2023版高考英语一轮复习24法律常识与法律意识等课时提能练含解析202303172129

课时提能练(二十四)Ⅰ.阅读理解ATheUnitedStatesCongressisresponsibleformakingandapprovingfederallaws—rulesthateveryoneinthecountrymustfollow.Butexactlyhowdothoselawsgetmade?Theprocessisnoteasy,andittakesalongtime.Alawbeginswhensomeoneputsforwardanidea.Theideacancomefromanyone,butithastogettoaU．S.lawmakerwhowantsittobecomelegislation(法律)．Intime,theideaisfurtherdevelopedintoawrittenproposal,calledabill.Then,amemberofCongressofficiallyproposesthebill.Afterthebillisintroduced,itissenttoasmallgroupoflawmakers,calleda“committee”.Sometimescommitteemembersseekmoreinformationabouttheproposalbyholdinghearings.Sometimesthecommitteechangesthebill.Sometimesitdecidesnottotakeanyaction.Inthatcase，wesaylawmakers“table”thebill,orletit“dieinthecommittee”．Butnowandthen,thebillisofferedtolawmakersnotonthecommittee.Thoselawmakersdebatethebillfurther.Theymightchangethebillagain.Finally,thefullHouseorSenatevotesonthebill.Ifitdoesnotearnthemajorityofvotes,thebilldoesnotadvance.Finally,theagreeduponbillissenttothepresident.Ifthepresidentsignsit,thebillbecomesalaw.IfthepresidentdoesnothingandCongressisofficiallymeeting,thebillbecomesalaw.ButifthepresidentdoesnothingandCongressisnotinsession,thebilldoesnotpass.Orthepresidentcanofficiallyrejectthebill.Ifthathappens，thebillisnotstopped.Instead,itisreturnedtoboththeSenateandtheHouse.IftwothirdsofthesenatorsandtwothirdsoftheHousemembersapprovethebillonceagain,evenwiththepresidentobjecting,theyturnthebillintoalaw.【语篇解读】　本文主要介绍了美国法律的制定过程。1．Whoisthefirsttoproposeabill?A．Alawyer.　　　　　　B．Acitizen.C．AmemberofCongress.D．Acommitteemember.C　[细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Then，amemberofCongressofficiallyproposesthebill.”可知，第一个提出议案的人是国会成员。故选C。]2．Whendoesabillfinallybecomealaw?\nA．Afteritissenttoacommittee.B．Whenthepresidentsignsit.C．AfteritreturnstotheCongress.D．WhileCongressisnotinsession.B　[细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“Ifthepresidentsignsit，thebillbecomesalaw.”可知，如果总统签署了一致同意的议案，那么该议案就成了一项法律。]3．Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?A．Noteverybillcanbeturnedintoalaw.B．Anybodycanputforwardaproposal.C．If“tabled”，thebillhastobevotedon.D．Onceproposed，thebillcan'tbechanged.A　[推理判断题。根据对全文的整体理解，尤其是根据最后三段的内容可知，一项议案最终变成一项法律需要走很多程序，在这些程序中议案有可能被搁置或被否决，由此可推知，并不是每一项提案都会变成一项法律。]B(2020·成都市诊断性检测)Over2.5quintillionbytesofdataarecreatedeachday.Manyofthemconsistofinformationthatwouldallowpeopletobepersonallyidentified.Atthesametimethatweshareourpersonalinformation，thereisagrowingconcernwithhowthatinformationisbeinggathered,stored,usedandshared.WhilemanyeconomieslikeCanadaandtheEUhaveprivacylawsdatingbacktothemid1990s,changestodatapracticesinthepastfiveyearshavemotivatedgovernmentstorevieworupdateexistinglaws.Changestoprivacylawsarebeingfuelledbygrowingpublicconcernswiththeideaofunrestricteddataaccumulationanduse.Forinstance,earlierthisyear,theWorldEconomicForumfoundthat1/3ofglobalcitizenshavenoideaabouthowtheirpersonalinformationisusedandthattrustislacking.Privacylawsarechangingtodealwiththerealandnoticedrisksofharmwhichresultfromtheunderregulatedorunregulateddataeconomy.TheEUhasintroducedbigreformtolawswhichareaimedatprotectingprivacy.TheEU'sGeneralDataProtectionRegulation(GDPR)introducedstrictrequirementsforthosethatcontrolorprocessthepersonaldataofthepeoplewholiveintheEU.TheGDPR'sstatedgoalsfocusontheprotectionandbasicrightsofpersonalinformation.CertainUSstatesarealsoenteringthegroupinthefightforcontroloverpersonaldata.Theyhave\npassedorareactivelyconsideringprivacylaws.Californiaisoutfront.TheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)providesgreatercontroltoindividualsovertheirpersonalinformation.ThereisasensethatprivacylawsareonthehorizonintheUS.Thesearetwoexamplesthatareactivelypursuingmoreprogressiveprivacylaws.Oneimportantconsiderationistoharmonizeglobalstandardsforbestlawpractices.Thiswilleasecompliance(遵从)acrosstheborderandprovideavaluablesignaltothepublicthatgovernmentsarekeepingpacewithrapidchange.【语篇解读】　本文主要讲了公众对不受限制地积累和使用个人数据日益感到担忧，这推动了隐私法的变化，欧盟和美国的一些州为此颁布了法律条例。4．What'sthecauseofthechangeofprivacylaws?A．Agrowingneedforinformation.B．Publicconcernsoverdatasecurity.C．Generalawarenessofdatacontrol.D．Collectionofpersonalinformation.B　[细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句“Changestoprivacylawsarebeingfuelledbygrowingpublicconcernswiththeideaofunrestricteddataaccumulationanduse.”可知，隐私法变化的原因是公众对个人数据安全的担忧，故B项正确。]5．HowdoesParagraph4develop?A．Bygivingexamples.B．Bylistingstatistics.C．Byanalyzingreasons.D．Bymakingcomparisons.A　[写作手法题。根据第四段的第一句可知，隐私法正在改变以解决实际的和被注意到的损害风险，该段接着又分别举了欧盟和美国加利福尼亚州颁布法律条例来增强隐私保护的例子来说明第一句表述的内容，故A项正确。]6．Whatisanimportantconsiderationforgloballawmakers?A．Thepracticeoflawsindifferentfields.B．Thereflectionofrealityindifferenteras.C．Theconsistencyoflawsindifferentregions.D．Theadaptationtochangesindifferentsocieties.C　[细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Oneimportantconsiderationistoharmonizeglobalstandardsforbestlawpractices.”可知，一个重要的考虑因素是为了最佳的法律实践而统一全球标准，即不同地区法律的一致性。故C项正确。]\n7．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．EUpassesnewlawsforprivacyprotection.B．Governmentsignoretheviolationofpersonalprivacy.C．Privacylawsarechangingtoprotectpersonalinformation.D．Peoplelacktheawarenessofpersonalinformationprotection.C　[主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了公众对不受限制地积累和使用数据的担忧推动了隐私法的改变，又分别举了欧盟和美国加利福尼亚州颁布法律条例来增强隐私保护的例子，故C项正确。]Ⅱ.完形填空Sittingatatableinmyschoolcafeteria，Ilookedaround,slowlytakingineverything.Studentafterstudentpassedmy1carryingthatday'slunch,butifyoulookeddeeper,therewasmoreto2.Therewasmorethanjusttheuniformtheywerewearing，orthewaytheyhadstyledtheirhairthatday.Therewasalotmorehiddenunderthe3.Catchingtheeyeofagirlinmygradesittingatanearbytable，Iwavedpolitely.Shesmiled4andthencontinuedtopickatthespaghettiinfrontofher.IfIhadn't5recentlythathermotherwasdyingofleukemia，Iwouldhavenever6anythingwaswrongandImaynothavebeenas7andsympathetic，either.Itsuddenly8methatwejudgeotherstooquicklywithoutknowingthewholestory.Ihaveanincurablelungdisease.Nooneatourschoolknows—Idon'tshowanynoticeable9exceptforafewcoughshereandthere.Igoaboutmydaylikeanyotherkid，10withtherealizationthatIhavea11andterrifyingfuture.BeforethatdaywhenIdecidedto12theworldwithanewperspective,I13myselfalmosteveryday.Ithoughtonlyaboutmyselfandmyheavy14.ButI'venowrealizednooneis15—wejustneedtoacceptthewayweare.【语篇解读】　本文主要讲述了作者观察生活并进行反思的故事，启迪读者要正确看待生活中的不幸。1．A.order　　B．