2022版高考英语一轮基础达标选题Unit1GreatScientists含解析新人教版必修5

Unit1GreatScientists李仕才一、阅读理解。TwoworldchampionshipsweredecidedthisweekendonoppositesidesoftheAtlanticOcean.InEngland,theRugbyWorldCupwasdecided.InNewYork,thebaseballseasonsawitsfinalmatch.   Morethan80,000audienceswatchedNewZealandwintheRugbychampionship34-17overAustralia.ThematchwasheldonSaturdayatthefamousTwickenhamStadiumnearLondon.   ItwasthesecondworldtitleforNewZealand.Fanscalltheteam“AllBlacks”becauseoftheirblackuniforms.Adaylater,thebaseballWorldSeriescametoaclosewithawinbytheKansasCityRoyalsovertheNewYorkMets.   IntheWorldSeries,thefirstteamtowinfourgamesclaimsvictory.TheRoyalswonfourofthefirstfivegamesplayedwiththeMets.KansasCitylastwonin1985.   TheRugbyWorldCupopenedonSeptember18,whenEnglanddefeatedFiji.Forty-eightmatchesandsixweekslater,NewZealandwonthetitle.Goingintothetournament,theAllBlackswererankedNo.1intheworld.   Everytournamentlikethishasa“favorite,”ortheteamexpectedtowin.Thetournamentalsohasan“underdog,”ortheteamlesslikelytowin.Buttheunderdogoftenbecomesafavorite.ThisyearintheRugbyWorldCup,the“underdog”teamwasJapan.   Comingintothetournament,Japanwasranked13thintheworld.Butafteraninspiringshowinginthegroupstageofthetournament,Japanmovedupthreeplacesto10th.Asidefromthechampionshipgameitself,thematchthatcreatedthebiggestsurprisecamewhenJapandefeatedworldNo.3SouthAfrica34-32.TheAssociatedPresscalledit“thebiggestshockinRugbyWorldCuphistory.”   SouthAfricawasatwo­timeWorldCupchampion.JapanhadonlyeverwononematchintheWorldCupbeforethatgame.1.Whywerethetwomajorsportseventsreportedtogether?A.Theywerebothheldindeveloped9\ncountries.B.Theirresultsbothcameoutatthesametime.C.Thewinnerswerebothnotexpected.D.Theybothbelongtosportscompetitions.2.Theunderlinedword“favorite”inParagraph6refersto________.A.aplayerregardedasthemostvaluableB.ateamwhoseplayersaremostkilledC.aplayerwhoisthemostpopularD.ateammorelikelytocomefirst27.HowdidJapanperforminthematches?3.HowdidJapanperforminthematches?A.Itcreatedabigsurprise.B.Ittriedtheirbesttoplay.C.Itactedasitwasexpected.D.Itsurprisinglywonthird.参考答案：1.B;2.D;3.A解析：1.[推理判断题。这两大重要赛事因为在相同时间决出了冠军,才被放到一起报道。由第一段得出。]2.[词义猜测题。此处favorite指的是最有可能获胜的队。由本段第一句...ortheteamexpectedtowin得出。]3.[细节理解题。日本队在比赛中创造了一个大冷门,由最初的第13名,却战胜了世界第三名的南非队。由第七段最后两句得出。]二、单句语法填空1．Onlywhenhearrived________themeetingbegin.答案：did　“only＋状语(从句)”位于句首，句子要部分倒装。由时间状语从句whenhearrived可知，应用一般过去时，故填did。2．NeitherInorJohn________(be)tiredofthespeech.Itisinteresting.答案：is　neither...nor...连接两个并列主语，谓语动词的数遵循“就近一致”原则，故填is。3．________(absorb)inwritingaletter,hedidn'tevenlookupwhenIcamein.答案：Absorbed　beabsorbedin...“全神贯注于……”，此处为分词作状语，故填Absorbed。4．Thatyou________(expose)tothesunlightfortoolongwillbeharmfultoyourskin.9\n答案：areexposed　beexposedto...