2023版高考英语一轮复习36地球与宇宙奥秘探索课时提能练含解析202303172142

课时提能练(三十六)Ⅰ.阅读理解(2020·福建龙岩质检，D)Pachyrhynchusweevils(球背象鼻虫)arefoundonmostislandsintheeasternPacificOcean.Theseweevilscouldnotfly.Whyaretheysowidespread?WenSanHuangoftheNationalMuseumofNaturalScienceinTaiwanthinkshehastheanswer.Onetheory,whichdatesbackto1923,isthatthebeetlesdriftfromplacetoplacebyatinyaircavitybeneathitsoutershell,whichallowstheinsectstofloat.DrHuangbeganhisresearchintotheweevilsanddiscoveredthatthebeetlesdofloat.Buthealsoreportsfloatinginseawaterdoesnotdothemmuchgood.All57adultshetrieditwithdiedwithintwodays.Clearly,adultweevilsarenotgoodsailors.Pachyrhynchusweevilslovelayingtheireggsinsidethefruitofaplantcalledthefishpoisontree.Thisreproducesinawaythatremindsusofcoconutpalms.Itdropsitsfruitsintotheocean,whichcarriesthemawaytogerminate(发芽)ondistantbeaches.Coconutsareprotectedfrombeingeatenontheirtravelsbyhavingahard,thickshell.Fishpoisontreefruitsarealsoprotectedfromhungryseacreatures.Butintheircase,astheirnamesuggests,theprotectionisachemical.Giventherelationshipbetweenweevilsandplants,DrHuangwonderedhowbeetlelarvae(幼虫)wouldfareiftheyweredeepinsideapieceoffruitfloatinginseawater.Sohetestedthisaswell.Hisexperimentsuggestedthatsuchlarvaearetolerantofsaline(含盐的)conditions.Specifically,of18grubs(蛆)thrownintoseawaterinsideapieceoffruit,twosurvivedforsixdays.Moreover,theselarvaewentontodevelopintohealthy，sexuallymatureadults.SoDrHuangarguesthatsuchnumberswouldeasilysupporttheimmigrationofweevilsintotheislands.HealsoobservesthattheKuroshioCurrent,whichcarrieswaterfromthePhilippines,pastJapanandonwardsintothePacific,movessoswiftlythatapieceoffruitcaughtinitcouldeasilytravel90kminaday,enablingtheflightlessbeetletocoverthedistanceof400kmbetweentheislandseffectively.【语篇解读】\n　本文为说明文。在东太平洋的大部分岛屿中都发现了球背象鼻虫。如果这些象鼻虫会飞的话，也不稀奇。但是它们却不会飞。台湾自然科学博物馆的黄文山认为，他已解开了这个谜团。1．WhatdidWenSanHuangfindinhisresearch?A．Theoldtheoryaccountsforweevils.B．Adultweevilsaregoodatfloating.C．Fishpoisontreefruitsprotectweevils.D．Theweevilscrosstheislandsinaday.C　[细节理解题。本题题干意为：黄文山在他的研究中发现了什么？根据第四段第一句(球背象鼻虫喜欢把它们的卵产在一种植物的果实中，这种植物被称为鱼毒树。)和第五、六句(鱼毒树的果实也受到了保护，不会被饥饿的海洋生物吃掉。但是正如它们的名字一样，保护它们的是一种化学物质。)可知答案为C项(鱼毒树保护了球背象鼻虫)。]2．Whatcantheunderlinedword“fare”inParagraph5probablymean?A．Survive.　　　　B．Travel.C．Grow.D．Float.A　[词义猜测题。本题题干意为：第五段中的画线词“fare”的意思可能是什么？根据第六、七段尤其是第七段中的“survived”可知答案。]3．Howdoweevilssucceedinimmigratingbetweentheislands?A．Bytravellingwithseacreatures.B．Bywearingshellsforprotection.C．Bylayingeggsincoconutssinkingunderthesea.D．Bystayinginthefloatingfishpoisontreefruits.D　[细节理解题。本题题干意为：球背象鼻虫是如何成功地在岛屿间迁徙的？根据第四段第一句(球背象鼻虫喜欢把它们的卵产在一种植物的果实中)可知答案为D项(通过待在漂浮的鱼毒树的果实里)。]4．What'stheauthor'spurposeofwritingthetext?A．Tointroducetheresearchresult.B．Tocomparecoconutpalmsandweevils.C．