统考版2023高考英语一轮复习课时提能练14必修3Unit4Astronomythescienceofthestars含解析新人教版20230238235

课时提能练(十四)必修3　Unit4　Astronomy:thescienceofthestarsA：知识层面Ⅰ.语境语法填空A(考查派生词)The1．existence(exist)ofterrorismletstheworldnotbestable.Terroristactivities,manyofwhicharelinkedto2．religious(religion)extremism,haveresultedina3．global(globe)disaster.Theynotonlybringthreattothesafetyofhumanbuthavean4．harmful(harm)effectoneconomicgrowth.Manypeopleareforcedtofleetheirhomesbecauseofgrowingfearsofterrorist5．violence(violent).Allgovernmentsarepayinggreatattentiontothisissue,buttostopterrorismisindeeda6．systematic(system)project,whichrequireseffort,wisdomandcooperation.B(考查动词)Theriverisbeingpollutedwithmanyfactories7．existing(exist)onbothofitssides.Deadfishhavebeenfound8．floating(float)onthesurfaceofthewater.Unknownbacteria9．aremultiplying(multiply)fastalongtheriver,whichmightbeapotentialrisktopeople'shealth.However,what10．puzzles(puzzle)thelocalgovernmentmostishowtodealwiththerelationshipbetweeneconomicdevelopmentandenvironmentalprotection.Theywanttotakeaction11．topull(pull)downsomeofthefactories,buttheyfearthatthismaycausethelocaleconomy12．tocrash(crash)andthenbringimpactsonemployment.C(考查句型)Ataroughestimate,Nigeriaisthreetimes13．thesizeofGreatBritain.Itspopulationisalsotwice14．whatitwas50yearsago.Nigeriaisabundantinoil,whichmakes15．itpossibletobecomeAfrica'sNo.1economy.Chinesepeoplearepouringintothiscountry.ThenumberofChinesetouriststoNigeriaisfivetimesaslarge16．asitusedtobe.Now17．thatyouhavegotachancetovisitit,whynotgotoappreciateitscharmingsceneryanduniqueculture?Ⅱ.语境短文改错(短文中有5处错误)Boundaryconflictshadbecomeincreasinglyfierce,thusmadethetwocountriesgetclosetogoingtowar.TheUnitedNationstookacommitteddiplomaticeffortbutanagreementwasreachedjustbeforethewaristostart.Reactiontothisagreementwasmixed,butitwaswideacceptedthatitwasfarfrombeingabaddecisionfor\nbothcountry.Afterall,abloodshed(流血冲突)wasavoided.【答案】　Boundaryconflictshadbecomeincreasinglyfierce,thusthetwocountriesgetclosetogoingtowar.TheUnitedNationstookacommitteddiplomaticeffortanagreementwasreachedjustbeforethewartostart.Reactiontothisagreementwasmixed,butitwasacceptedthatitwasfarfrombeingabaddecisionforboth.Afterall,abloodshedwasavoided.Ⅲ.根据提示补全句子1．火车将于今天上午十点到北京。ThetrainistoarriveinBeijingat10o'clockthismorning.2．一切都取决于她是否喜欢这个工作。Italldependsonwhethershelikesthejobornot．3．他现在从事什么样的工作对他的家庭来说很重要。Whatjobheisdoingnowisveryimportanttohisfamily.4．他太矮了，够不着桌子上的苹果。Hewastooshorttoreachtheapplesonthetable.5．我看见他过了马路，进入一家书店。Isawhimcrossthestreetandenterabookstore.B：能力层面Ⅰ.阅读理解A(2020·江西省五校协作体联考)UnsolvedMysteriesAboutthePlanetEarth◆Mystery1：Wheredidallthewatercomefrom?Watercovers70percentofEarth'ssurfaceandearnsitthenickname“theblueplanet”．Andwheredidthewatercomefrom?ThemostpopularscientifictheorystatesthattheH2Oarrivedintheformofseveralviolentasteroids(小行星)filledwithice.AnothersuggeststhatthewateractuallyhasbeenaroundsinceEarth'sformation.Howeverithappened，though，it'scertainlyworkedoutwellforEarth'slifeforms.\n◆Mystery2：Whataboutalltheoxygen?Anotherthingistheplanet'soxygen.Tinycreaturesreleasedoxygenasawasteproduct，fillingtheatmospherewithit.Afterthat，thelevelofoxygeninEarth'satmospherewentwildlyupanddownuntilitfinallycalmeddownaround540millionyearsago.Sincethen，it'sremainedataboutthebreathablelevelweexperiencetoday.Butwhatcausedittobesuddenlysteady?