“暴露于……；接触……”。5．Thereisnosensein________(worry)aboutthefuture.答案：worrying　Thereisnosensein(doing)sth.“(做)某事是没有意义的”。6．While________(attend)tothecentraltask,weshouldunfoldtheworkinotherfields.答案：attending　attendto“处理；照料”，从句的主语和主句主语一致，且谓语部分含有be动词的相应形式时，可省略从句中的主语和be动词，补充完整为：Whileweareattendingto...，故填attending。7．Thebankmanagerwasreally________(blame),thoughhetriedtoputitonaclerk.答案：toblame　betoblame“应受责备；应承担责任”，为主动形式表示被动意义。8．MrReedmadeuphismindtocontributeallhehadto________(set)upsomeschoolsforpoorchildren.答案：setting　contribute...to...“为……奉献……”，其中to为介词，其后应用名词、代词或动名词形式，故填setting。9．Myparentstendtoacceptanyidea________(put)forwardbyexpertsonTV.答案：put　putforward“提出”，此处应用过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰名词idea。10．Irecognizedhervoice________momentIpickedupthereceiver.答案：the　themoment“一……就……”。三、完形填空。阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可能填入空白处的最佳选项。IworriedaboutmypersonalimageandhowIcouldberememberedduringmyboyhood.Inthefifthgrade，thereseemedtobeonlyone__1__—tobecool.Inthesixthgrade，suddenly，thereweretwochoices：becool，orbeinvisible.__2__，oneday，whenateacherhadusfilloutaquestionnairewith__3__questions，Ifoundthe__4__option.Assuming(假定)theteacherwouldreadouranswersprivately，Ifeltitwas__5__tosharemyprivacy.Tomy__6__，shecollectedandredistributed(重新分发)themtous.Wewereaskedto__7__thenameandourthreefavoriteanswerstothewholeclass.Myanswerswenttothemeanestboyinclass.9\nThefirstquestionwas“What'syourfavoritemovie？”MyanswerwasBeautyandtheBeast.Alaugheruptedandmycheeks__8__.Thenextwas“Wherewouldyouliketotravel？”Myanswerwas__9__special—“Whereverabooktakesme.”The__10__thistimehadanexplosivequality.Icould__11__rememberwhathappenednext；allthatIhadinmindwasthelaughter.Butsomethingamazinghappened.A(n)__12__came，“Guys，cutitout.”Theroomwent__13__.It'sMichelleSiever，apopularandcoolgirl.Thenshe__14__，“Whyareyoulaughing?Whatisthepointof__15__ifwejustlaughatothers？”Ican'tremembertheteacherorotherkids'names，butIrememberMichelle's.Whenshe__16__formethatday，she__17__meweactuallyhavethreechoicesifwewanttoberemembered.Becool，andyoumightberemembered__18__.Stayinvisible，andyouwon'tberememberedatall.Butifyoustandup__19__someonewhenheorshe__20__youmost，thenyouwillberememberedastheirherofortherestoftheirlife.1．A.tool　　　　　　　　　B．choiceC．chanceD．purpose2．A.HoweverB．InadditionC．ThereforeD．Infact3．A.personalB．funnyC．variousD．strange4．A.wrongB．formerC．thirdD．latter5．A.terribleB．safeC．nervousD．interesting6．A.surpriseB．anxietyC．delightD．expectation7．A.repeatB．rememberC．compareD．read8．A.achedB．paledC．changedD．burned9．A.evenB．stillC．neverD．always10．A.laughterB．questionC．airD．class9\n11．A.nearlyB．exactlyC．hardlyD．surely12．A.requestB．messageC．orderD．voice13．