Totellwhenweevilsimmigratetotheislands.D．TopraiseWenSanHuangforhisresearch.A　[推理判断题。本题题干意为：作者写本文的目的是什么？本文介绍的是黄文山对并不会飞行的球背象鼻虫如何分布在许多岛屿所做的研究，故答案为A项(介绍研究结果)。]Ⅱ.完形填空(山东济南外国语学校2021届10月月考)ScientistsinNorwayhavesomegoodnewsforcoffeedrinkers.Researchershavealreadyfoundevidencethatthedrinkorthebeanscanhelpwithweightloss，1one'sriskofdevelopingsomediseases,promote\nmusclegrowth,protectagainstcertaintypesofcancersandcanevenreduceone'sriskofpremature(早于预期的)death,amongmanyother2.Nowitissaidthatacupof3reducesphysicalpain.Thesurprisingfindingis4astudyinvolving48volunteerswhoagreedtospend90minutesperformingcomputertasksmeanttofinishofficework.Thetaskswereknownto5painintheshoulders,neck,forearmsandwrists.Theresearcherswantedto6howpeoplewithpainandthosewhowerepainfreetolerated(忍受)thepainofsuchtasks.Asamatterofconvenience,thescientistsallowedpeopletodrinkcoffeebeforetakingthetest“toavoid7effectsofcaffeinelack,e．g.decreasedvigor,sleepiness,andexhaustion.”theyreported.Whenitcametimetoanalyzethedata,theresearchersfromNorway'sNationalInstituteofOccupationalHealthandOsloUniversityHospitalnoticedthatthe19peoplewhodrankcoffeereporteda8intensity(强度)ofpainthanthe29peoplewhodidn't.Intheshouldersandneck,9theaveragepainwasrated41(ona100pointscale)amongthecoffeedrinkersand55forthenoncoffeedrinkers.Similargapswerefoundforallpainsitesmeasured,andcoffee'sobviouspainreductioneffect10.However,theauthorsofthestudy,whichwaspublishedthisweekinthejournal,BMCResearchNotes,warnthattheresultsofthestudycomewithmany11.Forstarters,theresearchersdon'tknowhowmuchcoffeethecoffeedrinkersconsumed(消耗)beforetakingthecomputertests.12，theydoubtwhetherthecoffeedrinkersandnoncoffeedrinkerswere13inallaspectsexceptfortheircoffeeconsumption.Problemslikethesetendto14theimportanceofthefindings.Butthosedoubtsare15totroublethecoffeedrinkerslookingforanyreasonnottocutbackontheirdailycaffeinehabit.【语篇解读】　这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现咖啡这种饮料或咖啡豆有助于减肥，降低患某些疾病的风险，促进肌肉生长，预防某些类型的癌症，甚至可以降低过早死亡的风险，还有许多其他好处。同时文章说明了这项研究的过程以及研究结果，然而这项研究的作者警告说研究仍有许多不确定性。1．A.take　　B．reduce　C．increase　D．faceB　[结合下文“promotemusclegrowth,protectagainstcertaintypesofcancersandcanevenreduceone'sriskofpremature(早于预期的)\ndeath”可知是这种饮料的优点，故此处指减少患某些疾病的风险。故选B。]2．A.trends　B．advice　C．benefits　D．promotionsC　[结合上文“promotemusclegrowth,protectagainstcertaintypesofcancersandcanevenreduceone'sriskofpremature(早于预期的)death”可知是这种饮料的好处，故选C。]3．A.milk　B．water　C．coke　D．coffeeD　[根据上文“ScientistsinNorwayhavesomegoodnewsforcoffeedrinkers.”可知是咖啡。故选D。]4．A.basedon　B．fondofC．differentfrom　D．regardedasA　[结合下文“astudyinvolving48volunteerswhoagreedtospend90minutesperformingcomputertasksmeanttofinishofficework.”可知此处指这项发现是基于一项研究。故选A。]5．A.cause　B．indicateC．ease　D．relieveA　[结合下文“painintheshoulders,neck,forearmsandwrists”可知这些任务会造成肩膀、脖子、前臂和手腕疼痛。