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安徽省高考英语二轮复习 专题升级训练卷十 四史地自然科普新闻类阅读理解(一)
安徽省高考英语二轮复习 专题升级训练卷十 四史地自然科普新闻类阅读理解(一)
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2013年高考第二轮复习英语安徽版专题升级训练十四 史地、自然、科普、新闻类阅读理解(一)ATheAlpsaretheyoungestandhighestmountainsysteminEurope.Theystretchacrossthewesternandsouthernpartofthecontinentinabroadarc.ThemountainrangestartsneartheMediterraneanSeaontheborderbetweenFranceandItaly.ThenitcurvesnorthandeastwardthroughnorthernItaly,Switzerland,Liechtenstein,southernGermany,AustriaandSlovenia.TheAlpsareabout1,000kmlong,andthebroadestsectionisover260kmwide.Thehighestpeak,MontBlanc,situatedontheborderbetweenFrance,ItalyandSwitzerland,rises4,807metersabovesealevel.OtherfamouspeaksaretheMonteRosa,theMatterhorn,theGroBglocknerandtheZugspitze.Millionsofyearsagotheareaoftoday'sAlpswascoveredbyalargeseathatseparatedEuropeandAfrica.Thesouthernlandmassstartedmovingnorthwards.Thismovementfoldedrocklayersatthebottomofthesea.Heatandpressuretransformedtherockandpushedthe_materialupwards.TodaytheseregionsarethehighestpartsoftheAlps.Mostofthenewlyformedrockisgraniteandgneiss,butmanyrangesconsistoflimestonewhichalsoformedontheseabed.DuringtheIceAge,whichstartedaboutamillionyearsago,theAlpswerecoveredwithathickblanketofsnow.Glaciersmoveddownvalleysandmadethemwideranddeeper.Astheymovedtheytookrockandothermaterialwiththem,creatingmoraines(冰碛).Whenglaciersstartedtomeltwaterfilledupbehindthesenaturaldamsandcreatedthealpinelakesweknowtoday.ThelargestoftheseglaciersistheAletschinSwitzerlandwhichreachesalengthofabout25km.ThelongestglacieroftheeasternAlpsisthe8kmlongPasterze,atthefootoftheGroBglockner.Theiceandsnowofthealpineregionshelpedcreatethelargeriversoftoday:theRhine,Rhone,DanubeandthePo.1.FromthefirsttwoparagraphsweknowtheAlps______.A.areabout260kmwideB.stretchacrossthewesternpartofAfricaC.aretheyoungestmountainsystemintheworldD.havethehighestpeak4,807metersabovesealevel2.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thismaterial”inPara.3referto?A.Seawaterandrock.B.Rockthatwastransformed.C.Rocklayersthatwerefolded.D.Limestonewhichwasontheseabed.3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheAlpswereformed______.A.beforetheIceAgeB.duringtheIceAgeC.becauseofseas'movementD.becauseofglaciers'movement4.FromthepassageweknowDanubeis______.A.akindofrockB.oneoftheAlps'famouspeaksC.thenameofariverD.oneofthelargestglaciersBNanoparticles(纳米粒子)areeverywhere,fromcosmeticsandclothes,tosoda-7-\nandsnacks.Butascommonastheyare,theyalsohaveadownside,sayresearchersatBinghamtonUniversityandCornellUniversityinarecentpaperpublishedinthejournalNatureNanotechnology.Thesetinyparticles,eveninlowdoses,couldhaveabigimpactonourlongtermhealth.Accordingtotheleadauthorofthearticle,GretchenMahler,assistantprofessorofbioengineeringatBinghamtonUniversity,muchoftheexistingresearchonthesafetyofnanoparticleshasbeendirectlyrelatedtohealtheffects.ButwhatMahlerandateamofresearchersreallywantedtoknowwaswhathappenswhensomeonegetsconstantexposureinsmalldoses—thekindyou'dgetifyoutookadrugorsupplementthatincludednanoparticlesinsomeform.“Wethoughtthatthebestwaytomeasurethemoresubtle(精细的)effectsofthiskindofintakewastomonitorthereactionofintestinal(肠道的)cells,”saidMahler.“Andwedidthisintwoways:throughhumanintestinalliningcellsthatwehadculturedinthelab,andthroughtheintestinalliningsoflivechickens.Bothsetsofresultspointedtothesamething—thatexposuretonanoparticlesinfluencestheabsorptionofnutrientsintothebloodstream.”Theuptakeofironwasofparticularinterestduetothewayitisabsorbedandprocessedthroughtheintestines.