A.crazyB．silentC．angryD．empty14．A.announcedB．smiledC．addedD．stopped15．A.talkingB．chattingC．arguingD．sharing16．A.talkedaboutB．calmeddownC．leftbehindD．spokeup17．A.remindedB．promisedC．showedD．persuaded18．A.forawhileB．finallyC．againandagainD．hopefully19．A.beforeB．withC．forD．by20．A.missesB．needsC．valuesD．loves【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文。在老师组织的全班问卷调查活动中，“我”的回答引起全班同学哄堂大笑，这时一个女生站起来帮助“我”走出困境。同时，“我”明白了一个道理：在别人需要你的时候站出来会被别人永远记住。【核心词汇】imagen．印象，形象　invisibleadj.无形的，看不见的　fillout填写　cutout阻挡，删除，住口1．B　根据空后一句中的“Inthesixthgrade,suddenly,thereweretwochoices”可知，此处表示，在五年级，似乎只有唯一的选择(choice)来让别人记住自己—装酷。2．A　根据下文内容可知，老师让同学们填调查问卷这件事使“我”改变了原先的看法，故前后为转折关系，所以选A。3．A　根据下文中的“sharemyprivacy”可推知，此处表示老师要求回答的是我们的私人(personal)问题。所以选A。4．C　根据上文内容可知，到六年级，“我”突然认为被别人记住有两个选择，但是通过老师让同学们填调查问卷这件事，“我”发现了第三种选择。所以选C。9\n5．B　根据上文内容可知，假如老师私下阅读我们的回答，“我”就感觉分享的隐私是安全的(safe)。所以选B。6．A　根据上下文可知，老师没有私下阅读我们的回答而是重新分发，让同学之间互读，这种做法让“我”感到吃惊。所以选A。7．D　参见上题解析。8．D　根据空前的“Alaugherupted”及常识可知，“我”对第一个问题的回答引起了同学们的大笑，由此可知，“我”当时面颊发烫(burned)。选项D符合语境。9．B　根据下文中的“thistimehadanexplosivequality”可知，“我”对第二个问题的回答仍然(still)是特别的，因此这一次笑声(laughter)更加强烈。still“仍然，还是”，符合语境。10．A　参见上题解析。11．C　根据空后的“allthatIhadinmindwasthelaughter”可知，此处指“我”几乎不能(hardly)记得后面发生了什么，所以选C。12．D　根据下文中的“Guys,cutitout”可知，MichelleSiever的声音(voice)传来，所以选D。13．B　根据上下文可知，这个声音使整个房间安静(silent)了下来。14．C　根据空后的两个问句可知，MichelleSiever继续在说，即补充道(added)。15．D　根据全文的内容，尤其是老师要求我们填调查问卷然后交换并在全班朗读这一活动过程可知，这是同学们之间的一次交流分享(share)活动。所以选D。16．D　根据上文内容可知，“我”对两个问题的回答引起全班的大笑，这时MichelleSiever的话使全班安静下来，据此可推断她在替“我”辩护。所以选D。speakup(forsb./sth.)“(尤指为……)说好话，辩护”。17．C　她替“我”辩护这件事向“我”展示(showed)了如果想要被人们记住，我们有三种选择。所以选C。18．A　通过这件事，“我”知道装酷只能被别人记住一时(forawhile)。所以选A。19．C　根据上文内容可知，“我”之所以能够摆脱困境是因为MichelleSiever为“我”辩护。所以“我”总结出想要被别人记住的第三种选择是：当人们需要(needs)你时，你站出来为(for)他们说话，这样你就会被他们当做英雄一样被铭记一生。所以选C。20．B　参见上题解析。四、单句改错1．Althoughdefeatinginthematch,wedidn'tloseheart._____________________________________________________答案：defeating→defeated　此处表示在比赛中被打败，故应用过去分词表被动。9\n2．WhenIopenedthedoor,Ifoundmyfathersittinginhischair,completelyabsorbinginthenewspaper._____________________________________________________答案：absorbing→absorbed　(be)absorbedin“全神贯注于……”，此处为过去分词短语作状语。3．Itmakesasensetoworkontheproblembeforeitgetsoutofcontrol._____________________________________________________答案：去掉a　makesensetodosth.“做某事是明智的，合乎情理的”，为固定用法，故去掉a。4．Neithertheteachernorthestudentsiscontentwiththeresult._____________________________________________________答案：is→are　neither...nor...连接两主语时，谓语动词应遵循“就近原则”。5．Theplanwasputforwardatyesterday'smeeting,inmyopinion,isquitepractical._____________________________________________________答案：去掉was或was前加which/that　该句中已有谓语动词is,故putforwardatyesterday'smeeting为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰作主语的名词plan；也可用定语从句作定语修饰先行词plan，因此添加定语从句的关系词引出定语从句，关系词在从句中作主语，先行词指物，所以在was前加which/that。