故选A。]6．A.warn　B．compareC．cure　D．treatB　[结合下文“howpeoplewithpainandthosewhowerepainfreetolerated(忍受)thepainofsuchtasks”可知是将有疼痛感的人和那些没有疼痛感的人进行比较。故选B。]7．A.unpleasant　B．modestC．significant　D．positiveA　[结合下文“decreasedvigor,sleepiness,andexhaustion”可知活力下降、嗜睡和疲惫都是不良影响。unpleasanteffects“不良影响”。故选A。]8．A.lower　B．higher　C．shorter　D．longerA　[结合下文“averagepainwasrated41(ona100pointscale)amongthecoffeedrinkersand55forthenoncoffeedrinkers”可知喝咖啡的19名受试者报告的疼痛强度低于不喝咖啡的29名受试者。故选A。]9．A.inaddition　B．asaresultC．forexample　D．inoneword\nC　[结合上文可知测试的身体部位有肩膀、脖子、前臂和手腕，此处只列举了肩部和颈部作为例子，故选C。]10．A.turnedup　B．tookupC．putup　D．gaveupA　[结合上文可知测试中都表现出了咖啡的止痛效果，故选A。]11．A.satisfaction　B．uncertaintiesC．attention　D．responseB　[结合下文“Forstarters,theresearchersdon'tknowhowmuchcoffeethecoffeedrinkersconsumed(消耗)beforetakingthecomputertests.”可知研究人员不知道喝咖啡的人在接受电脑测试前喝了多少咖啡，故这项研究的结果存在许多不确定性。故选B。]12．A.Moreover　B．HoweverC．Otherwise　D．NeverthelessA　[此处承接上文“Forstarters,theresearchersdon'tknowhowmuchcoffeethecoffeedrinkersconsumed(消耗)beforetakingthecomputertests.”表示进一步说明，故选A。]13．A.guilty　B．similar　C．different　D．properB　[结合下文“inallaspectsexceptfortheircoffeeconsumption”可知喝咖啡的人和不喝咖啡的人除了喝咖啡外，其他各方面是否相似对研究结果也会有影响。故选B。]14．A.realize　B．observeC．measure　D．weakenD　[根据上文“Problemslikethesetendto”可知这些类似的问题往往会削弱研究结果的可信度，故选D。]15．A.unlikely　B．orderlyC．jealous　D．capableA　[结合下文“troublethecoffeedrinkerslookingforanyreasonnottocutbackontheirdailycaffeinehabit”可知这些疑虑不太可能困扰那些寻找任何理由不减少日常咖啡因习惯的咖啡饮用者。故选A。]Ⅲ.语法填空(山东济南外国语学校2021届10月月考)OnOct.16,2018,oneofthetwocofoundersofMicrosoft,PaulG.Allen,1.________(die)atage65fromcancer.When2.________comestoMicrosoft,thefirstpersonwethinkofwasBillGates,theothercofounderofthefirm.3.________，Allenwasjustasimportanttothe4.________(create)ofthecompany.Allenwas,manypeoplesay,amuchquieterperson.\nHewascontentwiththesciencesideofthings,whileGateshasthe5.________(good)headforbusiness.WhenthepairstartedMicrosoftinthemid1970s,theyfocusedonthemicrocomputerindustry.Microcomputersweresmallcomputers6.________(design)tobeusedinthehome.7.________theylacked,though,wasanoperatingsystem,whichiswhereMicrosoftcamein.Thecompany'sbigbreakcamein1980,8.________MicrosoftcreatedtheMSDOSoperatingsystem.LatercameWindows.AfterAllenpassedaway,BillGatesmadeastatement9.________(praise)Allen,“Eveninhighschool,beforemostpeopleknewwhatapersonalcomputerwas,Paulpredictedthatchipswouldgetsuperpowerfulandwould10.________(eventual)giverisetoawholenewindustry.”【语篇解读】　这是一篇记叙文。文章主要悼念了过世的微软创始人之一——PaulG.Allen，讲述了他和BillGates之间的创业经历，同时提到了BillGates对他的赞赏。1．died　[考查时态。句意：2018年10月16日，微软两位联合创始人之一保罗·g·艾伦(PaulG.Allen)因癌症去世，享年65岁。根据语境OnOct.16,2018可知，应是一般过去时。故填died。]2．it　[考查固定句式。句意：说到微软，我们首先想到的是该公司的另一位联合创始人比尔·盖茨。whenitcomesto...为固定句式，意为“当谈及……”。故填it。]3．However　[考查副词。