江苏专用2022高考英语二轮增分策略专题五书面表达第二节分类突破二段落概括的9大技巧优选习题

二、段落概括的9大技巧读写任务型写作中，开头的30词的段落概括是一篇好的书面表达的开始。我们必须从文体入手，分析文章结构，准确把握要点，注意区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等逻辑关系。在概括文章时，可考虑命题人提供的写作内容，因为它能够帮助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要点的速度与准确性。1．概括的标准：瞄准目的，省却细节，抛弃例子。2．概括的写作步骤：(1)确定主题句；(2)寻找关键词；(3)重构主题句；(4)重组支撑句。3．注意概括段落的文体(1)对于故事性、记叙性的文体：要找出文中的时间、地点、人物、事件(过程)、原因、结果(影响、感悟、启发、启迪、结论)。即when，where，who，what，why，how。(2)对于议论文，转述时则要准确而全面地概括作者的观点和态度。①在文中找关键词(主题字眼)；②找出涉及主题的问题(作者看法)；③找出相关问题的解决办法。可以借助相关过渡词，恰当地概括文章要点，切勿照抄原文句子。4．如何写主题句进行读写任务型写作时，因“写作内容”所列要点的顺序已具有内在的逻辑性，所以考生按照所给内容要点顺序写作即可，无需重新调整。一般是每个写作要点安排一段，且将写作内容的每个要点作为各段的主题句，放在句首。这样既符合英语的写作习惯，又可以避免写作时跑题或漏掉要点，并且层次分明，方便阅卷老师落实要点是否齐全。当然，如果所给要点之间有非常紧密的联系，也可以安排在同一段内。10\n微技能(一)　直接翻译对不含提问性质的要点，一般将其译成英语即可，必要时可增加关联词。例如：1．其他督促学生认真学习的办法。However，thereareotherwaystomakestudentsworkhard.2．中学生活和大学生活的差别。Frommypointofview，thecollegelifewillbedifferentfromthelifeinhighschool.微技能(二)　回答要点主题句对要点提问作出明确回答。例如：1．要点：学生的压力来源是什么？Nowadays，studentsareundergreatpressure，whichmainlycomesfromtheirschoolworkaswellaspeerrelationship.2．要点：在小孩几岁的时候教他们理财？用什么形式理财？Ithinkfivetosixisanappropriateagetobeginteachingchildrenmoneymanagementskills.Parentsmayaccompanytheirchildrentothebankandhelpthemopenanaccountinwhichtheycansavetheirluckymoney.微技能(三)　明确观点对带有一般问句性质、要求考生作出肯定或否定回答的要点，考生要明确表示支持还是反对、赞同还是不赞同、该还是不该等，或表明会不会做某事。例如：1．你是否也埋怨过父母。Asforme，Ialwayscomplainaboutmyparents’highexpectationonmeandtheirignoringmyrealfeelings.2．你是否赞同“狼爸”式的教育，并陈述你的理由。PersonallyIdisapproveofwhatisadvocatedinthebookentitled“That’sWhyTheyGotoPekingUniversity”，becauseIwonderwhethertheadmissiontoaprestigiousuniversityhasbecometheonlymarkerofsuccessinmostparents’mind，orrather，afullstoptoparentalduties.微技能(四)　“重要”表达如果要点是“谈谈……的重要性”，主题句则为“……有重要作用”；如果要点是“谈谈……有何重要意义”，主题句则为“……很有意义”等。说明必要、重要或意义的常用表达有：1．Weshouldattachmoreimportancetosth.2．Itisimportant/significantforsb.todosth.10\n3．Sth.playsaveryimportantrole/partin...4．Sth.isplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlife.5．Peoplearecomingtorealizetheimportanceof...6．Thesignificanceof...cannotbeovervalued.例如：1.谈谈独立的重要性。Inspiredbythestory，Isuddenlyrealizedtheimportanceofindependence.2．谈谈在危急的状况下保持镇静的重要意义。Firstofall，keepingcalminanemergencyisofgreatsignificance.微技能(五)　表明看法对“你对……的看法/态度”之类的写作要点，考生可用inmyopinion/view，personally，asfarasI’mconcerned等开头，直接表明自己的看法。例如：1．你对父母溺爱孩子的看法。Inmyopinion，overprotectionandtoomuchcareareextremelybadforchildren’sdevelopment.2．我对大学扩招的看法。Frommypointofview，thistendencyshouldbecontinued，asweneedmorecapablepeopletocontributetothefastgrowingeconomy.微技能(六)　引出经历由别人的经历引出自己的经历时可用以下句型来表达：1．Itremindsmeofthetimewhen...2．Itremindsmeofanaccidentwhichhappenedseveraldaysago.3．