五、七选五ThebookABigFatCrisis:TheHiddenForcesBehindObesityandHowWeCanEndItbyDeborahCohen,aseniornaturalscientist,isverypopularnow.　1　Butaccordingtothisbook,thefollowingaresomemisunderstandingsofobesityorbeingoverweight.1.Ifyou’reobese,blameyourgenes. 　2　Yet,between1980and2000,thenumberofAmericanswhoareobesehasdoubled—tooquicklyforgeneticfactorstoberesponsible.Atrestaurants,adollarputsmorecaloriesonourplatesthaneverbefore,becauserestaurantmealsusuallyhavemorecaloriesthanwhatweprepareathome,sopeoplewhoeatoutmorefrequentlyhavehigherratesofobesitythanthosewhoeatoutless.2.Ifyou’reobese,youlackself-control.9\nResearchshowsthatifwearefacedwithtoomuchinformation,wehaveatendencytomakepoorchoicesondiet.　3　Eventhemostvigilant(警觉的)peoplemaynotbegoodcontrollersofthemselves.3.　4　AlthoughtheUSDepartmentofAgricultureestimatesthatfewerthan5percentofAmericansliveinthe＂fooddeserts＂,about65percentofthenation’spopulationisobese.Formostofus,obesityisnotrelatedtoaccesstomorefreshfruitsandvegetables,buttothechoiceswemakeinsupermarkets.4.Theproblemisnotthatweeattoomuch,butthatwedon’texercise.MichelleObama’s＂Let’sMove＂campaignisbasedontheideathatifkidsexercisemore,childhoodobesityrateswilldecrease.　5　Infact,althoughadropinwork-relatedphysicalactivitymayexplainupto100fewercaloriesburned,leisurephysicalactivityappearstohaveincreased.A.Lackofaccesstofreshfruitsandvegetablesisacauseofobesity.B.Obesityrateshaveincreased.C.Freshfruitsandvegetableswechooseinasupermarketarerelatedtoobesity.D.Buttherewasnoobviousdecreaseinphysicalactivitylevelsasobesityratesclimbedinthe1980sand 1990s.E.Peopleholddifferentviewsonobesity.F.Peoplebenefitalotfromphysicalactivities.G.Ourworldhasbecomesorichinfoodthatwecanbeledtoconsumetoomuchinwayswecan’tunderstand.【语篇解读】肥胖是现代社会的主要问题之一。DeborahCohen的ABigFatCrisis:TheHiddenForcesBehindObesityandHowWeCanEndIt一书中，作者介绍了人们对肥胖问题的几种误解。1.E【解析】根据下句由转折意义的内容＂Butaccordingtothisbook,thefollowingaresomemisunderstandingsofobesityorbeingoverweight.＂（但该书认为下面几点是关于肥胖的几点误解）可知，人们对肥胖问题观点不一，故E项正确。9\n 2.B【解析】根据下句内容＂Yet,between1980and2000,thenumberofAmericanswhoareobesehasdoubled—tooquicklyforgeneticfactorstoberesponsible.＂（然而，在1980年到2000年，美国肥胖的人数就翻了一番。该速度太快，可见肥胖并非遗传因素所致）可知，此处表示＂肥胖比例有所增加，故B项正确。 3.G【解析】根据上句＂Researchshowsthatifwearefacedwithtoomuchinformation,wehaveatendencytomakepoorchoicesondiet.＂（研究表明，如果我们面临太多信息，我们很可能会就节食作出糟糕的选择）可知，该句应表示＂我们现在的食物如此丰富以致于我们会被引导以自己难以想象的方式去消耗食物＂，故选G项。 5.D【解析】根据下句＂althoughadropinwork-relatedphysicalactivitymayexplainupto100fewercaloriesburned,leisurephysicalactivityappearstohaveincreased.＂（尽管跟工作相关的体力活动减少导致人们少燃烧多达100卡路里，但休闲体力活动似乎有所增加）可知，在二十世纪八十年代和九十年代，人们的体力活动并未明显减少，故选D项。9