2023版高考英语一轮复习34自然灾害与防范安全常识与自我保护课时提能练含解析202303172140

课时提能练(三十四)Ⅰ.阅读理解A(2020·湖南六校4月联考，C)Thehemlock(铁杉)treesalongtheWappingerCreek，NewYork,lookhealthy.However,scientistGaryLovettsaysthewhiteballswhichprovideprotectionforthebugsarecreatedbyatinyinsect.It'shardtobelievethetinybugcouldkillatree.However,treescanendupwithmillionsandmillionsofthepests.Whentherearethatmany,itendsupkillingthetree.ThebugfromEastAsiaisslowlykillingtreesacrosstheUSA.Thetroublemakingbugisjustoneofmanyinvasive(入侵的)peststhathaveslippedintotheUnitedStates.Theycanhurtotherlivingthingsintheirnewhome.Manyinvasivepestsarriveonwoodenpalletspiledinsideshippingcontainers.Theysupportandseparategoods,andkeepthemfromslidingaround.Invasivepestsoftentunnelintothepallets.Howcanwestoppestsfromridingonpallets?Lovettsaysnewrulesareneeded.Thecompaniesthatmakepalletsdon'twantmorerules.Congresshasaddedanamendment(修正案)inthe2018FarmBilltotrytosolvethisproblem.However,Lovettisnothopefulthatitwillmakemuchofadifference.Palletsarecheckedbyinspectors.Manyaresprayedwithbugkillingpesticide.“Ibelieveinthesystem，”saidBrentMcClendon,presidentofTheNationalWoodenPalletandContainerAssociation.Healsosaidshippingcontainersarecheckedverycarefully.Still,eachyear13millioncontainersareshippedtotheU．S.Eachisfullofwoodenpallets.Lovettsays,“Inspectorscan'tpossiblycheckeverything.Allittakesareafewbadpallets;weshouldgetridofwoodenpallets.”Hebelievespalletsshouldbemadeofplasticorecocompositewood.Ecocompositewoodisamixofwoodfiberandplastic.Insectscannothideintoit.Oneproblemisthatthesechoicescostmore.Theymaybeworththeextramoney,though.InvasivepestscosttheU．S.$5billionayear.Treesdon'tjustdieinforests.Theyalsodieincitiesandouryards.Then,theyneedtobereplaced.Thatcostsmoney,too.【语篇解读】　本文为记叙文，介绍了美国铁杉树虫害是运输过程中使用的木板所携带的外来蛾虫所致。政府也曾为此颁布法案但收效甚微，有关人士也就此问题提出了相应的解决方案。1．AllthefollowingstatementsareTRUEexceptthat________.A．pesticidehasbeenappliedtobugkillingB．invasivepestsarenativetoWappingerCreek\nC．invasivepestshideinpalletsusedinshippingD．thecompaniesmakingpalletsdon'twantmorerulesB　[细节理解题。本题题干意为：下面哪项陈述是错误的？根据第二段第二句中的“invasivepests”可知此害虫为外来物种，故答案为B项。根据第三段中的“Manyaresprayedwithbugkillingpesticide.”可排除A项；根据第三段中的“Manyinvasivepestsarriveonwoodenpalletspiledinsideshippingcontainers.”可排除C项；根据第三段中的“Thecompaniesthatmakepalletsdon'twantmorerules.”可排除D项。]2．Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A．Bugscanbeeasilyspottedbyeyes.B．Bugsruintheshippedgoodsslowly.C．Bugswon'tbotherthetreeifjustinsmallnumbers.D．Bugscovertreeswithwhitesoftballsforprotection.C　[推理判断题。本题题干意为：从文中我们可以推断出什么？根据第一段最后两句“However，treescanendupwithmillionsandmillionsofthepests.Whentherearethatmany，itendsupkillingthetree.”可知答案为C项(如果那些虫子数量不多不会影响树木)。]3．WhydoesGaryLovettwanttogetridofwoodenpallets?A．Becauseinsectsmostlydieinthem.B．Becauseplasticpalletsareecofriendly.C．Becausetheyarenotworthextramoney.D．Becausetheyarethemajorpestcarriers.D　[细节理解题。本题题干意为：为什么GaryLovett想要摒弃木板？根据最后一段可知：木板是铁杉斑螟蛾虫的主要载体，故答案为D项。]