2022人教版高考英语一轮复习训练：必修3 Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars（带解析）

A卷——小题夯基练Ⅰ.语境填词1．StephenHawkingwasoneofthemostfamousphysicists(物理学家)intheworldandmadeagreatcontributiontosciencethroughouthislife.2．Thekidsonthebusseemedexhausted(精疲力竭)afterthelongtriptoMountHuang.3．Thetyphoonwassoviolent(暴力的)thatitdamagedsomanyhouses.4．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity(重力)．5．Atruckwentoutofcontrolandcrashed(碰撞；坠落)intothebackofabus.6．Theoldscientisttoldhisstudentsthatscientifictheories(理论)mustbebasedonfacts.7．Theatmosphere(氛围)ofthepicnicisveryfriendly.Childrenarehavingfunwitheachother.8．Accustomedtotheclimate(气候)inthecountryside,theoldcoupleprefernottomovetothecity.Ⅱ.词形转换和动词的形式变换(用所给词的正确形式填空)1．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Thepopularityoftheseplatformsisspreadingglobally(globe)．2．(2019·江苏卷)Stevemovedtothepianoandsatatthebench,handstremblingashegently(gentle)placedhisfingersonthekeys.3．(2019·江苏卷)AtsometimeinthepastYellowstonemusthaveblownupwithaviolence(violent)farbeyondthescaleofanythingknowntohumans.4．Theinterestsheismostlikely(unlike)toenjoywillbethosewhichenablehimtoshowoffhimselforhistalents.5．Manywastesproducedintheproducingprocessareharmful(harm)aswell.6．Whatpuzzles(puzzle)meiswhyhehasleftthecountrywithouttellinganyone.7．Thedriverwasdrivingwhenhelostcontrolofthecarbyaccident,crashing(crash)intoatruck. 8．Helentahandtous,whichmultiplied(multiply)ourchancesofsuccessseveraltimes.Ⅲ.固定用法和搭配(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)1．Asisknowntous,thePeople'sRepublicofChinacameintoexistence(exist)asanindependentcountryin1949.2．Anewhospitalhasbeenplannedtobebuilthere,andtheyaregoingtopulldownthatoldbuilding.3．Theconstitution,unlikeotherformsoflaws,isfundamentaltokeepingoursocialsystemworkingproperly.4．Theydidn'texpectthatthenewmanagerwouldpreventtheplanfrombeing_carried(carry)out.5．LittleAlicewhooncewasbittenbyasnakelookedatthesnake,frightened(frighten)．6．Duringthosefouryears,heworkeddayandnight,thusimproving(improve)histheorygraduallyuntilitwascomplete.7．Whethertheirweddingceremonywillbeheldintheopenairtomorrowdependsontheweather.8．Theywanttomakeitcleartothepublicthatthecleanworkersdoanimportantandnecessaryjob.9．LiHong'smobilephonelookedjustthesameasZhangHua's,butitcosttwiceasmuchashis.10．(全国卷Ⅰ)Ithinkitgreatfunto_learn(learn)thepoemswrittenintheTangDynastywithyou.Ⅳ.易错误用(改正下列语句中的错误，每句最多两处错误)1．Thereexistssomanychemicalfactorieswhichourhomelandisseriouslypolluted.Therefore,ifwedon'ttakeactionontime,itwillbedifficultforustosaveourland.答案：第一句：exists→exist;which→that；第二句：on→in2．Onceourplaygroundwastoosmall,whichpreventedushaveenoughspacetoplayandexercise.Now,thenewoneisaboutthreetimeslargethantheoldone,whichevenmakespossibleforustoholdsportsmeetings. 答案：第一句：have→having；第二句：large→larger;在makes后加it3．Therearebillionofasteroidsinthespace.Butwehumanbeingsarestillpuzzlingabouthowtheycametoexistence.答案：第一句：billion→billions；第二句：puzzling→puzzled;to→intoⅤ.完成句子/句型转换/一句多译1．(2018·北京卷满分作文)我详细地解释这个过程的每一步，这也许能够使他们了解如何泡茶。