句意：然而，艾伦对公司的创立同样重要。分析可知，本句与前一句为转折关系，应用转折副词however。故填However。]4．creation　[考查名词。句意：然而，艾伦对公司的创立同样重要。to为介词之后应用名词形式。故填creation。]5．better　[考查形容词比较级。句意：他对科学方面的东西很满意，而盖茨更擅长商业。分析可知，本句中将Allen与Gates进行对比，前一句中的形容词“quieter”暗指比较含义，因此所填空应用比较级。故填better。]6．designed　[考查非谓语。句意：微型计算机是设计用于家庭的小型计算机。分析可知，________(design)tobeusedinthehome应是之前名词smallcomputers的后置定语，动词design与其之间为被动关系，应用过去分词形式。故填designed。]7．What　[考查名词性从句。句意：不过，他们缺少的是一个操作系统，而这正是微软的切入点。分析可知，________theylacked为主语从句，从句中动词lacked缺少宾语，应用引导词what。故填What。]8．when　[考查定语从句。句意：微软的重大突破出现在1980年，当时微软开发了MSDOS操作系统。分析可知，________MicrosoftcreatedtheMSDOSoperatingsystem.LatercameWindows\n应是之前时间名词1980的定语从句，先行词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导。故填when。]9．topraise　[考查动词不定式。句意：艾伦去世后，比尔·盖茨发表声明赞扬了艾伦。分析可知，此空应是动词不定式表目的。故可填topraise。]10．eventually　[考查副词。句意：甚至在高中时，在大多数人还不知道个人电脑是什么之前，保罗就预言芯片将变得超级强大，并最终催生出一个全新的产业。分析可知，副词修饰动词短语“giveriseto”，在句中作状语。故填eventually。]Ⅳ.应用文写作(2021·山东省实验中学高三一诊)假定你是李华。上周日你校邀请本市志愿援助武汉抗击新冠病毒的刘医生为全校师生做了一次演讲，大家深受感动和鼓舞。请你就本次活动给校园英语报写一篇报道。内容包括：1．活动时间和地点；2．活动内容；3．活动的意义。注意：词数80左右。参考词汇：新冠病毒COVID19________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】LastSunday,ourschoolheldameaningfulactivityatourschoollecturehall.Mr.Liu,adoctorfromourlocalhospitalwhovolunteeredtoWuhanthisspringtofightagainstCOVID19,wasinvitedtodeliveraspeechforus.Alltheteachersandstudentsweredeeplymovedandinspiredbyhisheroicdeeds.Attheendofhisspeech,weshowedourrespectforMr.Liuwithapplause.Welearnedalotfromhimandmanystudentssaidthattheywantedtobeadoctorinthefuture.Ⅴ.概要写作阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Gettingupearlyhasbeenregardedasagoodhabitsinceancienttimes.Manyyearsago,peoplethoughtthatifwewenttobedearlyandgetupearly,wewouldbeenergetic(充满活力的)thewholeday.So,gettingupearlyisofgreatimportancetousall.Infact,morningisthebesttimeofaday.Inthemorning,theairisthefreshestandpeopleareusuallyinthebestconditions(条件).Manyofusmayhavetheexperiencesthatwememorizesomethingsmorequicklyandaccuratelyinthemorningthananyothertimeoftheday.\nIfwedosomemorningexerciseoronlytakeashortwalkinthemorning,wecanbuildourbodiesandbecomemuchhealthier.Alsowewillhaveenoughtimetomakeaplanandgetreadyforourworkorstudyofthedayifwegetupearly.However,ifwegetuplate,wewillprobablyhavetodoeverythinginagreathurry.Letusremembergettingupearlyisagoodhabitandtryourbesttokeepit.Ifwesticktogettingupearlyeveryday,wewillcertainlybenefit(受益)alotfromit.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】Gettingupearlyisagoodhabit.(要点1)Andweattachgreatimportancetogettingupearlybecausemorningisthemostvaluabletimeofaday,sowecanhavephysicaltrainingtokeephealthy.(要点2)Besides,gettingupearlycanletushaveenoughtimetoprogramandpreparetofinishdoingourworkorstudyoftheday.(要点3)Inaword,wewillbenefitalotfromgettingupearly.(要点4)