B(2020·山东日照联考，C)RescueworkersandthousandsofvolunteersarenottheonlyoneswhohavewonheartsandmindsfortheirheroiceffortsinthesearchforsurvivorsafterTuesday'spowerfulearthquakeinMexico.Fifteendogsfromthenavy'scanine(军犬)unithaveassistedthisweekintherescueeffortsatthesitesofcollapsedbuildingsacrossMexicoCity,wheremorethan50peoplehavebeenpulledalivefromtheruins.OfthecanineheroesnoneismorefamousorlovedthanFrida,asixyearoldwhiteLabradorwhoinherdistinguishedservicehaswonpraiseforherabilitytodetectpeoplewhohavebeentrappedbyvariousnaturaldisasters.Overheradmirablecareershehasfound52peopleincluding12survivorsinMexicoandotherLatinAmerican\ncountries.Thisweek，FridaandEvilandEcho—twoBelgianShepherdsthathavealsobeenspeciallytrainedforrescueefforts—weresenttothesiteofthecollapsedEnriqueRebsamenSchoolinsouthernMexicoCity.Equippedwithgogglesthatprotecthereyesfromdustandsmoke,bootstopreventdamagetoherpawswhilesheclimbsoverroughruins,Fridatooktoherworklookingovereverypartoftheruins.“IfFridadetectsthepresenceofasurvivor,sheistrainedtobarktoalertrescueworkers,butifshedetectsacorpse,_shestopssuddenlybeforeproceeding，”herhandlerexplained.Elevenchildrenwererescuedfromtheruinsattheschool，butthistimehumanrescueworkersratherthanthedogsweretheoneswholocatedthem.However,thathasn'tstoppedFridafrombecomingasocialmediastarandreachinganewleveloffamethisweek.VideosandothersocialmediapoststhathighlighttheworkofFridaandherimpressiverecordsofdetectingpeopletrappedbynaturaldisastersspreadquicklyonline.Whileshehasyettodetectanyonetrappedintheruinsthisweek,sheandotherrescuedogsarecontinuingtoworktirelessly,searchingthroughspacesthathumanscannotreach.Withthepossibilitythattherearestillpeopletrappedalive,timewilltellwhethersheaddstoherrescuerecords.【语篇解读】　本文为记叙文，主题语境为人与自然。文章主要讲述了在星期二墨西哥发生强烈地震后，来自海军犬队的十五条狗参与了救援工作，其中Frida获得了大量关注。4．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．SevereEarthquakesinMexicoB．UndertakingRescueWorkC．PeopleWaitingforRescueD．SpecialRescuersinMexicoD　[标题判断题。通读文章可知，在星期二墨西哥发生强烈地震后，并不是只有救援人员和成千上万的志愿者参与了救援行动，来自海军犬队的十五条狗也参与了救援工作。故选D项。]5．WhatmakesFridaasocialmediastar?A．Herrescuerecordsandtirelesswork.B．Hercooperationwiththerescueteam.C．Hercoolappearancewithsomespecialdevices.\nD．Herabilitytosearchspacesbeyondhumans'reach.A　[细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“VideosandothersocialmediapoststhathighlighttheworkofFridaandherimpressiverecordsofdetectingpeopletrappedbynaturaldisastersspreadquicklyonline.”可知，使Frida成为社交媒体明星的是它的营救记录和孜孜不倦的工作。故选A项。]6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“corpse”inParagraph5probablymean?A．Anarticleofclothing.B．Anunconsciousanimal.C．Adeadperson.D．Aspecialsignal.C　[词义猜测题。根据“thepresenceofasurvivor”和转折连词“but”可推断画线单词corpse与survivor意义相反，其意思为“尸体”，故选C项。]7．Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat________.A．FridawillachievenothingB．FridawillprobablyworkmiraclesC．moredogswillbesenttotheareaD．therestoftherescuewillbedonebydogsB　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Whileshehasyettodetectanyonetrappedintheruinsthisweek，sheandotherrescuedogsarecontinuingtoworktirelessly，searchingthroughspacesthathumanscannotreach.”可知，Frida可能会创造奇迹，故选B项。]