2023版高考英语一轮复习33人类生存社会发展与环境的关系课时提能练含解析202303172139

课时提能练(三十三)Ⅰ.阅读理解A(2020·湖北华师一附中4月调研，C)IfplastichadbeeninventedwhenthePilgrimssailedfromPlymouth,England,toNorthAmerica—andtheirMayflowerhadbeenstockedwithbottledwaterandplasticwrappedsnacks，theirplasticwastewouldlikelystillbearoundfourcenturieslater.Atlanticwavesandsunlightwouldhavewornallthatplasticintotinybits.Andthosebitsmightstillbefloatingaroundtheworld'soceanstoday,waitingtobeeatenbysomefishoroysters,andfinallyperhapsbyoneofus.Becauseplasticwasn'tinventeduntilthelate19thcentury,anditsproductiononlyreallytookoffaround1950,wehaveamere9.2billiontonsofthestufftodealwith.Ofthat,morethan6.9billiontonshavebecomewaste.Andofthatwaste，asurprising6.3billiontonsnevermadeittoarecyclingbin—thefigurethatshockedthescientistswhopublishedthenumbersin2017.Nooneknowshowmuchunrecycledplasticwasteendsupintheocean,theearth'slastsink.In2015,JennaJambeck,anengineeringprofessoroftheUniversityofGeorgia，caughteveryone'sattentionwitharoughestimate：between5.3millionand14milliontonsofplasticwasteeachyearjustcomefromcoastalregions.Meanwhile,oceanplasticisestimatedtokillmillionsofmarine(海洋的)animalseveryyear.Nearly700species，includingendangeredones,areknowntohavebeenaffectedbyit.Someareharmedvisibly,stuckbyabandonedthingsmadeofplastic.Manymoreareprobablyharmedinvisibly.Marinespeciesofallsizes,fromzooplanktontowhales,noweatmicroplastics,thebitssmallerthanonefifthofaninchacross.“Thisisn'taproblemthatwedon'tknowwhatthesolutionis，”saysTedSiegler,aVermontresourceeconomistwhohasspentmorethan25yearsworkingwithdevelopingnationsongarbage.“Weknowhowtopickupgarbage.Anyonecandoit.Weknowhowtodealwithit.Weknowhowtorecycle.It'samatterofbuildingthenecessaryinstitutionsandsystemsideallybeforetheoceanturnsintoathinsoupofplastic.”【语篇解读】　本文为说明文，主题语境是人与自然。文章主要介绍了如今塑料垃圾已经严重地污染了我们的环境，尤其是海洋环境，人类应该采取措施改变这一现状。1．WhydoestheauthormentionthePilgrimsinParagraph1?A．Toproveplasticwasdifficulttoinvent.B．Tointroducewhatmarineanimalslikeeating.\nC．TotellthePilgrimscontributedalottothemarineprotection.D．Toshowplasticwastehasalastingeffectontheocean.D　[推理判断题。根据第一段中“Andthosebitsmightstillbefloatingaroundtheworld'soceanstoday，waitingtobeeatenbysomefishoroysters，andfinallyperhapsbyoneofus.”可知，作者在第一段中提到Pilgrims是为了表明塑料垃圾对海洋有持久的影响。故选D项。]2．What'sthemaintroublemarineanimalsfaceaccordingtothetext?A．Lackingprotection.B．Beingstuckbyplastics.C．Beingcaughtbyhumans.D．Treatingplasticsasfood.D　[细节理解题。根据第四段中“Marinespeciesofallsizes，fromzooplanktontowhales，noweatmicroplastics，thebitssmallerthanonefifthofaninchacross.”可知，海洋动物面临的主要问题是把塑料当作食物。故选D项。]3．WhatdoesTedSieglerwanttotellusinthelastparagraph?A．Somepeopledon'tknowthesolutiontoplasticwaste.B．Plasticswillturntheoceanintoasoupofplastic.C．It'stimetotakemeasurestodealwithplasticwaste.D．