room　　C．table　　D．cafeteriaC　[与上文“Sittingatatableinmyschoolcafeteria”呼应可知，此处指的是学生们路过作者所坐的餐桌(table)，故选C。]\n2．A.observeB．imagineC．compareD．exchangeA　[与上文中的“butifyoulookeddeeper”呼应可推知，此处表示作者认为有更多有待观察(observe)的东西。]3．A.surfaceB．uniformC．rulesD．circumstancesA　[根据常识可知，学生的制服和发型都是外在的东西，且空处与下文中的“wejudgeotherstooquicklywithoutknowingthewholestory”呼应，故选A。]4．A.casuallyB．weaklyC．happilyD．impatientlyB　[与下文“hermotherwasdyingofleukemia”呼应可推知，女孩因为母亲去世而勉强地(weakly)对作者笑了笑。]5．A.foundB．noticedC．heardD．decidedC　[根据语境可推知，作者听说(heard)了这个女孩家里的不幸。]6．A.suspectedB．rememberedC．predictedD．regrettedA　[根据语境可推知，作者本不会觉得(suspected)有什么不正常的。]7．A.outstandingB．willingC．demandingD．understandingD　[与下文中的“sympathetic”呼应可推知，作者对对方表示谅解(understanding)和同情，故选D。]8．A.escapedB．satisfiedC．hitD．attractedC　[根据语境可知，此处表示作者突然意识到，我们在不知道整个故事的情况下迅速对其他人作出评价，故选C。hit意为“使突然意识到”。]9．A.symptomsB．diseasesC．complaintsD．weaknessesA　[根据语境及下文中的“exceptforafewcoughs”可推知，此处指的是一些不为人注意的症状(symptoms)。]10．A.andB．butC．orD．soB　[根据语境可推知，前后两句是逻辑上的转折关系，故选B。]11．A.brightB．dark\nC．realD．seriousB　[根据“terrifying”可推知，此处表示因为难以治愈的疾病，作者的前途变得黑暗(dark)，故选B。]12．A.changeB．createC．viewD．tolerateC　[根据上文中的“lookedaround”和“lookeddeeper”可推知，作者一直在观察生活，而在那天之后作者以一种新角度看待(view)世界，故选C。]13．A.pitiedB．forgaveC．challengedD．encouragedA　[根据语境及下文中的“Ithoughtonlyaboutmyselfandmyheavy________”可推知，作者曾经因为自己的病而怜悯自己，故选A。]14．A.debtB．rewardC．burdenD．workloadC　[根据语境及空前的“heavy”可推知，不可治愈的病是作者沉重的负担(burden)，故选C。]15．A.changeableB．perfectC．uniqueD．differentB　[根据语境可推知，每个人都不完美，我们只是需要接受自己原本的样子，故选B。]Ⅲ.语法填空(2020·沈阳市教学质量监测)EatinganddrinkingonthesubwayhaslongbeenacontroversialissueinChina.Whilemanyhavefeltasharpannoyance1.________thesightandscentoffoodinsubwaycars,quiteafewalsosupporttherighttochew2.________(noisy)onsnacksduringthetriptoworkorschool.Thedebaterecentlyarrivedat3.________(it)finaldestinationwhenMinistryofTransportofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaintroducedanewregulationlastweekthatbanspassengersnationwide,withtheexceptionof4.________(baby)andpeoplewithcertainmedicalconditions,fromeatingordrinkinginsubwaycars.Thepolicy5.________(schedule)totakeeffectonApril1alongwithsomenewconductrulesthatwillforbidsubwayridersfromplayingmusicorvideosonspeakers,or6.________(lie)downonseats.ZhangHan,7.________18yearoldgirl,recalledthatafemalepassengerwasseenrecentlyonasubwayinNanjing8.________(fine)foreatingsugarcoatedhaws,atraditionalstreetfood.“Atfirst,Ifeltsorryforthegirl，”shesaid.“Mostpeopleweresimply\n9.________(aware)ofsuchafoodbanbefore.”Nowthatanationalbanisinthepipeline,shesaidshesupportedtheidea.“Thesubwaycarisapublicspace.Nofoodshouldbeallowed，10.________ornotitgivesoffastrongsmell.”【语篇解读】　本文介绍了一项针对地铁车厢里乘客吃喝问题的规定——在全国各地将禁止除了婴儿和患病人群之外的乘客在车厢里吃喝玩乐，并讲述了一个18岁的女孩对此规定的看法。1．at　[考查介词。此处表示对看到地铁车厢里有人吃东西表示厌烦，故用介词at。atthesightof表示“看到”，是固定用法。]2．noisily　[考查副词。此处应用副词noisily修饰动词chew。]3．its　[考查代词。此处指关于这个问题的争论最近有了最终结果。此处应用形容词性物主代词its修饰名词destination。]4．babies　[考查名词的单复数。此处指在全国各地将禁止除了婴儿和患病人群之外的乘客在车厢里吃喝，根据语境可知，此处指的婴儿不止一个，故应用名词的复数形式。]5．isscheduled　[考查时态、语态和主谓一致。此处指这项规定预计在4月1号生效，为对客观情况的描述，应用一般现在时；又主语Thepolicy与schedule之间为被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语为单数，故填isscheduled。]6．lying　[考查非谓语动词。此处和该句中的playing并列，作介词from的宾语，应用动名词形式lying，指禁止乘客躺在座位上。]7．an　[考查冠词。