C(2020·辽宁丹东一模，C)Thisyear'sfluseasonisprettyscary.Totrytominimizetheeffects,publichealthofficialsarestillurginganyonewhohasn'tyetgottentheirflushottogetoneassoonaspossible.However,evenifeverysinglepersongotashotinthearm,thevaccine(疫苗)—withitsexcellent36percenteffectiveness—wouldnotpreventeveryonefromgettinginfectedwiththeannoyingvirus.Knowledgeispower,sohere'swhatgoesoninyourbodywhenyoucomedownwiththeflu.Theinfluenzavirusprimarilyattacksyournose,throat，andthetubesthatleadtoyourlungs.Butthefluissomuchmorethanthat.Yourmusclesache,yourheadhurts，andyourappetitegoesdown，amongotherthings.Tooursurprise，almostallofthesesymptomshavelesstodowiththevirusitselfthanwithyourimmune(免疫的)responsetothem.Unfortunately,theverydefenseyouhaveinplacetogetridofthe\nfluisthereasonyoufeelsopainfulwhenyourecover.Thevirususuallyentersthroughyourmouth,typicallybywayofyourhands.Butittakesafewdaysforsymptomstosetin.Whilethisprocessmightcausesomeharmtoyournoseandthroat，it'snothingmajor，andthere'snothinglikethesymptomsthattypicallyaccompanyabadorevenmildcaseoftheflu.Therealfunstartswhenyourimmunesystembeginstofight.Yourimmunesystemcomesintwoparts：theinnateimmunesystemandtheadaptive.Theinnateimmunesystemisessentiallyanallpurposetool.Assoonasyourbodysensesthepresenceofanyinjuryorinvader(入侵者)，theinnateimmunesystemlaunchesintoactionbyproducingtinyproteinscalledcytokinesandchemokines.Thecytokinesreproducealmostimmediatelyandstarttoattackthevirus.Thisincreaseinimmunecellscreatesaseriousinflammation(炎症)throughoutthebody.Buttheworstisstilltocome.Meanwhile，thechemokinesworkwiththeadaptiveimmunesystemtohelpcreateTcells.Thesecellsareaspecialtypeofwhitebloodcellthatworksinamuchmorespecificway：theyfindtheinfluenzavirus,identifywhat'sspecialaboutit,andcreatesomethinguniqueontheirsurfacethatfindsanddestroyssimilarinvaders.【语篇解读】　今年流感盛行，疫苗也不能保证百分之百抵御流感病毒。了解流感的症状、传播途径、发病原理等尤为重要。8．WhatcanweinferfromParagraph1?A．Notallthevaccineiseffective.B．Noonecanavoidcatchingthisyear'sflu.C．Thisyear'sfluisnotserious.D．Publichealthofficialshavetouseagunwhennecessary.A　[推理判断题。根据第一段的“thevaccine(疫苗)—withitsexcellent36percenteffectiveness—wouldnotpreventeveryonefromgettinginfectedwiththeannoyingvirus”可知，疫苗的有效率为36%，所以并非所有的疫苗都有效，故A项正确。]9．Whydomanypartsofyourbodysufferwhileyou'rerecoveringfromtheflu?A．Becauserecoveryfromillnessispainful.B．Becauseyourimmunesystemisworkingagainstyourdefensesystem.C．Becauseyourbodyisfightinghardagainsttheflu.D．Becausetheinfluenzavirusattacksyournose,throatandotherparts.C　[细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句可知，几乎所有的流感症状与病毒本身关系不大，它们主要是免疫系统对病毒的反应造成的，对病毒的清除是你感觉疼痛的原因，因此身体不舒服是因为身体在清除病毒，故C项正确。]\n10．Theunderlinedword“fun”inParagraph4canbereplacedby________.A．joy　　B．battle　　C．action　　D．programB　[词义猜测题。根据fight可判断battle符合要求。免疫系统开始工作意味着真正的战斗的开始。]11．What'sthemainideaofParagraph4?A．Thefightbetweentheinnateimmunesystemandtheadaptive.B．Thecategoriesoftheimmunesystem.C．Thewaytheimmunesystemworks.D．Theprocessofthedevelopmentoftheimmunesystem.C　[主旨大意题。本段主要介绍了免疫系统是如何工作的，C项符合段落大意。]Ⅱ.阅读七选五(2020·浙江温州4月二模)Manyhealthcareworkersknowthatwashinghandsisimportanttopreventthespreadofaninfectiousdisease.1DuringastudyconductedbyNicasandBestattheuniversityofCalifornia，Berkley，theycountedthenumberoftimeswhenpeopletouchedtheirfacewiththeirhands.2Whetherweareawareofouractionsornot,mostofuscanagreethatwetouchourfacewithourhandsfrequentlyenough.Imaginethatyouareabletorecordafulldayofyouractions.Betteryet,reflectonwhatyoudidwhenyouwokeupyesterdaymorning.Letmegiveyouanideaofmypreviousmorning.Iwaswokenbythealarmclockat6a．