Peopleshouldavoidusingplasticstoprotecttheocean.C　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中“It'samatterofbuildingthenecessaryinstitutionsandsystemsideallybeforetheoceanturnsintoathinsoupofplastic.”可知，TedSiegler想告诉我们是采取措施处理塑料垃圾的时候了。故选C项。]4．Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A．Abiologytextbook.B．Atravelbrochure.C．Anenvironmentalreport.D．Alifestylemagazine.C　[推理判断题。文章主要是关于海洋垃圾和海洋生物保护的，由此可推知这篇文章可能来自一份环境报告。故选C项。]B(2020·河北5月模拟，C)Onarecentday,KatieBaldwintookabreakfromworktotalkaboutmovingfromawealthyneighborhoodnearNewYorkCitytoanorganicfarmonLongIsland.“FarmingforwhereIgrewupwasaveryunusualcareerchoice，”saidthe32yearoldAmerican，“buteverybodybelongstothelandintheirown\nway.Noneofusshouldfeelseparatefromit.”KatiewasraisedinanuppermiddleclasstownoutsideNewYork，wheremostpeopleneverthoughtaboutworkingonafarm.Today,Katiegrowspotatoes,wheatandothercropsatQuailHill,apropertyinAmagansett,NewYork.IntheUnitedStates,organicfarmingisagrowingindustry.WomenoperatesomeofthebestknownorganicfarmsonLongIsland.Womenmakeupalittlemorethan37percentofallorganicfarmersnationwide.ThatinformationcomesfromtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA).Expertspredictwomen'sshareinfarmingislikelytocontinuetogrow.“Thenewyoungfarmerschooseorganicfarmingwiththeirdesiretohaveaninfluenceonsociety，”Katieandseveralfarmerssaid.Shesaid,“Theyarechoosingittoprotectnaturalresourcesforfuturegenerations,tofightclimatechange,tofeedtheircommunityongoodandhealthyfood.”“NewYorkhasabout1,000certifiedorganicfarms，makingitthethirdlargestinthecountry,andCaliforniaandWisconsinarethefirstandsecond，”theUSDAsays.Thesefarmsmakeupnearlyfourpercentofthestate'sfarmland，comparedwithanationalaverageofaround0.6percent.Althoughorganicfarmingisgrowingquickly,itcomeswithhighlaborcostsandsometimessmallerharveststhancommercialfarming.Soitcanbeadifficultbusinessfornewfarmers.“WhenIlooknowatthestartingofthefarm,itseemsreallyaudacious，”KatieBaldwinsaid.“Butinthatenvironmentsin2008,everybodyhadlosttheirjobsandthereweren'tjobs.So，itdidn'tfeelstrangetostartsomething，”shesaid.【语篇解读】　本文为说明文，主题语境是人与社会。文章介绍了在纽约，为了促进社会发展，越来越多的年轻人开始从事有机农业生产。5．WhatdoesKatiethinkofworkingattheorganicfarm?A．It'sunacceptable.　　　　B．It'sworthwhile.C．It'sunforgettable.D．It'schallenging.B　[推理判断题。根据第一段可知，Katie认为，在自己长大的地方经营有机农业是一种不同寻常的职业选择。由此可推知，Katie认为在有机农场工作是值得的，故选B项。]6．Whydotheyoungpeoplewanttoworkasfarmers?A．Tofindasuitablejob.B．Toearnhealthyfood.C．Tostopclimatechange.\nD．Tohelpthesocietydevelop.D　[细节理解题。根据第四段可知，那些年轻人选择从事有机农业生产，是为了给社会带来一些影响，即为了促进社会发展。故选择D项。]7．Whichcanreplacetheunderlinedword“audacious”inthelastparagraph?A．hopefulB．dangerousC．daringD．reasonableC　[词义猜测题。根据画线单词前面的描述可知，有机农业对于新型农民来说是一件艰难的事情，所以能够开始就是敢于冒险。故选C。]8．Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?A．Americanwomenaregoodatorganicfarming.B．Organicfarmingwillbecomeagoodemployment.C．ManyAmericancommunitieslackabundantfood.D．