江苏专用2022高考英语二轮增分策略专题四任务型阅读第二节分类突破一原文词汇类优选习题

第二节　分类突破一、原文词汇类(2022·江苏)PopulationChangeWhyistheworld’spopulationgrowing？Theanswerisnotwhatyoumightthink.Thereasonfortheexplosionisnotthatpeoplehavebeenreproducinglikerabbits，butthatpeoplehavestoppeddroppingdeadlikeflies.In1900，peoplediedattheaverageageof30.By2000theaverageagewas65.Butwhileincreasinghealthwasatypicalfeatureofthe20thcentury，decliningbirthratecouldbeadefiningoneofthe21st.Statisticsshowthattheaveragenumberofbirthsperwomanhasfallenfrom4.9intheearly1960sto2.5nowadays.Furthermore，around50%oftheworld’spopulationliveinregionswherethefigureisnowbelowthereplacementlevel(i.e.2.1birthsperwoman)andalmostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.Youmightthinkthatdevelopingnationswouldmakeuptheloss(especiallysince80%oftheworld’speoplenowliveinsuchnations)，butyou’dbewrong.Decliningbirthrateisamajorprobleminmanydevelopingregionstoo，whichmightcause9\ncatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.AgreatdeclineinyoungworkforceislikelytooccurinChina，forinstance.Whatdoesitimply？First，Chinaneedstoundergorapideconomicdevelopmentbeforeapopulationdeclinehitsthecountry.Second，ifotherfactorssuchastechnologyremainconstant，economicgrowthandmaterialexpectationswillfallwellbelowrecentstandardsandthiscouldinvitetrouble.Russiaisanothercountrywithpopulationproblemsthatcouldbreakitseconomicpromise.Since1992thenumberofpeopledyinghasbeenbiggerthanthatofthosebeingbornbyamassive50%.Indeedofficialfiguressuggestthecountryhasshrunkby5%since1993andpeopleinRussialiveashorterlifenowthanthosein1961.Whyisthisoccurring？Nobodyisquitesure，butpoordietandabovealllong-timealcoholismhavemuchtodowithit.Ifcurrenttrendsdon’tbend，Russia’spopulationwillbeaboutthesizeofYemen’sbytheyear2050.InthenorthofIndia，thepopulationisboomingduetohighbirthrates，butinthesouth，wheremosteconomicdevelopmentistakingplace，birthrateisfallingrapidly.Inafurthertwist，birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasandlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.Intotal,25%ofIndia’sworking-agepopulationhasnoeducation.In2030，asixthofthecountry’spotentialworkforcecouldbetotallyuneducated.Onesolutionisobviouslytoimportforeignworkersviaimmigration.AsfortheUSA，itisalmostuniqueamongdevelopednationsinhavingapopulationthatisexpectedtogrowby20%from2022-2030.Moreover，theUSAhasatrackrecordofsuccessfullyacceptingimmigrants.Asaresultit’slikelytoseeariseinthesizeofitsworking-agepopulationandtowitnessstrongeconomicgrowthoverthelongerterm.9\n考场思维模式第一步：读表格，知文章大意通过略读树状图，可知本文话题是“人口下降”，并且分析了几个国家存在的人口问题。第二步：定位，定词，定性，定形任务型阅读树状图高度概括了原文信息，为了节约时间并且提高解题的针对性，先读图中的内容，然后在原文中进行定位，定位后进行定词，定词后定性(如名词、动词、形容词、副词)，最后定形(如单复数、非谓语形式、大小写等)。1．原文词汇类74．答案　economic解析　文章第三、四、五段分别分析了中国、俄罗斯、印度存在的人口问题以及对本国经济发展的影响，结合第三、五段中出现的economicdevelopment以及第四段中出现的economicpromise可判断填economic。79．答案　immigration9\n解析　最后一段介绍了美国解决人口问题的办法，即通过移民入境增加外国劳动力。根据“Onesolutionisobviouslytoimportforeignworkersviaimmigration.”可判断填immigration。2．转换词汇类73．答案　immediate解析　根据第二段中的“...whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.”可知，发展中国家出生率的下降可能会导致几十年后灾难性的劳动力短缺，由withinafewdecades可知出生率下降带来的影响可能不会立即显现出来，故填immediate。75．答案　old/older解析　根据第三段第一句“AgreatdeclineinyoungworkforceislikelytooccurinChina，forinstance.”