Afterreadingthestoryabove，Irecalltheexperienceofmyfriendwho...4．Thestoryaboveremindsmeofoneofmyexperiences...例如：1．讲述一次你(或你的朋友)想家的经历(时间、地点和起因)。Sam’sstoryremindsmeofmysimilarexperience.2．你(或你同学)的一次车祸经历。Ialsoexperiencedasimilarcaraccident.题组过关1　根据所给要点写出每个段落的主题句1．要点：发脾气的害处。Asweknow，gettingangrynotonlydoesharmtoone’shealth，butalsohasabadeffectontherelationshipbetweenpeople.2．要点：我们能以木匠建房的态度去对待我们的生活吗？Innowayshouldwetreatourlifeinthewaylikethecarpenter.10\n3．要点：作为校方应该采取哪些措施避免此类悲剧(校园安全问题)的发生。Morelecturesshouldbeheldonsafetytoenhancestudents’awarenessoftheissue.4．要点：你是否支持该校长的做法，并陈述理由。I’mcompletelyforwhattheheadmasterdid.Onlywhenstudentsbehavewellcantheycreateagoodenvironmentforstudy，soit’snecessarytosuspendthemisbehavedstudentsandhelpthemtobehavewell.5．要点：北大不应该拒绝游客。ItsurprisesmetolearnthatPekingUniversityshutsitsdoortogrouptours，whichseemsinappropriate.6．要点：越来越多的人又开始骑自行车的原因。Nowadays，moreandmorepeopleridebicycles.Themainreasonisthat...7．要点：你是否赞成文中对出国游学的看法？Icouldn’tagreemorewiththeauthor./Itotallyagreewiththeauthor.8．要点：日常生活中为了保护环境我们还可以做些什么？Ashighschoolstudents，wearesupposedtomakegreateffortstohelpprotectourenvironment.微技能(七)　要素串联法对记叙文进行概括时，要抓住原文的人物、事件、结果三大要素。有些记叙文的结尾有一个点题句，表达深刻内涵或故事带给人们的启示，在写概要时也需把故事寓意表达出来。1．寻词摘句，确定要素：记叙文通常包含时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因(why)、经过(how)等六大要素。在阅读时要圈定这些要素。2．整合信息，串联要素：列出上述要素和关键词后，需要对其进行整合，把所圈定的要素按一定的逻辑顺序，在整合时要有所取舍，对于能揭示主题的主要信息，应该全部概括；而对于主题之外的内容要毫不吝啬地舍弃。3．认真审题，注意表达：表达时要注意以下三点：(1)确定人称：如果原文是第一人称，在转述时一般要改为第三人称。(2)确定时态：记叙文以一般过去时为主。若记叙文中有作者从中得到的“启示”或“意义”等，一般用一般现在时表达。(3)确定词数与句数：概要要求是“以约30个词概括”，满分作文概括的词数在26～38个单词之间。受词数限制，概括部分一般用1～3句表达，以用两句最佳，句子过多，要么内容累赘，要么句式过于简单，均会影响表达效果。注意：故事性阅读材料，应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么，不能拖泥带水，而且最好讲述该故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。题组过关2　阅读下面短文，然后以约30个词概括下文的主要内容，并按要求写出步骤。Afathercamehomefromworklate，tiredandexhausted.Heworkeddayandnight10\nhopingtoearnmoremoneyforhisonlychild.His5－year－olddaughterwaswaitingforhimatthedoor.“Dad，howmuchdoyouearnanhour？”askedthedaughter.“Whydoyouaskthat？”“Ijustwanttoknow.Pleasetellmehowmuchyouearnanhour.”“Ifyoureallywanttoknow...Iearn20anhour.”“Oh，”thelittlegirlrepliedwithherheaddown.Lookingupshesaid，“Dad，mayIborrow10？”Thefatherbecameangry.“Gotobedrightnow!Thinkabouthowselfishyouare！Iworkhardeverydaybutyoujustwanttobuyyoursillytoy！”Thelittlegirlquietlywenttoherbedroomfeelingsad.Afteranhourorsothefathercalmeddownandstartedtofeelsorrybecauseshereallydidn’taskformoneyveryoften.Sohewenttohisdaughter’sroomandgaveher10.Thelittlegirljumpedfromthebed.“Oh，thankyouDad！”Shewasreallyhappyindeed.Thenshetookoutherownsavingsandsaid，“Dad，Ihave20now.CanIbuyanhourofyourtime?Pleasecomehomeearliertomorrow.Iwouldliketohavedinnerwithyou.”