◆Mystery3：WhatcausedtheCambrian(寒武纪的)explosion?TheCambrianexplosionreferstotheexplosionofcomplexlifethatoccurredontheEarthabout540millionyearsago.Beforethen，lifehadconsistedmostlyofbacteria.ButatthebeginningoftheCambrianperiod，complexcreaturesbegandevelopingatarateneverbeforeseen.Suddenly，lifeformshadbrains，eyes，andbones.MostcreaturesthatarealivetodaycantracetheirbloodbacktotheCambrianperiod.◆Mystery4：Willweeverbeabletopredictearthquakes?Westillhaven'tbeenabletocomeupwithawaytoaccuratelypredictearthquakes.Wecancertainlytry，butourcurrenttechnologycannotpredictthemexactly.Weknowthatearthquakesstartwhenrockscrackundergroundandsendearthquakewavestowardthesurface，butwehaven'tfiguredoutwhythathappens，orhowtopredictit.【语篇解读】　本文介绍了四个关于地球的未解之谜，它们分别是：水来自哪里？氧气又来自哪里？是什么导致了寒武纪生命大爆发？我们能够预测地震吗？1．WhatwascreatedlaterbycreaturesontheEarth?A．Water.B．Bacteria.C．Oxygen.D．Ice.C　[细节理解题。根据第二段第二句中的“Tinycreaturesreleasedoxygenasawasteproduct”可知，地球上的生物后来创造了氧气。]2．WhichofthefollowingtalksabouttheEarth'sadvancedspecies?A．Mystery1．　　　　　　B．Mystery2．C．Mystery4．　　　　　　D．Mystery3．D　[细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“MostcreaturesthatarealivetodaycantracetheirbloodbacktotheCambrianperiod”可知，奥秘3谈论了地球上先进的物种。]3．WhatdoweknowaboutMystery4?A．Itisamatterthathasextremelypracticalsignificance.B．Itwillbesolvedinthenearfuture.\nC．Itisthemostdifficulttosolveofthefour.D．Itistheoldestmysteryofthefour.A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知，奥秘4是关于我们是否能够预测地震，结合生活实际可知，这是一件非常有实际意义的事。]B(2020·开封市高三模拟)Mercury(水星)istheclosestplanettothesun.ItisaplanetslightlylargerthantheEarth'smoon.Itiscoveredwithcraters.Somecratershaveiceinthem，eventhoughtheplanetishot.Sunlightnevertouchessomepartsofitbecauseoftheplanet'sspecialposition.Withoutair，therearegreattemperaturedifferencesbetweenthecoldestandhottestparts.Mercurydaysaresolongthattherearebigdifferencesbetweentemperaturesonthedaylightsideandthenightside.Mercurywasprobablycreatedbillionsofyearsago，whenbigrocksranintoeachother.Aftertheseaccidents，theplanetwasfrequentlyvisitedbymeteorites(陨石)forseveralhundredmillionyears.Therewerealsomanyvolcaniceruptions.Astheplanetcooled，thethin，rockyoutsideshellreducedinthediameter(直径)byabout3kilometers.TheCalorisBasinisoneofthelargestcratersonMercury.Thisbigcrateris1，300kilometerswideandwasformedwhenalargerock，about100kilometersacross，knockedthesurface.Beethoven，anotherlargecrater，is643kilometersacross.ThecliffsonMercuryareupto2kilometershighandhundredsofkilometerslong.Thecliffswereformedwhenthethinsurfacefellapart，asvolcanicactivitysloweddownandMercurybecamecooler.OneMercurydaylastsabout59Earthdays.Mercurytakesabout88Earthdaystohaveacompleteyear，insteadofthe365daysthatwehaveontheEarth.MercuryspeedsaroundthesunsothatthereareaboutthreeMercurydayseverytwoMercuryyears!MercuryhasastrangerelationshipwiththeEarth.Every117days，whenMercuryisclosesttotheEarth，italwayshasthesamesidefacingus.Mariner10istheonlyspacecrafttovisitMercury.ItmadethreevisitstoMercuryinthe1970s，takingphotosofmanycliffsandcraters.Althoughthefirstthreevisitsansweredmanyquestions，theyhaveraisedothers.