“Whatwefoundwasthatforbriefexposures,ironabsorptiondroppedbyabout50percent,”saidMahler.“Butwhenweextendedthatperiodoftime,absorptionactuallyincreasedbyabout200percent.Itwasveryclear—nanoparticlesdefinitelyaffectironuptakeandtransport.”Whilebrieforalexposuredisruptedintestinalirontransport,longtimeexposurecausedintestinalcellstobelargerandbroader,thusallowingirontoenterthebloodstreammuchfaster.“Theintestinalcellsareagatewaythatingestednanoparticlesmustgothroughtogettothebody,”saidMahler.“Wemonitoredironabsorptionandfoundthatthepolystyrenenanoparticlesaffectedtheabsorptionprocessandcausedaphysiologicalresponse.”5.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.Nanoparticlesarecommoninourlife.B.Nanoparticleshaveaneffectonourhealth.C.Weshouldknowmoreaboutnanoparticles.D.Theintakeofnanoparticlesshouldbebanned.6.GretchenMahler'sresearchisto______.A.measurethedirecthealtheffectsofironuptakeB.findouttheeffectoflongtimeexposuretonanoparticlesC.explorehowtoreducetheeffectsofnanoparticlesD.studyhownanoparticlesaffectchickens7.Theunderlinedword“disrupted”inthelastparagraphprobablymeans“______”.A.disorderedB.benefitedC.discoveredD.followed8.Inwhichpartofamagazinecanthispassagemostlikelybefound?A.Science.B.History.C.Entertainment.D.Economy.CClimatechangeisthreateningtoredrawtheworld'swineproducingmap,andtheeffectsarealreadybeingseeninearlierharvestsandcoarser(更为粗糙、劣质的)wines.“Theconsequencesofglobalwarmingarealreadybeingfelt.Harvestsarealready-7-\ncoming10daysearlierthanbeforeinalmostallgrapegrowingregions,”saidBernardSeguin,theheadofclimatestudiesatFrance'sINRAagriculturalresearchinstitute.HewasspeakingattheopeningoftheSecondInternationalCongressonWineandClimateChange.“Wineandwineproducingwillchangeinawaythatwilldependonhowwefaceglobalwarming,”saidSeguin.“Ifthetemperaturerisestwoorthreedegreescentigrade,wecouldmanagetoseeBordeauxremainasBordeaux,RiojaasRioja,BurgundyasBurgundy.Butifitgoesupfiveorsixdegrees,wemustfaceuptohugeproblems,andthechangeswillbehard,”hesaid.Grapesaredamagediftheyripentooquickly,duetohighertemperaturesandalackofrain.“Whenagrapematuresmorequickly,yougethigherconcentrationsofsugar,loweracidity(酸性)andahigherPHlevel,”saidFernandoZamoraoftheoenologyfaculty(葡萄酒酿造学系)attheUniversityofTarragonainSpain.Theresultiscoarserwines,withahigheralcohollevelandloweraciditywhichcandestroythedelicateflavorofgoodqualitywines,hesaid.Itwouldalsoleadtohigherpricesincountrieswhichtaxwineaccordingtoitsalcohollevel.“Thetypesofwineswillchangeinalmostallregions,”saidVicenteSotes,aprofessoratthePolytechnicUniversity.Andsomeregionswhichstillproducegoodwinewouldnolongerbenefitfromtheidealclimaticconditionsthatareresponsiblefortheirfame.“TheFrenchwillhaveproblems,especiallyintheBordeauxregion,”saidPanchoCampos,thepresidentoftheWineAcademyofSpain,whoorganizedtheBarcelonaconference.“GermanproducersonthebanksoftheRhinewillbetheleastatrisk,”hesaid.TheFrench“GrandCrus”couldbefurtherthreatenedbythe“NewWorld”winesofAustralia,California,Chile,Argentina,SouthAfricaandNewZealand,whichwouldhavethebestclimaticconditions.“Thecountriesinthesouthernhemisphere(半球)arenexttoagreatermassofwater,anditisseacurrentsthatmaintainthetemperatureatitslevel,”saidCampos.9.What'sthemainideaofthepassage?A.Howweshouldfightagainsttheclimatechange.B.Earlierharvestsarethecausesofcoarserwines.C.Wineproductionisthreatenedbytheclimatechange.D.Globalwarmingisveryseriousinmanycountries.10.Abrandofwinewithpoorqualitybearsthefeatureof______.A.aloweralcohollevelB.alowerPHlevelC.aloweraciditylevelD.alowersugarlevel11.