第一步：圈定本文的要素whoagirlandherfatherwhenatthetimewhenherfathercamehomefromworkwhereathomewhatThegirlborrowed10fromherfatherandwantedtobuyanhourfromherfather.第二步：确定人称和时态1．人称：第三人称；2．时态：一般过去时。第三步：串联要素，确定表达Inthepassage，alittlegirlaskedherfather，whooftencamehomelatefromhardwork，howmuchheearnedanhour.Thensheborrowedsomemoneyfromherfatherandaskedhimtosellonehourofhistimetoaccompanyher.微技能(八)　中心词挖掘法10\n说明性短文，用概括的文字介绍或说明某种事物的性质功用或社会现象。所以我们碰到这样的文体，可以用中心词挖掘法。题组过关3　阅读下面短文，写出文章关键词，然后以约30个词归纳文章大意。WelcomebacktoModernParenting.We’vealreadytalkedaboutbeingopenandhonestwithyourkids，butthereisonethingthatallgoodparentsdo，andit’ssurprisinglysimple：readtoyourkids.Studiesshowthatchildrenarebetterpreparedforschoolandtendtogetbettergradeslateroniftheirparentsmakeahabitofreadingtothemfromayoungage.OnestudyfromHarvardUniversityfoundthatthenumberofbooksinthehomewasthesinglebiggestfactorrelatedtosuccessinschool，morethantheeducationorincomeoftheparents!Readingisfun，anditcanbeanimportantpartofrelaxingatbedtime.Bestofall，itgivesparentsanopportunitytocommunicatewiththeirchildrenandteachthemabouttheworld.It’snevertooearlytostartreadingtoyourchildren.Manyparentsbuybooksfortheirkidslongbeforetheycantalk，andsomeevenstartreadingtotheirchildrenbeforetheyareborn!Tripstothelibraryorthebookstorecanbefunactivitiesforyoungfamiliestodotogether.Soparents，ifyouarewonderingwhattodowithyourkidstonight，remember：allyouneedisagoodbook!That’sallforModernParenting.ThisisLesley，on105.7FM，sayinggoodnight.1．关键词：readtoyourkids；bebetterfor；ahabitofreading；thebiggestfactor；success；opportunity；communicatewith；activities2．根据以上关键词提示，请归纳文章大意：我们可以用这样的句式：(1)Thepassageintroduces...tous，especiallyits...，fromwhichweknow...(2)Thepassagetellsus...，including...(方法1)，...(方法2)，and...(方法3)．(3)Thepassagepointsoutthat...Theprogramintroducesasimplewaytoparents：readtotheirchildrenasearlyaspossible，whichisvitaltochildren’spersonalgrowth，academicachievementsandcommunicationwithparents.微技能(九)　主题概括法1．找出关键词和主题句任何议论文包括论点、论据、论证10\n三部分，所以在写议论文的摘要时也要扣住这三大要素。议论文是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般来说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点或看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。2．根据关键词和主题句进行概括根据圈定的关键词和主题句进行改写，用相应的同义词进行替换或进行句型转换，千万不能原封不动地抄写原文。3．整合要点，限制词数用相应的连词对各要点进行连接，使其连贯，整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数(30个词左右)。题组过关4阅读下面短文，然后以约30个词概括下文的主要内容。