江苏专用2022高考英语二轮增分策略专题四任务型阅读第二节分类突破二转换词汇类优选习题

二、转换词汇类(2022·江苏)Peopleselectnewsinexpectationofareward.Thisrewardmaybeeitheroftwokinds.OneisrelatedtowhatFreudcallsthePleasurePrinciple，theothertowhathecallstheRealityPrinciple.Forwantofbetternames，weshallcallthesetwoclassesimmediaterewardanddelayedreward.Ingeneral，thekindofnewswhichmaybeexpectedtogiveimmediaterewardarenewsofcrimeandcorruption，accidentsanddisasters，sports，socialevents，andhumaninterest.Delayedrewardmaybeexpectedfromnewsofpublicaffairs，economicmatters，socialproblems，science，education，andhealth.Newsofthefirstkindpaysitsrewardsatonce.Areadercanenjoyanindirectexperiencewithoutanyofthedangersorstressesinvolved.Hecantremblewildlyatanaxe-murder，shakehisheadsympatheticallyandsafelyatahurricane，identifyhimselfwiththewinningteam，laughunderstandinglyatawarmlittlestoryofchildrenordogs.Newsofthesecondkind，however，paysitsrewardslater.Itsometimesrequiresthereadertotolerateunpleasantnessorannoyance—as，forexample，whenhereadsofthethreateningforeignsituation，themountingnationaldebt，risingtaxes，falling9\nmarket，scarcehousing，andcancer.Ithasakindof“threatvalue”．Itisreadsothatthereadermaybeinformedandprepared.Whenareaderselectsdelayedrewardnews，hepullshimselfintotheworldofsurroundingrealitytowhichhecanadapthimselfonlybyhardwork.Whenheselectsnewsoftheotherkind，heusuallywithdrawsfromtheworldofthreateningrealitytowardthedreamworld.Foranyindividual，ofcourse，theboundariesofthesetwoclassesarenotstable.Forexample，asociologistmayreadnewsofcrimeasasocialproblem，ratherthanforitsimmediatereward.Acoachmayreadasportsstoryforitsthreatvalue：hemayhavetoplaythatteamnextweek.Apoliticianmayreadanaccountofhislatestsuccessfulpublicmeeting，notforitsdelayedreward，butverymuchashiswifereadsanaccountofaparty.Inanygivenstoryofcorruptionordisaster，athoughtfulreadermayreceivenotonlytheimmediaterewardofindirectexperience，butalsothedelayedrewardofinformationandpreparedness.Therefore，whilethedivisionofcategoriesholdsingeneral，anindividual’stendencymaytransferanystoryfromonekindofreadingtoanother，ordividetheexperiencebetweenthetwokindsofreward.WhatNewsStoriesDoYouRead？Divisionofnewsstories·Peopleexpecttoget71.rewards/rewardedfromreadingnews.·Newsstoriesareroughlydividedintotwoclasses.·Somenewswillexcitetheirreadersinstantlywhileotherswon’t.72.Explanationsofthetwoclasses·Newsofimmediaterewardwillseeminglytaketheirreaderstotheveryfrighteningscenewithoutactual73.involvement.·Readerswillassociatethemselvescloselywithwhathappensinthenewsstoriesand74.sharesimilarfeelingswiththoseinvolved.·Newsofdelayedrewardwillmakereaderssuffer，orpresenta75.threattothem.·Newsofdelayedrewardwillinducethereaderto76.preparefortherealitywhilenewsofimmediaterewardwillleadthe9\nreaderto77.withdrawfromthereality.Unstableboundariesofthetwoclasses·Whatreadersexpectfromnewsstoriesarelargelyshapedbytheir78.profession(s)/intention.·Seriousreaderswillbothgetexcitedoverwhathappensinsomenewsstoriesand79.adaptthemselvestothereality.