适用于老高考旧教材2024版高考英语二轮复习专项能力提升练阅读理解文体分类练3说明文之科普知识类（附解析）

文体分类练(三)　说明文之科普知识类(限时:25分钟)Passage1(2023浙江湖州、衢州、丽水二模)Incountriesaroundtheworld,womendomoreunpaidlabor—housework,childandeldercare,andthementalloadofmanagingafamilythanmen.Newresearchsuggestsittakesahealthtoll(代价)onmanyofthem.Ananalysisof19studiescovering70,310peopleglobally,whichispublishedthismonthinTheLancetPublicHealth,foundthatthemoreofthislaborwomendo,theworsetheirmentalhealth.Thefindingspointoutwomenaremoreoftendiagnosedwithanxietyanddepressionthanmen.Houseworkandchildcare,theresearchfound,havemuchlessofanimpactonmen’smentalhealth.That’sprobablybecausetheydosomuchlessofit.IntheUnitedStates,womendoanaverage4.5hoursofsuchworkaday,comparedwith2.8hoursformen,accordingtodatafromtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.InGreece,womendo4.3hourswhilemendoanhourandahalf.Eveninthemostgender-equalcountries,likeSweden,womendo50minutesmoreadaythanmen.It’salsobecausethetypeofsuchworkmendoisgenerallylesstime-sensitive.Forexample,menaremoreoftenresponsibleforoutdoortasks,likemowingthelawn,thataredonelessoftenandontheirownschedule.Womenaremorelikelytotakeondailytasksthatneedtobedoneatcertaintimes,likepreparingmealsorcleaningup.Socialexpectationsprobablyalsoplayarole.Studieshaveshownthatwomenfeelpressuretokeeptheirhomesclean,forinstance,andfeeljudgediftheydon’t.Men,ontheotherhand,areoftenpraisedfordoingdailytasksliketakingachildtoanappointment.TheLancetresearcherssaidthatdrawingclearconclusionsfromthe19studieswasdifficultandthatmoreresearchwouldbewelcome.1.Howdoestheauthorshowtheresearchfindingsinparagraphs2and3?A.Bygivingexamples.B.Bylistingfigures.C.Bymakinganalysis.D.Bytellingstories. 2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“time-sensitive”meaninparagraph4?A.Flexible.B.Valuable.C.Demandingintiming.D.Challenginginskills.3.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph5?A.Womenaregenerallyexpectedtodomorehouseholdlabor.B.Womenwillbepunishedbyjudgesiftheydon’tkeeptheirhomesclean.C.Menfeelstressedmoreoftenwhentheycan’ttaketheirchildrentothedentist.D.Menaresupposedtotakeachildtoanappointmentinsteadofdoingotherhousework.4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Factsthatmenandwomenareunequal.B.Badeffectsthathouseworkhasonwomen.C.Responsibilitiesthatwomenshareinfamilies.D.Reasonswhyunpaidlaborhurtswomenmorementally.Passage2(2023浙江宁波二模)Humansarenottheanimalkingdom’sonlyfashionistas.Tits(山雀)canbefashionfollowers,too,apparently.Alateststudyshowsthat,giventhechance,theydecoratetheirnestswiththisseason’smust-havecolour.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinwerefollowinguponastudypublishedin1934byHenrySmithWilliams,anAmericannaturalist.Henoticedthatwhenheputvariouscolouredballsofyarn(纱)outinhisgarden,almostalwaysoneandonlyonebecamepopularthatseasonforbeingincludedintolocalbirds’nests.Butwhichparticularcolourwasfavouredvariedfromseasontoseason.Thissuggestedthatthecolourchosenbyoneoftheearlybirdswasspottedandcopiedbyothers.Williams’sworkwas,however,forgottenuntiltheycameacrossitwhilefollowinguponadifferentstudy,publishedbyateamattheUniversityofToulouse,suggestingfashion-following,too.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinthereforesetouttore-runWilliams’sexperiment,butthistimetocollectsomeactualnumbers.Thebirdstheyfollowedwerepartofawell-monitoredpopulationofbluetitsinawoodneartheinstitute.Mostbirdsinthiswoodcarriedtrackingdevicesfittedtothemaftertheircaptureinmistnets.Thatallowedtheinstitute’sresearcherstokeeptrackofavastnumberofindividualsbyrecordingtheirarrivalatfood containersthroughoutthewood.Insteadoffood,thesecontainerswereloadedwithwoolofdifferentcolours.Interestingly,researcherssoonfoundthatmostnestsofbluetitsincludedonlythecolourofthewoolfirstchosenbyanestbuilder.Tits,then,doseemtobe“ontrend”,whenitcomestonest-buildingmaterials.Whythatshouldhappenremainsobscure.