Iexplainedeverystepoftheprocessindetail,which_made_it_possible_for_them_to_understandhowtomaketea.2．既然你精通英语，你就可以申请这份工作。Now_that_you_have_a_good_command_of_English,_youcanapplyforthejob.3．我的父母一天天的变老，该轮到我开始照顾他们了。Myparentsaregettingolderandolder,soit_is_my_turn_to_startlookingafterthem.4．互联网的发明注定要改变我们相互交流的方式。TheinventionoftheInternetis_to_change_the_waywecommunicatewitheachother.5．Thesetravelersreturnedtothehotel.Theyaretiredandsleepy.→Thesetravelersreturnedtothehotel,tired_and_sleepy．(形容词短语作状语)6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)这部短片讲述了我们学校的发展。现在，我们的学校是十年前的三倍大。①Theshortfilmtellsaboutthedevelopmentofourschool.Nowourschoolis_three_times_as_big_asthattenyearsago.(as...as)②Theshortfilmtellsaboutthedevelopmentofourschool.Nowourschoolis_twice_bigger_thanthattenyearsago.(than)③Theshortfilmtellsaboutthedevelopmentofourschool.Nowourschoolis_three_times_the_size_ofthattenyearsago.(size)B卷——大题提能练Ⅰ.阅读理解A (2021·湖北部分重点中学高三第一次考试)StepintoMovingtoMars,anexhibitionofMarsmissionandcolonydesignatLondon'sDesignMuseum,andimmediatelyyouhavegoodreasonsnottomovethere.FrighteningtextsonthewallsannouncethatMarswasn'tmadeforyou;thatthereisnolifeandpreciouslittlewater；that,dressedinaspacesuit,youwillnevertouch,tasteorsmelltheplanetyounowcall“home”．AsLisaGrossmanwroteforNewScientistacoupleofyearsago，“What'sdifferentaboutMarsisthatthereisnothingtodothereexcepttrynottodie.”Itisanoddbeginningforsuchacelebratoryexhibition,butitprovidesavaluable,darkbackgroundagainstwhichtherestoftheshowcansparkle(闪耀)—ashowthatis,asitschiefmanagerJustinMcGuirkremarks，“notaboutMars;thisisanexhibitionaboutpeople.”Movingalong,thereisaquickyetclearflashthroughwhatthesciencefictionwriterKimStanleyRobinsoncalls“thehistoryofMarsinthehumanmind”．ABabylonianclaytabletandaGreekvasespeakofearlyideasabouttheplanet.AposterfortheoriginalTotalRecallfilmremindsusofMars'spsychologicalthreat.ThemainpartoftheshowisourcurrentplansfortheRedPlanet.Therearerealspacesuitsandmodelsof3DprintedMartiansettlementsandsuitableclothingandfurniture.Missionarchitectureandengineeringsketcheslinethewalls.RealhammersmeantfortheInternationalSpaceStationarewallmounted(固定在墙上的)besidealowgravitytablethathasyettoleaveandmayindeedneverleaveEarth.This,ofcourse,isthegreatstrengthofapproachingsciencethroughdesign：realityandassumptionscanbegivenequalvisualweight,drawingusintoaninformedconversationaboutwhatitisthatweactuallywantfromafutureonMars.1．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．HowtomovetoMars.B．HowtosurviveonMars.C．WhatpreparationswemadeforMars. D．WhattheexhibitionofMarstrulytellsus.2．WhatcanwelearnfromLisaGrossman?A．It'simpracticaltoliveonMars.B．It'snogoodsettlingonMars.C．YouhavenothingtodowhenlivingonMars.D．YoucanliveonMarsinaspacesuit.3．Whatdoestheexhibitionfocuson?A．ThecurrentplansforMars.B．TheadvantagesoflivingonMars.C．TheearlyideasaboutMars.D．ThehistoryofMarsinthehumanmind.4．Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusinthelastparagraph?A．Astory.B．Anopinion.C．Afantasy.D．Asolution.【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个名为“移居火星”的展览的相关内容；此展览主要展示了有关火星任务及移民设计方面的情况。