Startingorganicfarmingneedscarefulconsideration.D　[推理判断题。根据最后一段前两句可知，有机农业存在着投入高、低回报的风险。因此，年轻人在开始选择这个行业时应深思熟虑。故选D项。]Ⅱ.完形填空(浙江绍兴柯桥区2021届高三模拟)Everyoneinbusinesshasbeentoldthatsuccessisallaboutattractingandretaining(留住)customers.Itsoundssimpleandachievable.But,1，wordsofwisdomaresoonforgotten.Oncecompanieshaveattractedcustomerstheyoften2thesecondhalfofthestory.Intheexcitementofbeatingoffthecompetition,negotiatingprices,securingorders,anddeliveringtheproduct,managerstendtobecome3.Theyforgetwhattheyregardastheboringsideofbusiness—ensuringthatthecustomerremainsacustomer.4toconcentrateonretainingaswellasattractingcustomerscostsbusinesshugeamountsofmoneyannually.Ithasbeenestimatedthattheaveragecompanylosesbetween10and30percentofitscustomerseveryyear.Inconstantlychanging5，thisisnotsurprising.Whatissurprisingisthefactthatfewcompanieshaveany6howmanycustomerstheyhavelost.Onlynowareorganizationsbeginningtowakeuptothoselostopportunitiesandcalculatethe7implications.Cuttingdownthenumberofcustomersacompanylosescanmakeabig8initsperformance.ResearchintheUSfoundthatafivepercentdecreaseinthenumberofdefecting(流失的)customersledto9increasesofbetween25and85percent.\nIntheUS,Domino'sPizzaestimatesthataregularcustomerisworthmorethan$5,000overtenyears.Acustomerwhoreceivesapoorqualityproductorserviceontheirfirstvisitand10neverreturns,islosingthecompanythousandsofdollarsin11profits(moreifyouconsiderhowmanypeopletheyarelikelytotellabouttheirbadexperience)．Thelogicbehindcultivatingcustomerloyaltyisimpossibletodeny.“Inpracticemostcompanies'marketingeffortisfocusedongettingcustomers,withlittleattentionpaidto12them”，saysAdrianPayneofCornfieldUniversity'SchoolofManagement.“Researchsuggeststhatthereisa13relationshipbetweenretainingcustomersandmakingprofits.14customerstendtobuymore,arepredictableandusuallycostlesstoservicethannewcustomers.Furthermore,theytendtobelessprice15，andmayprovidefreewordofmouthadvertising.Retainingcustomersalsomakesitdifficultforcompetitorstoenteramarketorincreasetheirshareofamarket.【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了很多公司把很多精力放在了吸引顾客的方面，而很少去关注如何留住老客户，并说明留住老客户的重要性。1．A.inparticular　　　　　　B．inrealityC．atleastD．firstofallB　[根据前文“Everyoneinbusinesshasbeentoldthatsuccessisallaboutattractingandretaining(留住)customers”以及空前的“but”判断，事实并不那么简单。故选B。]2．A.emphasize　B．doubtC．overlook　D．believeC　[根据下文“Theyforget”可知，成功吸引顾客之后，常常会忽略故事的另一部分。故选C。]3．A.carriedaway　B．carriedbackC．carriedon　D．carriedthroughA　[根据下文“Theyforgetwhattheyregardastheboringsideofbusiness—ensuringthatthecustomerremainsacustomer.”他们忘记了他们认为是无聊的一面却正是确保留住客户的一个方面。由此可知，此处表示经理会忘乎所以。故选A。]4．A.Moving　B．HopingC．Starting　D．FailingD　[如果不能集中精力留住和吸引客户，每年都会给企业带来巨额损失。故选D。]5．A.markets　B．tastes\nC．prices　D．expensesA　[此文讲的是公司做生意，应是市场。故选A。]6．A.thought　B．ideaC．opinion　D．viewB　[havean/anyidea为固定搭配，意为“知道”。这里指很少有公司知道他们失去了多少客户。故选B。]7．A.culture　B．socialC．financial　D．