·Thus，thedivision，onthewhole,80.dependsonthereader.考场思维模式第一步：读表格，填出较简单的概括词汇题文章标题是“你读什么样的新闻故事？”，然后分三部分进行了分析。其中第72题是概括性词汇，根据其右表信息可知是“两类新闻故事的解释(说明)”，故第72题填Explanations。注意首字母要大写。第二步：定位、定词、定性、定形任务型阅读表格高度概括了原文信息，为了节约时间并且提高解题的针对性，先读表格内容，然后在原文中进行定位。定位后进行定词。定词后要定性(如名词、动词、形容词、副词)，最后定形(如单复数、非谓语形式、大小写等)。1．原文词汇类75．根据原文第四段中的“Ithasakindof‘threatvalue.’”可知应填threat。77．根据原文第四段中的“Whenheselectsnewsoftheotherkind，heusuallywithdrawsfromtheworldofthreateningrealitytowardthedreamworld.”可得到暗示，应填withdraw。79．此句是对最后一段倒数第二句的转换。这可从第四段中的“hepullshimselfintotheworldofsurroundingrealitytowhichhecanadapthimselfonlybyhardwork”得到暗示，填adapt。2．转换词汇类71．原文reward出现了多次。第一段有areward，第三段有rewards，因此可以知道reward是可数名词。此空只能填一个词，因此填rewards。另外reward也可用作动词，还可填rewarded，表示被动，意思是“获得奖赏”。73．根据表格内容可以将信息定位在原文第三段中的“Areadercanenjoyanindirect9\nexperiencewithoutanyofthedangersorstressesinvolved.”。其中关键信息是withoutanyofthedangersorstressesinvolved，关键词是involved。原文involved作后置定语，而此空前面是withoutactual，后面要填名词形式involvement。74．此题是将原文第三段中“Hecantremblewildlyatanaxe-murder，shakehisheadsympatheticallyandsafelyatahurricane，identifyhimselfwiththewinningteam，laughunderstandinglyatawarmlittlestoryofchildrenordogs.”信息转换成题目中的“sharesimilarfeelingswiththoseinvolved”。76．根据原文第四段中的“Itisreadsothatthereadermaybeinformedandprepared.”可得到暗示，填prepare。80．最后一段主要讲了这两种分类不是一成不变的，也就是说这取决于读者，故填depends。3．概括词汇类78．文章最后一段提到的sociologist，coach，politician都是不同的职业，或者说不同的划分取决于不同的目的，故填profession(s)/intention。第三步：复查并将答案填在答题卡上复查完确认没有修改之后，将试卷上所写答案填在答题卡规定区域，注意要认真书写，不能潦草。转换词汇类是典型的二次加工题型，需要考生有基本的构词法知识，对句子成分和词性的对应关系要明确。做题时，不但要找到与试题相关的句子信息，还要根据词法和句法知识以及上下文的逻辑关系进行加工，从而提炼出新词。要求考生对已锁定的关键句进行知识重组，运用多种表达方式，考查考生是否具有遣词造句的能力。常见的转换词汇题可分为：词形转换、同义(反义)表达、句型转换等。1．词形转换词形转换题即用不同的方式表达文中的意义，由于表达的方法不同，被考查单词在原文和试题中充当的句子成分不同。有时所采用的词性会有所变化。如，动词与名词的转换、动词与动名词的转换、形容词与副词的转换、名词与形容词的转换等，有时还涉及短语搭配的考查。(1)Socialisolationisanobjectiveconditioninwhichpeoplehavelittlecommunicationwithothers.＝Socialisolationmeansthatpeoplehardlycommunicatewithothersorstay9\nalone.(2)It’salsoimportantforeverystudenttosethighacademicgoalssoastobeabletobuildagoodcareer.＝Studentswhowanttobuildagoodcareershouldattachimportancetosettinghighacademicgoals.2．同义(反义)表达同义(反义)表达是指用不同的词组表达同一个意思或是相反的意思。这主要考查考生灵活运用英语的能力。此项考查要求我们对同义/反义词(组)互换，单个动词与动词短语的互换，单个副词与短语的互换等。(1)Theuseoftheseresourcescannotgoonindefinitely—wewouldrunout.＝Thevastmajorityofresourcescan’tbereplacedandtheywouldbeusedup.(2)Buttheysayit’sfarfromclearthatsocialisolation，notloneliness，isalwaystherealcauseofincreaseddeathrate.＝Itwasstillunclear/vague/ambiguousthatsocialisolationratherthanlonelinessistherealcauseofhigherdeathrate.(3)Youareexpectedtoknowthateverystepcountsandthatsettingupgoalsiseasy，butfollowingthemonaconsistentbasisisdifficult.＝Youshouldbeaware/consciousthatit’sdifficulttofollowyourgoalsconsistently.3．句型转换句型转换题指的是用不同的句式表达同一意思。有时是主动语态与被动语态的互换，有时是采用另外一种句式表达。答题时要抓住核心词汇，对这些词汇表达进行句式转换，一般为高中阶段常用句式。