfailureduringapreviouseventistheresultofbadweatherratherthanalackofskill.Title：Self-servingBiasTheconceptoftheself-servingbias·Theself-servingbiasmirrorsacommonphenomenonthatpeoplealwaysattributetheirsuccesstothe20.reasonswhilefailuretotheobjectiveones.Factors21.theself-servingbias·Theself-servingbiasislinkedto22.andgender(性别)．·Theself-servingbiasisalsoconnectedwithone’s23..Forexample，anunhappypersontendstoblamehimselfwhenbadthingshappen.·Different24.backgrounds，whetherindividualistorcollectivist，alsohavemuchtodowiththeself-servingbias.Forexample，whenfacedwithfailure，theformerneedsmore25.whilethelatterneedstobearappropriate26..·Thebiashappensless27.whenpeopleareincloserelationships.Advantagesoftheself-servingbias·Thebiashelpsinprotectingaperson’sself-respectbyincreasinghisconfidenceand28.himfromthepersonalresponsibilityforthefailure.·Thebiasprovidespeoplewithessential29.，whichhelpsthemkeepstruggling.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　20．答案　subjective解析　根据第一段前三句可知，当失败的时候人们倾向于把原因归结为客观原因，当成功时就把原因归结为主观原因；根据题中objective的提示也可以写出反义词subjective。21．答案　influencing/affecting/impacting解析　根据第二段第一句“Anumberoffactorshavebeenshowntoinfluencetheself-servingbias.”可知。22．答案　age解析　根据第二段第二句中的olderadults可知自利性偏差与年龄有关。23．答案　mood/emotion(s)/feelings19\n解析　根据第二段第四句中的“whenapersonissad”可知自利性偏差与情绪有关。24．答案　cultural解析　第三段中提到了各个国家及其文化，所以这里指文化背景不一样。25．答案　comfort/encouragement/protection解析　根据第三段第三句中的“soprotectingtheselffromfeelingsoffailureismoreimportant”可知，面对失败时，个人主义者需要更多的安慰、鼓励和保护。26．答案　responsibility解析　第三段第四句提到，集体主义者大多把成功归结于幸运，把失败归结于没有天赋，所以面对失败时，集体主义者需要承担适当的责任。27．答案　often/frequently解析　根据第四段第一句中的lessoften可知填often，也可以同义转换为frequently。28．答案　freeing解析　根据第五段最后一句中的“theydon’tneedtoberesponsibleforthefailure”可知，这里指不需要为失败负责，同义转换为freefromresponsibility，参照句式这里要填动名词形式。29．答案　motivation解析　根据最后一段第二、三句中的“Anunemployedworkermayfeelmoremotivatedto”和“Anathletemightfeelmoremotivatedtoperformwell”可知填motivation。19