1．D　解析：主旨大意题。第一段是文章的总述部分，第二至第五段详细介绍了展览的相关内容，并结合尾段作者的观点可知，本文主要是关于“移居火星”展览真正告诉我们的信息。故选D。2．A　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“What'sdifferentaboutMarsisthatthereisnothingtodothereexcepttrynottodie.”可知，在火星上人类除了努力地活着之外，在那里什么也做不了。由此可推知，在火星上生活是不切实际的。故选A。3．A　解析：细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“ThemainpartoftheshowisourcurrentplansfortheRedPlanet.”可知，这个展览的主要部分是我们目前关于这颗红色星球的计划。故选A。4．B　解析：推理判断题。通读第六段可知，该段表述作者对这个展览的看 法。故选B。B(2021·泰安6月高考全真模拟)AliceisasenioratSunsetHighSchool(SHS)inAmerica.Thekidsinherschoolarelookingforwardtoseniorgraduationandsummervacation.Andtheystilldesiretoliveasignificantlife：doingsomethingworthwhileandmakingadifference.Alice,seniorclasspresident,decidestotakeactionbyorganizingafooddrive.Shealsodecidestoreachouttothecommunityintheneighborhoodforsupport.Shewrote,“Hi!MynameisAliceandI'masenioratSunset!TheSHSstudentgovernmentishostingadriveandcollectingthecannedandboxedfoodforneedyfamilies.Iknowmanystudentsintheslum(贫民窟)arenotabletoaccessregularmealswithoutschool.Onehundredpercentofeverythingdonatedwillgotofamiliesinneed.Soitwouldbeamazingifanybodycoulddonateanyextrafoodandlayitaroundthehouse.Iwouldbesohappytocomebyandpickupanyextrafoodthatanyonehasandjustletmeknow！”Sofar,thecommunityhasmadesome400donations,andAlicehaspickedupeachone.They'releftinbrownpaperbagsaroundtheirhouses,andshehandlesthemwiththelatestgloves.It'sallpackagedfood,andthepackagingiscleanedwithdisinfectedwipes.Alongwiththerestofthestudentunion,whichbrainstormedtheidealastweek,Aliceissettingupdistributioncenterstodispensethefoodinthecitysofamiliescangetwhattheyneed.“Inthecommunity,I'veseensomanypeopleofferingtheirhelp,andI'vepickedupsomanydonationsfromcommunityresidents，”Alicesaid.“It'snicetoseepeoplesupportingeachother.Ithinkit'sreallygoodthatwe'rebeingmorecautious,especiallywithinthecommunity.”Everyindividualisawareofhowtotakecareofthemselves,theirfamilyandothersaroundthem.Theyjoinhandstomakeabigdifferenceindeed.Witheveryone'sefforts,thedonationworkgoesoneasilyandsmoothlyandmanypoorfamilieshavegothelp. 5．WhatdoweknowaboutthestudentsatSHSinthetext?A．They'reeagerforameaningfullife.B．They'vehelpedtobuildacommunity.C．They'vegraduatedfromseniorhighschool.D．They'reforcedtodosomethingworthwhile.6．WhydidAliceorganizethefooddrive?A．Togaingreaterpopularity.B．Togetfoodforfamiliesinneed.C．TosetuptheSHSstudentunion.D．Todonatefoodtothestudentsinherschool.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dispense”inparagraph4probablymean?A．Recycle.B．Handout.C．Gain.D．Chewup.8．Whatcanbeconcludedfromthelastparagraph?A．Eastorwest,homeisbest.B．It'sgoodtolearnatanotherman'scost.C．Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.D．Manyhandsmakelightwork.【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的是爱丽丝和她的同学号召社区的人捐赠食物以帮助有需要的人。5．A　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段的“Andtheystilldesiretoliveasignificantlife：doingsomethingworthwhileandmakingadifference.”可知，他们渴望有意义的生活，故选A项。6．