m.3ThenIcheckedmyphoneformessages,turnedontheTVformymorningnews,startedmakingmycoffeeandfinallyhittheshower.Itwasn'teven5minutesfromthetimeIawokeandIalreadytoucheddifferentobjects.Thepointofthisistobeawarethateveninourhomesweareexposedtogermsinplaceswedon'trealize.Luckily,thehumanbodyhasamazingdefenseagainstharmfulgerms.4Ourwhitebloodcellsarelikesoldierscomingtotherescue.Unfortunately,therearealotofareasonourfacethatdonothavetheprotectionofskinsuchasoureyesandmouths.There'sareasontoeverywiseproverbandourparentsannoyingustowashourhandsbeforedinnerisnotfornothing.5Ifyouhavechildren,itisevenmoreimportanttosettheexamplebecausechildrenareknowntolearnfromadults.Let'sstartagoodhabitofwashinghands.Asforyourfriends，don'tbeshyaboutcheckingtomakesuretheirhandsare\nclean.Askingsomeoneiftheyhavewashedtheirhandsiscaring.Checkingtoseeifsomeonehaswashedtheirhandswillbenefitnotonlythatperson,butyouandyourfamily.A．Ourskinisthefirstlineofdefense.B．Severalminuteslater,Iturnedoffthealarmclock.C．Itiseasyforustoadmitthatwewashourhandsregularly.D．Theyaremoreselfawarethathandwashingshouldbepracticedasneeded.E．Mostimportantly,itisourdutytosettherightexampleforfriendsandfamily.F．Theyfoundthatthesubjectstouchedtheirface15.7timesperhouronaverage.G．Dotherestofyourfamilymembers,especiallychildren，washtheirhandsregularly?【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。文章讲述了洗手有助于预防传染病的传播。尽管人体对有害细菌具有一定的防御能力，但是我们也要养成洗手的好习惯。1．D　[根据空前“Manyhealthcareworkersknowthatwashinghandsisimportanttopreventthespreadofaninfectiousdisease.(许多医疗保健工作人员都知道，为预防传染病的传播，洗手很重要)”可知，D项Theyaremoreselfawarethathandwashingshouldbepracticedasneeded.(他们比别人更加意识到应该根据需要经常洗手)能够承接上文。故选D项。]2．F　[根据空前“DuringastudyconductedbyNicasandBestattheuniversityofCalifornia，Berkley，theycountedthenumberoftimeswhenpeopletouchedtheirfacewiththeirhands.(在Nicas和Best在伯克利大学进行的一项研究中，他们计算了人们用手触摸脸部的次数)”和空后“Whetherweareawareofouractionsornot，mostofuscanagreethatwetouchourfacewithourhandsfrequentlyenough.(无论我们是否意识到自己的行为，我们大多数人都会认为我们经常用手摸脸)”可知，F项Theyfoundthatthesubjectstouchedtheirface15.7timesperhouronaverage.(他们发现受试者平均每小时触摸脸部15.7次)符合上下文的语境。故选F项。]3．B　[根据空前“Iwaswokenbythealarmclockat6a．m.(早上6点钟我被闹钟叫醒了)”和空后“ThenIcheckedmyphoneformessages，turnedontheTVformymorningnews，startedmakingmycoffeeandfinallyhittheshower.(然后我查看了手机中的消息，打开电视听早间新闻，开始煮咖啡，最后洗了澡)”可知，B项Severalminuteslater，Iturnedoffthealarmclock.(几分钟后，我关闭了闹钟)能够承接上文并且与下文连接通顺。该选项中的thealarmclock为原词复现。故选B项。]\n4．A　[根据空前“Luckily，thehumanbodyhasamazingdefenseagainstharmfulgerms.(幸运的是，人体对有害细菌具有惊人的防御能力)”和空后“Ourwhitebloodcellsarelikesoldierscomingtotherescue.(我们的白细胞就像士兵一样来营救我们)”可知，A项Ourskinisthefirstlineofdefense.(我们的皮肤是第一道防线)能够承接上文并且与下文连接通顺。故选A项。]5．E　[根据空后“Ifyouhavechildren，itisevenmoreimportanttosettheexamplebecausechildrenareknowntolearnfromadults.(如果你有孩子，树立榜样就更重要了，因为众所周知，孩子向成年人学习)”可知，E项Mostimportantly，itisourdutytosettherightexampleforfriendsandfamily.(最重要的是，为朋友和家人树立正确的榜样是我们的责任)是本段的主题句。该选项中的settheexample在下一句中出现了。故选E项。]