Ifyouaskpeoplewhatmakesthemhappy，youwillprobablygetmanydifferentanswers，buttherearetwofundamentalthingsthatwillensurehappiness.Thefirstpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisgrowth.Whenyoufeellikeyouareimprovingyourlife，that’swhenyouarehappy.Itdoesn’tnecessarilymeanthatyouhavetoconstantlybuybiggerandbetterthings.Youneedtofeellikeyouaregrowingonapersonallevel.Youneedtoknowthattheessenceofwhoyouareiscontinuallyimprovinginsomeway.Keeplookingforwaystomakeyourselfbettertodaythanyouwereyesterday.Thiscanmeandifferentthingstodifferentpeoplebutthepointisthatyouhavetofeellikeyouareimprovingandgettingbetterasahumanbeingastimegoesby.Thesecondpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisthesenseofcontribution.Everyonewantstobelievethattheyareputheretodosomethinggreat.Aslongasyouknowthatbyyourbeinghere，bydoingwhatyouaredoing，youarehelpingsomeonesomewhere，itwillbringyouhappiness.Thesearetwowaysofhowtofindhappiness.Arethesetheonlyanswerstowhatmakespeoplehappy?Thatdependsonhowyoudefinehappiness.第一步：圈定文章的关键词和主题句1．关键词：happy，differentanswers；twofundamentalthings2．主题句：Thefirstpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisgrowth.Thesecondpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisthesenseofcontribution.第二步：根据文章大意可知本文为“观点对比式议论文”1．人们的观点：Peoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutwhatmakesthemhappy.10\n2．作者的观点：Happinesscomesfromfundamentalsources.第三步：整合要点，确定答案Whilepeoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutwhatmakesthemhappy，thewriterthinksthathappinesscomesfromfundamentalsources：theimprovementofone’slifeandthesenseofcontribution.1阅读下面短文，写出记叙文的六大要素，并连成一段30词左右的段落大意。TheBestGiftDellaandJimbrokeawayfromtheirfamiliestogetmarried.Nowtheylivedinasmallatticofacoldandoldbuilding.Theywerenowdigestingthehardshipoflife.Theonlyjoywastheirsweetloveforeachother.Thehandsomehusbandhadtobeburdenedwithafamilythoughhewasyoung.Thebeautifulwifetookcareoftheshabbyhousewiththefewcoinsshesaved.Christmaswascoming.Theywerethinkingofagoodgiftforeachother.Dellaworeawaterfallofblackhair，buthercombwasbroken.Jimhadagoldwatchwithanoldchain，whichwaspassedfromhisoldgrandfather.Thebigdayfinallycame.Onarrivinghome，JimwassurprisedtofindDella’slonghaircutshort.ButDellawasalsosurprisedtofindJim’sgoldwatchgone.Shehadsoldherhairtobuyagoldwatchchainforhim!Hehadsoldhisgoldwatchtobuyanexpensivecombforher!Thegiftswerenowuseless.Butinfacttheygotthebestgifts.whoDellaandJimwhereasmallatticwhenbeforeChristmaswhatbuygiftsforeachotherhowselltheirpreciousthingswhylovebetweenthemThepassageisaboutthetruelovebetweenacouple，DellaandJim.Theybothsacrificedtheirmostvaluablethingstobuytheirpartneragifttofulfilltheirlittledreams.10\n2阅读下面短文，并用30词左右来概括段落大意。Aboyfoundaneagle’seggandheputitinthenestofahen.Theeaglehatchedandthoughthewasachicken.Hegrewupdoingwhatchickensdid—scratchingforfoodandflyingshortdistances.Itwasadulllife.Graduallytheeaglegrewolderandbitter.Onedayheandhischickenfriendssawabeautifulbirdsoaringonthecurrentsofair，highabovethemountains.“Oh，IwishIcouldflylikethat！”