B　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的“MynameisAliceandI'masenioratSunset！TheSHSstudentgovernmentishostingadriveandcollectingthecannedandboxedfoodforneedyfamilies.”可知，爱丽丝组织食品运动是为了帮助贫困的家庭，使他们得到食物。 7．B　解析：词义猜测题。结合语境以及画线词所在句中的“Aliceissettingupdistributioncenters”“sofamiliescangetwhattheyneed”可知，爱丽丝建立分发中心是为了分发食物，这样许多家庭就可以得到他们需要的东西，画线词与handout“分发”意思相近，故选B项。8．D　解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Theyjoinhandstomakeabigdifferenceindeed.Witheveryone'sefforts，thedonationworkgoesoneasilyandsmoothlyandmanypoorfamilieshavegothelp.”可知，在大家的共同努力下，捐赠工作进行得轻松顺利，许多贫困家庭得到了帮助，即大家一起努力使事情变得容易，故选D项“众人拾柴火焰高”。Ⅱ.完形填空(2021·江西五校协作体高三模拟)BrookeOchoawasgoingtoenterarestaurantforlunchwhenshesawanelderlyladyapproaching.The30yearoldwoman__1__tokeepthedooropenforher.Shethoughtshewasjustdoingsomething__2__．Shedidn'tknow,however,thataremark(评论)thattheladywouldmakeafewsecondslaterwould__3__achainofeventsthatwouldcausehertogetcountlesslikesonherpostand__4__onsocialmediasuddenly.AsBrookeenteredtherestaurant,she__5__theelderlyladyaskingfor“atableforone”．Thenshedecidedtodoonemoreactof__6__．Brookewalkeduptothelady's__7__andasked，“Ialso__8__alone.Wouldyouliketohavelunchtogether？”Thelady,namedDolores,notonlyacceptedBrooke's__9__，butshewasverypleasedtohave__10__．Thetwo__11__upaninstantfriendshipduringtheirmeal.DolorestoldBrookethatshe'dbeenhavinga__12__time.“Shespentthelastdecadelivingwithhermom,whorecentlypassedaway，”Brookewroteinalaterpostabouttheencounter.“Shejustkeptsmilingandsaying‘Thankyouforlisteningtome’，whichmademe__13__too！”BrookeandDoloresenjoyedtheirconversationsomuchthatthey__14__tohavelunchwitheachothereveryThursdayfromthatpointon.Inalater__15__，notlongaftertheirfirstmeeting,Brooke__16__thatDoloreshadpassedaway. Ifnothingelse,thischance__17__isevidencethatthesmallest__18__ofgoodwillcanquiteexactlychangealife.NeitherofthetwowomenknewthatDolores'sdaysonearthwereso__19__，buttheyfound__20__ineachother,andthat'swhatmatters.1．A.hesitatedB．waitedC．competedD．pretended2．A.politeB．honestC．wiseD．foolish3．A.ignoreB．reportC．removeD．produce4．A.takeoffB．setoffC．leaveoffD．cutoff5．A.realizedB．feltC．insistedD．overheard6．A.weaknessB．kindnessC．friendshipD．encouragement7．A.carB．counterC．doorD．table8．A.struggleB．defendC．eatD．post9．A.bowB．careC．effortD．offer10．A.companyB．frictionC．adjustmentD．permission11．A.turnedB．builtC．threwD．put12．A.pleasantB．shortC．toughD．lucky13．A.sobB．panicC．listenD．smile14．A.seemedB．refused C．agreedD．remained15．A.updateB．purchaseC．absenceD．praise16．A.approvedB．toldC．analyzedD．committed17．A.complaintB．argumentC．conversationD．appointment18．A.strengthB．actC．competenceD．fault19．A.limitedB．richC．longD．poor20．A.successB．realityC．comfortD．equality【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文。布鲁克·奥乔亚去餐馆吃饭时偶遇了一位老妇人，她为这位老妇人开门，又在得知老妇人自己一个人吃饭后邀请其共进午餐，两人由此建立了友谊，并约定每周四共进午餐；但在她们第一次见面后不久，那位老妇人就去世了。这段友谊虽然很短暂，但是她们在彼此身上找到了安慰。1．B　解析：根据空后的“keepthedooropenforher”和下文布鲁克因为这个行为获赞可知，布鲁克在那等着为那位老妇人开门。故选B。hesitate意为“犹豫”，pretend意为“假装”。2．A　解析：根据上文内容并结合常识可知，等着为别人开门是一种礼貌的行为。故选A。3．D　解析：与该句中的“cause”呼应，并结合空后的“achainofevents”可知，此处表示几秒后那位老妇人的评论会引起(produce)一连串的事件。