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinsuspectthefashionleadersareolderbirds,andthatevolutionfavoursyoungeronescopyingtheirelderssincethoseeldershaveevidentlysurvivedwhatfortunehastothrowatatit.Williams’soriginalwork,though,suggestssuchinitialchoicesareatrandom—abitlikethoseoftheleadersofhumanfashions.5.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph2?A.Dr.WildandDr.AplincontributedtoWilliam’swork.B.Earlybirds’colourpreferencewascopiedbytheirfellows.C.Theyarnwasthemostpopularmaterialtodecoratelocalbirds’nests.D.Thecolouroftheyarnfavouredbylocalbirdswasfixedthroughouttheyear.6.HowdidDr.WildandDr.AplinimproveWilliams’sexperiment?A.Theyobservedthebluetits.B.Theystudiedthehabitsofbluetits.C.Theyadoptedthedata-collectingmethod.D.Theyfittedtrackingdevicestofoodcontainers.7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“obscure”inparagraph5mean?A.Hidden.B.Evident.C.Complicated.D.Shallow.8.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Birdsfavourcertaincoloursindecoration.B.Youngbirdsfollowtheireldersinfashion.C.Youngbirdsarejustasintelligentaspeople.D.Birdsarejustasfashion-consciousaspeople.Passage3(2023福建厦门二模)Inanewstudy,IowaPsychologistEdWassermangavethepigeonscomplexcategorizationteststhathigh-levelthinkingwouldnotaidinsolving.Instead,thepigeons,bytrialanderror,eventuallywereabletomemorizeenoughsituationsinthe test.Thisbasicprocessofmakingassociations—consideredalower-levelthinkingtechnique—isthesamebetweenthetest-takingpigeonsandthelatestAIadvances.Theresearcherssoughttofigureouttwotypesoflearning:onedeclarativelearning,isbasedonexercisingreasonaccordingtoasetofrulesorstrategies—aso-calledhigherleveloflearningownedmostlybypeople.Theother,associativelearning,centersonrecognizingandmakingconnectionsbetweenobjectsorpatterns,suchas“sky-blue”and“water-wet”.Wasserman’steamdesignedadifficulttesttofindoutwhetherthepigeonsusedeclarativeorassociativelearning.Eachtestpigeonwasshownastimulus(刺激)andhadtodecide,bypecking(啄)abuttonontherightorontheleft,towhichcategorythatstimulusbelonged.Whatmadethetestsodemandingwasthatnorulesorlogicwouldhelpfinishthetask.Theyhavetomemorizetheindividualstimuliorregionsfromwherethestimulioccur.Overhundredsoftests,thefourtestpigeonseventuallyuppedtheirscorefrom50%toanaverageof68%right.“ThepigeonsarelikeAImasters,”Wassermansays.“Bothofthememployassociativelearning,andyetthatbase-levelthinkingiswhatallowedthepigeonstoultimatelyscoresuccessfully.”Ifpeopleweretotakethesametest,they’dscorepoorlyandwouldprobablygiveupbecausetheyrelysoheavilyonrulesorstrategies.Thoseruleswouldgetinthewayoflearning.Thepigeondoesn’thavethathigh-levelthinkingprocess.Butitdoesn’tgetinthewayoftheirlearning.Infact,insomewaysitfacilitatesit.“PeoplearestunnedbyAIdoingamazingthingsusingalearningalgorithm(算法)muchlikethepigeon,”Wassermansays,“yetwhenpeopletalkaboutassociativelearninginhumansandanimals,itisdiscountedasinflexibleanduncomplicated.”9.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalexampleofassociativelearning?A.Tomrefusestoputhandsonhotstovesafterburns.B.Dolphinsdetectobstaclesusingsoundwaves.C.Chimpanzeesusephysicalgesturestrategies.D.Emilyfiguresoutmathproblemswithlogic.10.Howdidthepigeonsimprovetheirperformanceinthetest?A.Bypeckingthestimuli.B.Byfindingrulesorlogic. C.Bycompetingwitheachother.D.Bymakingnumerousattempts.11.