可知，中国很有可能出现年轻劳动力减少的问题，也就是说中国的劳动力群体正在变老，此处既可以用old的原级，也可以用其比较级。76．答案　earlier解析　根据第四段中的“...peopleinRussialiveashorterlifenowthanthosein1961.”可知，当前俄罗斯人的寿命比1961年时要短，liveashorterlife可以同义替换为earlierdeath(早逝)。3．概括词汇类71．答案　lower解析　根据第一段最后一句“...decliningbirthratecouldbeadefiningoneofthe21st.”可知，出生率的下降是21世纪的特征，也就是说，21世纪的出生率可能会比20世纪的更低，故填lower。72．答案　size/scale解析　根据第二段中的“...almostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.”可知，大部分发达国家正经历着人口负增长，也就是说发达国家难以保持人口的规模，“人口的规模”用thesize/scaleofpopulation表达。77．答案　living/life解析　根据第四段中的“...butpoordietandabovealllong-timealcoholismhavemuchtodowithit.”可知，糟糕的饮食习惯尤其是长期酗酒与俄罗斯人寿命变短有很大的关系，所以需要改变人们的生活方式，“生活方式”可以用wayofliving/life表达。9\n78．答案　equality解析　根据第五段中的“Inafurthertwist，birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasandlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.”可知，在教育水平落后的农村地区出生率最高，而在教育水平发达的城市地区出生率最低。由此可以推断，暂时不考虑出生率问题，如果印度能够实现教育机会均等的话，它的经济可能会腾飞，故填equality。80．答案　compensate解析　根据最后一段可知，移民入境将会弥补美国年轻劳动力不足的问题，“弥补”可用compensatefor表示。第三步：复查并且将答案填在答题卡上复查完确认不需要修改之后，将试卷上所写答案填在答题卡指定区域，注意要认真书写，不能潦草。信息捕捉题就是常见的原文词汇题，这是属于对学生英语中低层水平能力的考查。一般占50%左右，原文词汇题是基础题目，考查学生从文章中捕捉信息的能力。一般可以直接通过表格和原文进行对照，边读文章边可以找出与试题相关的信息，获取到相关单词，有时候试题和原文句型的句式不同，需进行简单的逻辑推理然后找到相应的单词，不需变化，直接填入。解题关键是信息的定位和筛选。(2022·盐城三模)Artificialintelligence(AI)isrushingintobusiness.FirmsofalltypesareusingAItoforecastdemand，hireworkersanddealwithcustomers.TheMcKinseyGlobalInstitute，athink-tankwithinaconsultancy，forecaststhatjustapplyingAItomarketing，salesandsupplychainscouldcreateeconomicvalueof2.7trnoverthenext20years.Suchgrandforecastsfuelanxietyaswellashope.Lessfamiliar，butjustasimportant，ishowAIwilltransformtheworkplace.Startwiththebenefits.AIoughttoimproveproductivity.Humanyze，apeopleanalyticssoftwareprovider，combinesdatafromitsbadges(工牌)withemployees’calendarsande-mailstoworkout，say，whetherofficelayoutsfavour9\nteamwork.Slack，aworkplacemessagingapp，helpsmanagersassesshowquicklyemployeesaccomplishtasks.Companieswillseewhenworkersarenotjustdozingoffbutalsomisbehaving.Employeeswillgain，too.Thankstoadvancesincomputervision，AIcancheckthatworkersarewearingsafetyequipmentandthatnoonehasbeenharmedonthefactoryfloor.Somewillappreciatemorefeedbackontheirworkandwelcomeasenseofhowtodobetter.Machinescanhelpensurethatpayrisesandpromotionsgotothosewhodeservethem.Thatstartswithhiring.Peopleoftenhavebiasesbutalgorithms(算法)，ifdesignedcorrectly，canbemoreunprejudiced.Softwarecanflagpatternsthatpeoplemightmiss.YetAI’sbenefitswillcomewithmanypotentialdrawbacks.Algorithmsmaynotbefreeofthebiasesoftheirprogrammers，whichcanhaveunintendedconsequences.Thelengthofatravelmaypredictwhetheranemployeewillquitajob，butthisfocusmayharmpoorerapplicants.OlderstaffmightworkmoreslowlythanyoungeronesandcouldrisklosingtheirpositionsifallAIlooksforisproductivity.Andsurveillance(监控)mayfeelOrwellian—asensitivematternowthatpeoplehavebeguntoquestionhowmuchFacebookandothertechgiantsknowabouttheirprivatelives.AsregulatorsandemployersweightheprosandconsofAIintheworkplace，threeprinciplesoughttoguideitsspread.First，datashouldbeanonymisedwherepossible.Microsoft，forexample，hasaproductthatshowsindividualshowtheymanagetheirtimeintheoffice，butgivesmanagersinformationonlyinaggregated(整合)form.Second，theuseofAIoughttobetransparent