(1)Whensomethingisthrownaway，welosethenaturalresources，theenergyandthetimewhichhavebeenusedtomaketheproduct.＝Thenaturalresources，theenergyandthetimeusedtomaketheproductbecomelostwhensomethingisthrownaway.(2)Researchershavefoundthatolderpeoplewithfewerhumancontactsaremorelikelytodie.＝Socialisolationmayincrease/raiseolderpeople’sriskofdeath.9\n(3)Settinggoalsforcompletingthedailyschedulehelpsanemployeetofinishtheassignedtasksandtargetsinatimelymanner.＝Bysettinggoals，anemployeecanincreaseoutputandperformanceinsteadofdelayingcompletinghisorhertasks.Marketershavemoreoptionsintoday’sincreasinglymultilingualsociety—avarietyofelectronicandprintmediacanaddressgroupsofconsumersindifferentlanguages.Variousfactorsinfluencethechoiceofmediaandlanguage.Insomecases，it’ssimplypracticaltoadvertiseintheconsumer’snativelanguage，particularlyifmanyoftheconsumersinthisgroupareprimarilymonolingual.Inothercases，byadvertisingon，say，aSpanishtelevisionchannelintheUS，anadvertisermayearntherespectoftheconsumerbyaddressinghiminhisnativelanguage，aswellasdeveloppositiveassociationswiththemediumanditsuniquecontent.Now，marketershaveanotherfactortoconsiderwhendecidingwheretoadvertiseandinwhatlanguage.Apaper.Dobilingualshavetwopersonalities?AspecialcaseofculturalframeswitchingpublishedbyresearchersattheUniversityofTexas，showsthatbilingualindividualsexhibitdifferentpersonalitycharacteristicswhenspeakingdifferentlanguages.LeadresearcherNairanRamirez-Esparza，testedindividualswhowerebilingualinEnglishandSpanishforvariouspersonalitytraits，andfoundthatthesubjectsansweredthequestionsdifferentlywhenaskedinEnglishandSpanish.Thenewworkbuiltonpastresearchthatshowedthevaluesofsubjectschangedwhentheyweresurroundedbystimulifromdifferentcultures.Howcanmarketerstakeadvantageof“culturalframeswitching”？Itmaysoundchallengingwithoutspecificresearch，butatleastforSpanish，EnglishbilingualsintheUS，thereisnowsomeharddataonthelanguage-relatedpersonalityshift.Extrapolatingtootherlanguagecombinationsmaybepossible，too.SincetheSpanish/EnglishbilingualresultsseemtobeinagreementwithtestingofmonolingualSpanishandEnglishspeakers，language-specifictestingofbilingualsubjectsmay9\nnotbeessentialtogetanideaofwhatkindofculturalframeswitchingmightoccurinotherbilingualcombinations.Rather，comparingknownpersonalitydifferencesforeachlanguage/culturewouldgiveanindicationofthedifferencesbilingualindividualswouldexhibit.Ithinkitwouldbeamistaketoover-emphasizethisphenomenonoverothercriteriaaffectingtheselectionofappropriatemediaandlanguagetoreachatargetmarket.Clearly，themajorconsiderationsofdemographics(人口统计资料)，perceptionofthemedium，languagefluency，etc.shouldremainmajorfactors.Besides，thelanguage-drivenculturalframeswitchingmaynotmakemuchdifferencetomanyproductsorservices.Iftheproductdoesattractoneculturalpersonalitymore，though，itmaymakesensetoexploitthatdifferencesoftheotherdecisioncriteriaaremoreorlessequivalent.Theresearcherspointoutthatthedifferencesaren’tgreat