此处泛指一个18岁的女孩，且18yearold的发音以元音音素开头，应用不定冠词an。]8．fined　[考查固定用法。此处表示一位女乘客被看见罚款了，考查固定用法seesb.done的被动形式sb.beseendone，故填fined。]9．unaware　[考查形容词。根据语境可知，此处表示大多数人之前确实不知道这个食物禁令，故填unaware“不知道”。]10．whether　[考查状语从句。句意：不应允许在地铁车厢里面吃东西，无论它是否散发出强烈的气味。故填whether。]Ⅳ.应用文写作(2020·青岛市诊断检测)假定你是李华，你校近期成立了“孔子思想”网上俱乐部(Confucianismonlineclub)。你的朋友Tom对中国文化很感兴趣，请你给他写一封邮件，邀请他加入该俱乐部。注意：1.词数80左右；2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。________________________________________________________________\n________________________________________________________________【参考范文】DearTom，LearningthatyoutakegreatinterestinChinesetraditionalculture,I'mwritingtoinviteyoutojointheConfucianismonlineclub.Setupbyourschoolrecently,theclubisaplatformwhereChinesecultureloversandlearnerscanhaveabetterknowledgeofthecultureandsharetheirownviewswitheachother.Therefore,Ithinkit'sagoodchanceforyoutoexplorethecharmofConfucianism.Otherwise,theclubwillprovidefreematerialsaboutConfucianism.Lookingforwardtoyouractiveparticipation.Yours，LiHuaⅤ.概要写作阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。(2020·浙江省名校协作体联考)Perhapsyou'veheardtheoldsaying“Curiositykilledthecat.”It'saphrasethat'softenusedtowarnpeople—especiallychildren—nottoasktoomanyquestions.Yetit'swidelyagreedthatcuriosityactuallymakeslearningmoreeffective.Infact,researchhasshownthatcuriosityisjustasimportantasintelligenceindetermininghowwellstudentsdoinschool.Curiositycanalsoleadustomakeunexpecteddiscoveries，bringexcitementintoourlives,andopenupnewpossibilities.Inscience,basiccuriositydrivenresearchcanhaveunexpectedimportantbenefits.Forexample,onedayin1831,MichaelFaradaywasplayingaroundwithacoilandamagnetwhenhesuddenlysawhowhecouldproduceanelectricalcurrent.Atfirst,itwasn'tclearwhatusethiswouldhave,butitactuallymadeelectricityavailableforuseintechnology,andsochangedtheworld.However,curiosityiscurrentlyunderthebiggestthreat,comingfromtechnology.Ontheonehand,thisisbecausetechnologyhasbecomesoadvancedthatmanyofusareunabletothinktoodeeplyabouthowexactlythingsworkanymore.Whileitmaybepossibleforacuriousteenagertotakeatoasterapartandgetsomesenseofhowitworks,howmuchdoyouunderstandaboutwhathappenswhenyoutypeawebsiteaddressintoabrowser?Wheredoesyourgraspoftechnologyendandthemagicbegin?Inadditiontothis,there'sthefactthatweallnowconnectsodeeplywithtechnology,particularlywithourphones.Themorewestareatourscreens,thelesswetalktootherpeopledirectly.Alltoooftenweaccepttheimagesofpeoplethat\nsocialmediaprovidesuswith.Thenwefeelweknowenoughaboutapersonanddon'tneedtoengagefurtherwiththem.Thatmeansweendupinsideourownlittlebubbles,nolongercomingupwithnewideas.Perhapstherealkeytodevelopingcuriosityinthe21stcentury，then，istorelylessonthetechtoolsofourage.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】Curiosity，asisrevealedinresearch，isvitaltostudents'goodacademicperformance.(要点1)Italsoactivatesmanyscientificdiscoveriesofunexpectedbenefits.(要点2)However，uptodatetechnologyisnowkillingcuriosity，byhinderingourcapabilitytofurtherexplorehowthingsgoon.(要点3)Additionally，intimateexposuretotechnology，phonesinparticular，willmisleadusintoacceptingpeople'svirtualimagesonlineratherthanhaveadeepinsightintothem.(要点4)Therefore，toencouragecuriosity，don'tdependontechnologyexcessively.(要点5)