4．A　解析：与句中的“getcountlesslikes”呼应可知，此处表示布鲁克因为无数点赞而在社交媒体上开始走红。takeoff意为“开始走红”，setoff意为“出发”，leaveoff意为“停止、中断”，cutoff意为“中断”。 5．D　解析：根据语境可知，当布鲁克走进餐馆，她无意中听到那位老妇人正在要一张单人桌。overhear意为“无意中听到、偶然听到”。6．B　解析：根据上文可知，布鲁克为老妇人开门是一种礼貌的行为；当她无意中听到那位老妇人想要一张单人桌时，她决定再多做一个善举。7．D　解析：根据上文中的“table”可知，布鲁克走到老妇人的餐桌旁邀请她一起共进午餐。8．C　解析：根据空后的“Wouldyouliketohavelunchtogether？”可知，布鲁克也是一个人来餐馆吃饭的。9．D　解析：根据上文中的“Wouldyouliketohavelunchtogether？”可知，这是布鲁克的提议(offer)。10．A　解析：与上文中的“atableforone”“alone”形成对比可知，老妇人不仅接受了布鲁克的提议，而且也乐意吃饭有个伴儿。company意为“陪伴”，friction意为“摩擦”，adjustment意为“调整”，permission意为“许可”。11．B　解析：根据语境可知，两个陌生人在就餐过程中迅速建立了友谊。12．C　解析：根据下一句中的“Shespentthelastdecadelivingwithhermom，whorecentlypassedaway”可推知，老妇人当时正在过着艰难的日子。tough意为“艰难的”。13．D　解析：根据本句中的“Shejustkeptsmiling”和“too”可知，老妇人感染了布鲁克，布鲁克也面带微笑。故选D。sob意为“啜泣”，panic意为“(使)惊慌”。14．C　解析：根据该句中的“BrookeandDoloresenjoyedtheirconversationsomuch”可知，布鲁克和德洛丽丝聊得很开心，因此两人约定每个星期四都共进午餐。 agree意为“商定、约定”。15．A　解析：与上文“Brookewroteinalaterpostabouttheencounter.”呼应可知，此处表示在布鲁克和德洛丽丝第一次见面之后不久更新的一篇帖子中，布鲁克说德洛丽丝已经去世了。16．B　解析：参见上题解析。17．C　解析：根据上文中的“BrookeandDoloresenjoyedtheirconversationsomuch”可知，此处表示布鲁克和德洛丽丝共进午餐时所进行的谈话。18．B　解析：与上文中的“Thenshedecidedtodoonemoreactof______．”形成呼应可推知，此处表示善举。故选B。competence意为“能力”，fault意为“过错、过失”。19．A　解析：根据上文可知，在布鲁克和德洛丽丝约定一起共进午餐后不久，德洛丽丝就去世了，故此处表示当时她们都不知道德洛丽丝在世的时间如此有限。20．C　解析：布鲁克和德洛丽丝共进午餐时聊得很开心，她们之间建立了友谊。彼此在对方那里找到了安慰。Ⅲ.短文改错Tenyearsago,myhometownisasmallandpoorcitywithfewfactories.Andthecitizenshadfewchoiceontransportation.However,nowadaysmyhometownhastakenonbrandnewlookwithrapiddevelopmentofcultureandeconomy.Thecitizens'livingconditionshavebeengreatlyimproveandtheirlifestylesaredifferentfrominthepast.Shoponlinehasbecomepopular.Whentheycomestotransportation,privatecarshavebecomeacommonwayoftravelingbesidepublictransportation.Thebestchangeiswhichallthepeoplearelivingahopefullifewithconfident.答案：Tenyearsago,myhometownasmallandpoorcitywithfewfactories.Andthecitizenshadfewontransportation.However,nowadaysmyhometown hastakenonbrandnewlookwithrapiddevelopmentofcultureandeconomy.Thecitizens'livingconditionshavebeengreatlyandtheirlifestylesaredifferentfromthepast.onlinehasbecomepopular.Whencomestotransportation,privatecarshavebecomeacommonwayoftravelingpublictransportation.Thebestchangeisallthepeoplearelivingahopefullifewith.①is改为was。考查时态。根据句中的时间状语Tenyearsago可知，此处应用一般过去时。②choice改为choices。考查名词的单复数。choice意为“选择”，为可数名词，根据句中的few可知，此处应用名词的复数形式。③在brand前加a。考查冠词。句中的look意为“样子”，为可数名词，此处表示“呈现一个全新的样貌”，属于泛指，故用不定冠词，且brand的发音以辅音音素开头，故用a。④improve改为improved。考查语态。句子的主语Thecitizens'livingconditions与动词improve是被动关系，因此用现在完成时的被动语态。⑤删除from后的in。考查介词。本句中的thepast作介词from的宾语，in多余，故删除。⑥Shop改为Shopping。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处作句子的主语，且助动词为has，因此用动词ing形式作主语。⑦they改为it。考查代词。whenitcomestosth./todoingsth.是固定句式，表示“当涉及某事(或做某事)时”。 ⑧beside改为besides。考查介词。由句意可知，此处表示除了公共交通之外，私家车已成为一种常见的交通方式。besides意为“除……之外”。beside意为“在旁边”，不符合语境。⑨which改为that。考查名词性从句的连接词。分析句子结构可知，此处引导表语从句，从句中不缺少任何成分，故用that引导。that引导表语从句时常不可省略。⑩confident改为confidence。考查名词。该词位于介词with之后，应用名词形式。withconfidence意为“满怀信心地”。