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.AIandmanusethesamelearningpattern.B.Associativelearningisunderestimated.C.Peoplethinkhighlyofdeclarativelearning.D.PigeonsfinishtaskswithAIalgorithms.12.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleofthetext?A.Pigeon’sPeckCanMirrorHighTechB.AIContributestoaNewLearningPatternC.AICanEnrichHumanLearningExperienceD.Pigeon’sLearningLargelyExtendsHighTech答案：Passage1[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了发表在《柳叶刀公共卫生》上的一项对全球70,310人的19项研究的分析发现,女性从事的劳动越多,她们的心理健康状况就越差。1.B　推理判断题。根据第二段中“Ananalysisof19studiescovering70,310peopleglobally”以及第三段中“IntheUnitedStates,womendoanaverage4.5hoursofsuchworkaday,comparedwith2.8hoursformen”可知,作者在第二段和第三段是通过列举数字展示研究成果的。2.C　词义猜测题。根据下文“Forexample,menaremoreoftenresponsibleforoutdoortasks,likemowingthelawn,thataredonelessoftenandontheirownschedule.Womenaremorelikelytotakeondailytasksthatneedtobedoneatcertaintimes,likepreparingmealsorcleaningup.”可知,男性负责的任务对时间的要求没有女性高,可推理出第四段中time-sensitive的含义应为对时间要求高的。3.A　细节理解题。根据第五段中“Studieshaveshownthatwomenfeelpressuretokeeptheirhomesclean,forinstance,andfeeljudgediftheydon’t.”可知,妇女被期望从事更多的家务劳动。4.D　主旨大意题。根据文章第一段以及第三段中“Houseworkandchildcare,theresearchfound,havemuchlessofanimpactonmen’smentalhealth.” 以及第五段中“Socialexpectationsprobablyalsoplayarole.”可知,本文第一段提出了无偿家务劳动对妇女心理有健康危害这一研究发现,后续段落对这一研究发现进行了原因分析和解释。Passage2[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。人类并不是动物界唯一的时尚达人。研究表明,山雀也像人类一样追随潮流,用流行色装点巢穴。5.B　推理判断题。根据第二段中“Henoticedthatwhenheputvariouscolouredballsofyarnoutinhisgarden...byoneoftheearlybirdswasspottedandcopiedbyothers.”可知,最开始的鸟类的颜色偏好被它们的同伴模仿了。6.C　细节理解题。根据第三段中“Dr.WildandDr.Aplinthereforesetouttore-runWilliams’sexperiment,butthistimetocollectsomeactualnumbers.”可知,Wild博士和Aplin博士采用了数据收集的方法来改进Williams的实验。7.A　词义猜测题。根据第五段中“Dr.WildandDr.Aplinsuspectthefashionleadersareolderbirds,andthatevolutionfavoursyoungeronescopyingtheirelderssincethoseeldershaveevidentlysurvivedwhatfortunehastothrowatatit.”中的suspect可推知,为什么会发生这种情况还不清楚。obscure意为“不清楚的;隐蔽的”。8.D　主旨大意题。根据第一段可知,本文主要讲的是鸟类像人类一样追随潮流。D项“Birdsarejustasfashion-consciousaspeople.”最能概括本文大意。Passage3[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。心理学家通过实验证明鸽子和最新的人工智能使用了同样的学习方法:联想学习。9.A　推理判断题。根据第二段中“Theother,associativelearning,centersonrecognizingandmakingconnectionsbetweenobjectsorpatterns,suchas‘sky-blue’and‘water-wet’.”可知,联想学习的本质是建立联系。在“汤姆烫伤后不愿把手放在热炉子上”这一现象中,汤姆把烫伤和热炉子联系了起来,这属于联想学习。10.D　细节理解题。根据第三段中“Overhundredsoftests,thefourtestpigeonseventuallyuppedtheirscorefrom50%toanaverageof68%right.”可知,鸽子在测试中通过多次尝试提高它们的表现。11.B　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,人们认为联想学习法对人类和动物来说不灵活且简单,但人工智能却用这种学习法做出惊人的事情,由此推知,联想学习被低估了。 12.A　主旨大意题。通读全文,结合第一段和第三段中“Eachtestpigeonwasshownastimulusandhadtodecide,bypeckingabuttonontherightorontheleft,towhichcategorythatstimulusbelonged.”可知,心理学家通过实验证明鸽子和最新的人工智能使用了同样的建立联系的学习过程,同时实验中的鸽子需要通过啄按钮来完成任务。结合选项可推知,A项(鸽子啄按钮与高科技有共通之处)是最佳标题。词汇积累:1.(Passage1)analysisn.分析　2.(Passage1)pointout指出3.(Passage1)depressionn.抑郁4.(Passage1)takeon承担5.(Passage1)ontheotherhand在另一方面6.(Passage2)apparently显然地7.(Passage2)comeacross偶遇,无意中发现8.(Passage3)aidindoingsth.帮助做某事9.(Passage3)bytrialanderror反复试验,不断摸索10.(Passage3)associationn.联想熟词生义:(Passage2)spotvt.发现长难句分析:(Passage1)Ananalysisof19studiescovering70,310peopleglobally,whichispublishedthismonthinTheLancet(柳叶刀)PublicHealth,foundthatthemoreofthislaborwomendo,theworsetheirmentalhealth.分析:本句为复合句。covering70,310peopleglobally为现在分词短语作后置定语;whichispublishedthismonthinTheLancet(柳叶刀)PublicHealth为which引导的非限制性定语从句;thatthemoreofthislaborwomendo,theworsetheirmentalhealth为that引导的宾语从句。句意:本月发表在《柳叶刀公共卫生》(TheLancetPublicHealth)杂志上的一项对全球70,310个人的19项研究的分析发现,女性做的家务活越多,她们的心理健康状况就越差。