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.A.winesofloweralcohollevelaretaxedmoreheavilyB.climateisaveryimportantfactorinwineproducingC.FranceisaleadingwineproducerintheworldD.Germanwineproducersfacethreatensfromothercountries12.Thelastparagraphindicatesthat______.A.winesproducedinthecountriesinthesouthernhemispherehavelowpricesB.FrenchwineproducersfacemorethreatsfromtheriseoftemperatureC.thesoutherncountrieshavemuchhighertemperaturecomparedwiththenorthD.thecountriesinthesouthernhemispherewouldhaveidealclimateforwineproducingDScientiststhinkitwillbepossibletorecordpeople'sdreamsandtheninterpret-7-\nthem.Theyclaimtohavedevelopedasystemwhichallowsthemtorecordhigherlevelbrainactivity.DrMoranCerftoldthejournalNature:“Wewouldliketoreadpeople'sdreams.”Previouslytheonlywaytoaccesspeople'sdreamsisforpsychologiststoaskaboutthemaftertheeventandtrytointerpretthem.DrCerfhopestoeventuallycomparepeople'smemoriesoftheirdreamswithanelectronicpictureoftheirbrainactivity.HetoldtheBBC:“There'snoclearanswerastowhyhumansdream.Andoneofthequestionswewouldliketoansweriswhendoweactuallycreatethisdream.”Thescientistbelieveshislatestresearchshowsthatcertainneurons(神经元)orindividualbraincellsarelinkedwithspecificobjectsorconcepts.HefoundthataparticularneuronlitupwhenavolunteerthoughtaboutMarilynMonroe.Ifadatabasewasbuiltupidentifyingvariousneuronswithconcepts,objectsandpeople,itwouldallowthemto“readthesubject'sminds”,accordingtoDrCerf.However,DrRoderickOner,aclinicalpsychologistanddreamexpert,saidthatthiskindofpicturewouldbeoflimitedhelpwhenitcametointerpretingthe“complexdreamstory”.Inordertogetadetailedpictureofindividualneurons,scientistshadtohaveelectrodes(电极)implanteddeepinthebrainbyusingsurgery.TheNatureresearchersuseddatafrompatientswhohadelectrodesimplantedtomonitorandtreatthemforbrainseizures.However,DrCerfsaidhehopedthatitwouldbepossibleatalaterstagetomonitorpeoplewithoutinvasivesurgery.Hesaiditwouldbe“wonderful”tobeabletoreadthemindsofcoma(昏迷的)patientswhoareunabletocommunicate.13.Howdidwerecordandinterpretourdreamsinthepast?A.Wecouldn'tdothatbecauseofourlimitedscienceknowledge.B.Onlysomescientistscoulddothatwithsomespecialsystems.C.Everyonecoulddothatbyaskingaboutthedreamersaftertheevent.D.Psychologistscoulddothatbyaskingaboutthedreamersaftertheevent.14.Whatcanbeinferredfromthe3rdparagraph?A.DrCerf'slatestresearchisreallyasuccess.B.DrCerf'slatestresearchturnsouttobeafailure.C.NotallscientistsareinfavorofDrCerf'sopinion.D.AllscientiststhinkDrCerf'sresearchisridiculous.15.Whydidscientistshaveelectrodesimplanteddeepinthebrain?A.Becausetheywantedtogainamoreclearimageofindividualneurons.B.Becausetheyhopedtofindanewwayofcuringthepatients'brainseizures.C.Becausetheycouldgetthedatathatwouldbeusedfortreatingbrainseizures.D.Becausetheywantedtoreadthemindsofcomapatientsunabletocommunicate.16.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.Afamousscientist,DrCerfB.Scientistsplantorecordpeople'sdreamsC.WhendoweactuallycreatethisdreamD.RoderickOner,aclinicalpsychologistanddreamexpertEChildreninSomaliaaresufferingsomeofthehighestmalnutrition(营养不良)ratesintheworld,saystheUnitedNationsasdroughtcontinuestoaffectthecountry.AnUNofficialtoldtheBBCthatabouttwoandahalfmillionpeoplehadbeenaffected.ShesaidtherehadbeencompletecropfailureinsouthernSomaliaandthat-7-\nmanyhadlosttheirlivelihoods(生活来源,饭碗,生计).Thecountryhasalsobeenravagedbytwodecadesofviolence.