.Employeesshouldbetoldwhattechnologiesarebeingusedintheirworkplacesandwhichdataarebeinggathered.Asamatterofroutine，algorithmsusedbyfirmstohire，fireandpromoteshouldbetestedforbiasandunintendedconsequences.Last，countriesshouldletindividualsrequesttheirowndata，whethertheyareex-workerswishingtocontestadismissalorjobseekershopingtodemonstratetheirabilitytoprospectiveemployers.ThemarchofAIintotheworkplacecallsfortrade-offsbetweenprivacyandperformance.Afairer，moreproductiveworkforceisaprizeworthhaving，butnotif9\nitchainsemployees.Strikingabalancewillrequirethought，awillingnessforbothemployersandemployeestoadapt，andastrongdoseofhumanity.AISpyPassageoutlineSupportingdetailsIntroductionWhileitsfutureinbusinessisfullof71.，AIaffectstheworkplacenegatively.AdvantagesofAI•AImakesbusinessmoreproductivebyanalyzingtheofficelayout，assessingtheemployees’workingefficiencyand72.theirbehavior.•AIcan73.employees’safetyandprovidefeedbackforthemtobetterthemselves.•AIhelpsbusinesseshiremoresuitableemployeesanddevelopabetter74.ofpromotionandpayrise.PotentialdrawbacksofAI•Undesirableresultsmayariseduetothebiasesoftheprogrammers.•Poorerapplicantsandolderstaffareata75..•Employees’privacyis76.intheageofAI.Principles77.AI’sspread•Keepthedataanonymouswhentheyaregatheredandused.•78.employeesoftechnologiesusedintheworkplaceandtestthealgorithmstoavoidundesirableresults.•79.employeestoaccessdatafortheirownsake.SummaryOnlywhenemployeesandemployersare80.toadaptandrespecteachother，canAImakeworkplacefairerandmoreproductive.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。首先对人工智能的优、缺点进行了介绍，然后介绍了指导这项技术普及的三个原则，并在最后进行了总结。9\n71．答案　promise/hope解析　原文词汇题。根据第二段第一句“Suchgrandforecastsfuelanxietyaswellashope.”中的hope的提示，AI的前景很好，但是对于工厂有不良的影响。故填promise/hope。72．答案　monitoring解析　转换词汇题。根据第三段最后一句“Companieswillseewhenworkersarenotjustdozingoffbutalsomisbehaving.”可知，公司会监视员工是否打瞌睡或者行为不当，故填monitoring。73．答案　guarantee/ensure解析　转换词汇题。根据第四段第二句中的“AIcancheckthatworkersarewearingsafetyequipmentandthatnoonehasbeenharmedonthefactoryfloor”可知，AI可以保障工人的安全，确认他们穿着安全设备，不会受伤。故填guarantee或ensure。74．答案　system解析　概括词汇题。根据第五段最后两句“Peopleoftenhavebiasesbutalgorithms(算法)，ifdesignedcorrectly，canbemoreunprejudiced.Softwarecanflagpatternsthatpeoplemightmiss.”讲到了人们可能会因为存在偏见而不公正，但软件可以解决这个问题，也就是有一个更好的升职加薪系统。故填system。75．答案　disadvantage解析　转换词汇题。根据第六段第四句“Olderstaffmightworkmoreslowlythanyoungerones...”可知，年长员工效率可能比年轻员工低，容易被淘汰，处于弱势。故填disadvantage。76．答案　violated/disturbed解析　转换词汇题。根据第六段末句中的“nowthatpeoplehavebeguntoquestionhowmuchFacebookandothertechgiantsknowabouttheirprivatelives”可知，人们开始质疑脸书还有其他科技巨头对他们的私人生活有多么了解，也就是说人们的隐私被侵犯、打扰。故填violated/disturbed。77．答案　guiding解析　转换词汇题。根据倒数第二段第一句中的“threeprinciplesoughttoguideitsspread”可知应用guide的相关形式。此处作定语，故填guiding。78．答案　Inform9\n解析　转换词汇题。根据倒数第二段第五句“Employeesshouldbetoldwhattechnologiesarebeingusedintheirworkplacesandwhichdataarebeinggathered.”可知，员工需要被告知信息。这里考查固定搭配informsb.ofsth，故填Inform。79．答案　Permit/Allow解析　转换词汇题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“Last，countriesshouldletindividualsrequesttheirowndata...”可知，应允许员工为了个人需求访问这些数据。固定搭配allow/permitsb.todosth，故填Permit/Allow。80．答案　willing解析　转换词汇题。根据最后一段最后一句“...awillingnessforbothemployersandemployeestoadapt...”可知，管理者和员工愿意互相接受和尊重。固定搭配bewillingtodosth，故填willing。9