economicalC　[根据上文可知，很少有公司知道他们失去了多少客户。所以会对财务产生影响。financialimplication财务影响。故选C。]8．A.promise　B．planC．mistake　D．differenceD　[makeadifference有影响，有关系。这里指对业绩有很大的影响。故选D。]9．A.cost　B．opportunityC．profit　D．budgetC　[句意：美国调查表明每减少流失5%的顾客，就会导致利润增加25%～85%。下文也提到profit，故应选C。]10．A.asaresult　B．onthewholeC．inconclusion　D．onthecontraryA　[空后是前文的结果，故应选A。]11．A.huge　B．potentialC．extra　D．reasonableB　[由上文可知，一个老顾客在十年内价值超过5000美元。所以没有回头客，会损失潜在的利润。故选B。]12．A.altering　B．understandingC．keeping　D．attractingC　[根据“focusedongettingcustomers,withlittleattentionpaid”可知，此处应留住顾客。故选C。]13．A.close　B．distantC．deep　D．shallowA　[根据下文“________customerstendtobuymore,arepredictableandusuallycostlesstoservicethannewcustomers.”可知，留住老客户，与客户维护好关系非常重要。故选A。]14．A.Assumed　B．Respected\nC．Established　D．UnexpectedC　[根据“thannewcustomers”这里指已建立的顾客，也就是老顾客。故选C。]15．A.agreeable　B．flexibleC．friendly　D．sensitiveD　[根据常识和购物经验可知，老顾客往往对价格不太敏感。pricesensitive价格敏感性。故选D。]Ⅲ.语法填空(2020·山东济南一模)ThewildfiresinAustraliabecameconsiderablyworseinJanuary,2020.Thedisasterfacedby1.________countryisfarfromover.Manyofthefires2.________(send)smokehighintotheatmosphereandsomesmoketurnedintopyrocumulonimbusclouds(火云).Thecloudscouldhelpafiredrawinmoreairandshiftsurfacewinds，3.________(result)infiretornadoes(龙卷风).Fireshavedestroyedhabitatsforanimalsthat4.________(find)onlyinAustralia,includingkoalasandrarebirds.Itwilltaketimetofullyknowhowmuchharmthefireshavedone5.________wildlife.Thewildfiresareexpected6.________(continue)burningformonthsasAustraliaentereditsdryseason.Thispastyear,2019,isthehottestanddriestyearonrecord.Thefireshappen7.________(regular)duringtheAustraliandryseason.However,climateandnaturalchangesaremakingthesituation8.________(bad).Atleast12millionacreshavebeenburnedsofarinVictoriaandNewSouthWalesalone.Smokefromthefireshasmade9.________toSouthAmerica.Thereissomuchsmokethatitmaystayintheairformonths，10.________couldhaveasmalleffectontheplanet'sclimate.【语篇解读】　本文为说明文，主题语境是人与自然。澳大利亚的森林大火在2020年1月变得更加严重，同时火灾产生的烟雾又引发了火焰龙卷风。文章说明了这次大火对澳大利亚的破坏和影响。1．the　[考查冠词。country意为“国家”时为可数名词，此处特指上文的Australia应用定冠词the。]2．sent　[考查动词时态。根据后文“andsomesmoketurnedintopyrocumulonimbusclouds(火云)”可知，此处应用一般过去时，故填sent。]3．resulting　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，result与其逻辑主语构成主动关系，故应用现在分词作结果状语。]4．arefound　[考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。本句描述客观事实，应使用一般现在时。设空处前面的关系代词that引导定语从句，先行词为animals，又因that在从句中作主语，与动词find构成被动关系，故填arefound。]\n5．to　[考查介词。句意：要完全了解火灾对野生动物造成了多大的伤害将需要时间。doharmto...对……造成伤害，为固定搭配，故应用介词to。]6．tocontinue　[考查非谓语动词。beexpectedtodosth.意为“预计做某事”，故填tocontinue。]7．regularly　[考查副词。修饰动词happen，应用副词regularly。regularly表示“经常”。]8．worse　[考查形容词的比较等级。句意：然而，气候和自然的变化使情况变得更糟。表示“更糟”应用形容词bad的比较级形式，故填worse。]9．it　[考查代词。makeitto为固定搭配，表示“到达”。]10．which　[考查非限制性定语从句。句意：烟雾如此之多，可能会在空气中停留数月之久，这可能会对地球的气候产生小的影响。此处指代前面整句话的内容，且从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词which。]