“ManypeopleareleavingruralareastosearchforworkinSomalitowns,whileothersarequittingthecountryaltogether—goingtoKenyaandYemen,”saidGrainneMoloniyoftheUNFoodandAgriculturalOrganization.“Oneinfourchildrenismalnourished—that'soneofthehighestratesintheworld,”shetoldtheBBC'sWorldToday.Therainshaveeitherfailedorbeeninadequateforseveralseasons,fieldsareparched,andlivestock—themainstayoftheeconomy—aredying.“Peoplearebecomingmoredependentonmoneyfromtheirrelativesabroad,”MsMoloniysaid.However,theSomalidiaspora(海外索马里人)havebeenhitbytheglobaleconomiccrisis,andinthepastfewyearshavebeenunabletosendasmuchmoneyhome.“UNagenciesandotherhumanitariangroupsarealsoshortoffunds—theUNhasonlyraisedathirdofwhatitneedsforfoodaidforSomalia,”MsMoloniysaid.“Withnoendtothedroughtinsight,andinsecuritycontinuinginmanypartsofSomalia,itislikelythesituationwillgetworsebeforeitgetsbetter,”saysBBCAfricaanalystMaryHarper.Thecountryhasexperiencedmorethan20yearsofconflict,withIslamistinsurgentsfightingforcesofthetransitionalgovernment,backedbypeacekeepersfromtheAfricanUnion.17.DroughtinsouthernSomaliahasresultedin______.A.violenceB.asmallnumberofchildrengoinghungryC.globaleconomiccrisisD.millionsofpeoplelosingtheirlivelihoods18.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ravaged”inParagraph3mean?A.Destroyed.B.Protected.C.Controlled.D.Frightened.19.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.TheUNandotherhumanitariangroupshavecollectedenoughmoneytohelppeopleinSomalia.B.Somaliadiasporahavebeenunabletosendmuchmoneyhometotheirpoorrelatives.C.Somaliahasthelargestnumberofchildrensufferingfrommalnutrition.D.Thedroughtwillsoonbeover.20.Wheredoyouthinkthepassageistakenfrom?A.Newspaper.B.Introduction.C.Textbook.D.Literaturemagazine.-7-\n参考答案1.答案:D解析:细节理解题。由第二段的第二句话可知阿尔卑斯山脉的最高峰——勃朗峰海拔4807米。2.答案:B解析:词义猜测题。根据该句的结构“Heatandpressuretransformedtherockandpushedthematerialupwards.”可知该词语指代前面的therock,故选B项。3.答案:A解析:推理判断题。根据第三、四段的首句,可以推断出阿尔卑斯山脉是在冰河世纪之前形成的,故选A项。4.答案:C解析:细节理解题。由文章最后一段可知Danube(多瑙河)是由阿尔卑斯山脉的冰雪融化形成的大河之一。5.答案:B解析:主旨大意题。第一段提出了文章的主旨。根据第一段中的“Thesetinyparticles,eveninlowdoses,couldhaveabigimpactonourlongtermhealth”可知,答案为B项。6.答案:B解析:细节理解题。根据第二段中的“ButwhatMahler...waswhathappenswhensomeonegetsconstantexposureinsmalldoses...”可知,答案为B项。7.答案:A解析:词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“Whatwefoundwasthatforbriefexposures,ironabsorptiondroppedbyabout50percent...”和“...nanoparticlesdefinitelyaffectironuptakeandtransport.”可推断,disrupt意为“干扰”,故答案为A项。8.答案:A解析:推理判断题。本文介绍了关于纳米粒子的最新研究成果,属于科学方面,故答案为A项。9.答案:C解析:主旨大意题。文章第一段是本文的主题句,提到气候变化对葡萄酒生产的影响及后果。10.答案:C解析:细节理解题。题目涉及劣质葡萄酒的特点,原文第三段提到葡萄成熟得太快所导致的葡萄以及葡萄酒的特点。11.答案:B解析:推理判断题。文章一直在论述气候变化对葡萄酒生产产生很大影响,据此推出气候对葡萄种植和葡萄酒生产十分重要。12.答案:D解析:推理判断题。从最后一段最后一句中可知“南半球这些国家邻近大片海域,海流可维持适宜的温度”,由此推测出气候变化会使南半球的国家产生适宜种植葡萄的理想气候环境。13.答案:D解析:细节理解题。由第一段最后一句“Previouslytheonlywaytoaccesspeople'sdreamsisforpsychologiststoaskaboutthemaftertheeventandtrytointerpretthem.”可知心理学家通过事后询问做梦的人可以记录并解释他们的梦。14.答案:C解析:推理判断题。第三段最后说到另外一位著名的临床心理学家及研究梦境的专家DrRoderickOner认为DrCerf的研究成果对解读人的梦境帮助不大,故选C项。15.答案:A解析:细节理解题。由第四段首句可知他们把电极通过外科手术植入大脑是为了得到更加详细清楚的个人神经元图像。-7-\n16.答案:B解析:主旨大意题。本文是在介绍科学家们在研究如何记录并解读人的梦境的方面的研究成果,故答案为B项。17.答案:D解析:细节理解题。由第二段中的“...twoandahalfmillionpeoplehadbeenaffected...manyhadlosttheirlivelihoods.”可知选D项。18.答案:A解析:词义猜测题。上文指出索马里正遭受干旱之灾,接着用also一词引出ravage的动作,表明这个国家也受到近二十年的武装冲突的破坏。19.答案:B解析:推理判断题。由第四段中的“However,theSomaliadisaporahavebeenhitbytheglobaleconomiccrisis,andinthepastfewyearshavebeenunabletosendasmuchmoneyhome.”可知B项正确。20.答案:A解析:推理判断题。根据文章内容可知这是对索马里目前状况的报道,所以选A项。-7-
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