saidtheeagle.Thechickenreplied，“Don’tgiveitanotherthought.That’sthemighty(强大的)eagle，thekingofallbirds—youcouldneverbelikehim！”Andtheeagledidn’tgiveitanotherthought.Hewentoncacklingandcomplainingaboutlife.Hediedthinkinghewasaprairiechicken.Myfriends，youwerebornaneagletoo.TheCreatorintendedyoutobeaneagle，sodon’tlistentothechickens!Hatchedbyahen，aneaglelivedlikeachicken.Hewantedtoflylikeaneaglebutwasdiscouragedbyhisfellows.Eventuallyhediedbitterlywithoutknowinghehimselfwasaneagle.3阅读下面短文，并用30词左右的段落大意来概括。Honestymeansspeakingthetruthandbeingfair.Honestyisagoodvirtue.Ifyouarehonestallthetime，you’llbetrustedandrespectedbyothers.Aliarisalwayslookeddownuponandregardedasablacksheepbythepeoplearound.Onceyoulie，peoplewillneverbelieveyouevenifyouspeakthetruth.However，nowadaysitseemsthatmoreandmorepeoplebelieveinmoneyatthesacrificeofhonesty.Tothem，amongsuchthingsashealth，beauty，money，intelligence，honesty，reputationandtalent，honestyistheonlythingthatcanbethrownaway.Theydon’tunderstandorpretendnottounderstandthathonestyisthebiggestfortuneforhumans，andthatitisnecessarytodoeverythingwell.Inshort，honestyisgold.Honest，yourreputationwillbecomegreat；dishonest，yournamewillbespoiled.Therefore，weshouldnevermakesuchanexcuseas“Alittledishonestyisonlyaslightthing.”Weshouldremoveimmediatelytheseedofdishonestyonceit’ssowedinourminds.Itisknownthathonestyplaysanimportantroleinourlife，whichcancontribute10\ntooursuccessandearnusrespectfromothers.Therefore，honestyisofvitalimportanceandbringspeoplebenefits.4阅读下面短文，并用30词左右的段落大意来概括。Thereisnodoubtthatacademicstudyisanimportantpartoftheschooldays.However，itisnottheonlythingthatstudentsshouldbelearning.Schoolsshouldalsobeteachingstudentscertainlifeskillssothattheygraduate.Followingthisreasoning，Ibelievethatphysicalexerciseshouldbearequiredpartofeveryschoolday.Physicalexercisewillbenefitstudentsinmanyways.Firstofall，regularexerciseisanimportantpartofahealthylifestyle.However，withtheirbusyschedules，manystudentsmaynothavetheopportunitytoexerciseathomeandtheymaybecomeweaker.Ifschoolsallowstudentstodosomephysicalactivityeveryday，theywillbehappierandhealthierstudents.Second，doingsomesportsduringtheschooldaywillgivethestudentsabreakandallowthemtorelaxtheirminds.Theywillbeabletoreturntotheirstudiesrefreshedandwithmoreenergytolearn.Asfitnessissuchanimportantingredientofsuccess，Ibelievethatschoolsshouldrequirestudentstoengageinsomephysicalactivitieseveryday.Itwillbegoodnotonlyfortheirbodies，butalsofortheirminds.Happierandhealthierstudentswilldobetterattheiracademicstudiesandinlife.Theauthorarguesthatdailyphysicalexerciseisnecessaryforstudents，becausetheywillbenefitalotinmanyways.Additionally，thewritersuggeststhatschoolshouldencouragestudentstotakesomeexerciseeveryday.10