.Evenifslight，though，thedifferencesarenoticeable.CulturalFrameSwitching：DifferentLanguage，DifferentPersonalityConceptofculturalframeswitchingCulturalframeswitchingreferstothephenomenonofshiftingfromoneculturalmindsettoanotherwhenpeopleare71.totheirnewculturalenvironment.ApplicationsofculturalframeswitchingCulturalframeswitchingisafactormarketersnowtakeinto72.toreachtargetcustomers.Personalityshiftprovestobe73.forSpanish/Englishbilinguals，whichmakesitnot74.todolanguage-specifictestingofbilingualsubjects.Lookingfortheknownpersonalitydifferencesbetweeneachlanguage/culturewouldgivemarketersabetter75.ofhowbilingualindividualswould76.intwodifferentcultures.FactsaboutIt’swrongtoputtoomuch77.onthefunctions9\nculturalframeswitchingofculturalframeswitching.Comparedwithothercriteria，thelanguage-drivenculturalframeswitchingsimplyplaysa(n)78.roleinmarketingsuccess.Providingthataproduct79.toacertainculturalpersonalitymore，thedifferenceisworthemploying.ConclusionTheeffectdifferentlanguageshaveonpersonalityis80.butnoticeable.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　语篇解读　在当今日益多元化的社会中，营销人员有更多的选择。各种各样的电子和印刷媒体可以用不同的语言对话消费者群体，现在市场营销人员开始考虑文化框架转换的因素。71．答案　exposed解析　转换词汇题。根据第二段最后一句“Thenewworkbuiltonpastresearchshowedthevaluesofsubjectschangedwhentheyweresurroundedbystimulifromdifferentcultures.”可知，文化框架转换指的是当面临全新的环境时，人们从一种文化心态转向另一种文化心态的移位现象。beexposedto暴露于。72．答案　account/consideration解析　转换词汇题。根据第一段最后四句可知，现在市场人员开始考虑文化框架转换的因素。take...intoaccount/consideration是固定短语，意为“考虑到……”，故填account/consideration。73．答案　existent解析　概括词汇题。根据第二、三段的内容可知，性格转换这种现象是存在的。故填existent。74．答案　necessary/essential解析　原文词汇题。根据第三段中的“language-specifictestingofbilingualsubjectsmaynotbeessentialtogetanideaofwhatkindofculturalframeswitchingmightoccurinotherbilingual9\ncombinations”可知，双语科目的特定语言测试可能不是必要的。故填necessary/essential。75．答案　understanding/idea解析　转换词汇题。根据第三段最后一句“Rather，comparingknownpersonalitydifferencesforeachlanguage/culturewouldgiveanindicationofthedifferencesbilingualindividualswouldexhibit.”可知，比较每种语言/文化的已知个性差异可以对双语个体会表现出的差异给出提示。此处用近义词giveabetterunderstanding/idea来表示，故填understanding/idea。76．答案　behave解析　转换词汇题。参考上题解析。exhibit在这是“展览；显示；提出(证据等)”的意思，故填behave。77．答案　stress/emphasis解析　转换词汇题。根据第四段开头“Ithinkitwouldbeamistaketoover-emphasizethisphenomenonoverother...”可知，不应过分强调文化框架转换。putstress/emphasison意为“强调”，故填stress/emphasis。78．答案　minor/unimportant解析　转换词汇题。根据第四段中的“Besides，thelanguage-drivenculturalframeswitchingmaynotmakemuchdifferencetomanyproductsorservices.”可知，语言驱动的文化框架转换对很多产品影响不大。形容词修饰名词，故填minor/unimportant。79．答案　appeals解析　转换词汇题。根据第四段末句“Iftheproductdoesattractoneculturalpersonalitymore，though，itmaymakesensetoexploitthatdifferenceoftheotherdecisioncriteriaaremoreorlessequivalent.”可知，假如一个产品更吸引某种文化个性，那这种区别就值得采用。attract＝appealto，故填appeals。80．答案　slight解析　原文词汇题。根据最后一段“Theresearcherspointoutthatthedifferencesaren’tgreat.Evenifslight，though，thedifferencesarenoticeable.”可知，研究人员发现不同语言对个性的影响虽然轻微，但是这些不同是显而易见的。故填slight。9