【语篇解读】　本文主要介绍了水星的温度、地貌以及自转与公转等相关情况。4．WhatisthesurfaceofMercurylike?A．It'sgenerallyflat.\nB．It'shoteverywhere.C．It'sbrighteverywhere.D．It'scoldinsomeparts.D　[细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Somecratershaveiceinthem，eventhoughtheplanetishot”及第六句“Withoutair，therearegreattemperaturedifferencesbetweenthecoldestandhottestparts”可知，水星上不同区域的温度有很大的差别，有些地方冷，有些地方热。故选D。]5．WhydidMercury'sdiametergetsmaller?A．Adropintemperaturechangeditssize.B．Agreatmanymeteoritesranintoit.C．Itgotoutofshapeastimepassed.D．Lotsofsurfacerocksfelloff.A　[细节理解题。根据第二段第四句“Astheplanetcooled，thethin，rockyoutsideshellreducedinthediameter(直径)byabout3kilometers”可知，随着水星的冷却，它的直径减少了约3千米。由此可知，水星的直径变小是温度的下降引起的。故选A。]6．WhatdoweknowaboutMercury?A．OneMercurydaylastsabout88Earthdays.B．ItturnsaroundthesunfasterthantheEarth.C．SixMercurydaysaretwoMercuryyears.D．Ithasmorecliffsthanlargecraters.B　[推理判断题。根据第五段第二句“Mercurytakesabout88Earthdaystohaveacompleteyear，insteadofthe365daysthatwehaveontheEarth”可知，水星大约需要88个地球日就有完整的一年，而不是我们在地球上所需要的365天。由此可推知，水星绕太阳公转的速度比地球快，故选B。]7．WhathappenedafterMariner10'sthreevisitstoMercury?A．AnotherspacecraftvisitedMercury.B．Newcliffsandcraterswereformed.C．Newsignsofvolcanicactivityappeared.D．Lotsofnewpuzzlesneededtobesolved.D　[细节理解题。根据第六段第三句“Althoughthefirstthreevisitsansweredmanyquestions，theyhaveraisedothers”可知，尽管水手10号探测器的前三次探测回答了许多疑问，但它们也提出了其他疑问。故选D。]Ⅱ.阅读七选五(2020·陕西省百校联盟一模)Peoplehavealwayswantedtoknowwhatthefuturewill\nlooklike.Then，howcanwe?1Theworldhaschangedalotinthelast150years，butwehumansaredrivenbythesamebasicneedsaswewere150yearsago，suchasfood，sleep，thefeelingofbeingappreciatedandloved.2No.Inaddition，generallyspeaking，theinventionsforthelast150yearshavebeenahumaneffortforfreedomandcommunication，tobeabletogetincontrolofthetimeandworld.Sincethereisstillmuchtodointhisarea，thiswillbethefocusatleastforthenext150years.Butwhydoweneedtopredictthefuture?Predictingthefutureisimportantfortworeasons:First，weneedtostarttothinkaboutwhatkindoffuturewewouldlikeforourselvesandtopassontothenextgeneration.3Howaboutthevirtualworlds?Itmightbeinthefuturetoexperiencethesandbetweenyourtoes，andhearthewaves，justlyinginyourbedathome.4So，evenifagreatinventionisthereforanaffordableprice，it'llnevertaketheplaceofthecommonexperienceifitisnotreal.5Whatwe'llseeinthenext50yearsisthetransition(过渡)fromanoildependentsocietytoanewsociety.Herethere'llbenewmedicine，continuedexplorationofspace，challengesintheclimatechange，andnewinventionsthatmakelifealittleeasier.A．Willthischangeinthenext150years?B．Sowhatwillthefuturelooklikethen?C．Predictingthefuturecanhelpusinmanyways.D．Well，tounderstandthefuture，youmustknowthepast.E．However，you'llnevergetthefeelingofbeingthere.F．However，nomatterhowrealtheexperiencewillfeel，itdoesn'thappenforreal.G．Thenweneedtoknowwhatdecisionsweneedtomaketodaythatwillgivethebestresultinthefuture.【语篇解读】　人们总想知道未来会是什么样子的，其实要想展望未来，必须了解过去。不管世界如何变化，人们的基本需求如食物、睡眠、被欣赏和爱的感觉等不会改变，未来的虚拟世界也不会代替真实的世界。但是可以预知，未来五十年里，世界将从依靠石油的社会过渡到新的社会，人们的生活会更好。1．D　[根据空处下文可知，在过去的150年里，世界发生了巨大的变化；结合空前一句可推知，空处承上启下，说明我们想要展望未来，就要了解过去，故D项符合语境。]2．A　[根据空前一句可知，在过去的150年里，\n人们的基本需求如食物、睡眠、被欣赏和爱的感觉没有变化，结合空后的“No”可知，空处应是一个疑问句，并与空前一句讲人的基本需求相呼应，故A项与此处匹配。]3．G　[根据该段第二句可知，该段主要讲的是预知未来的两个原因，空前一句讲的是第一个原因，即需要思考自己想要的并传递给下一代的未来是什么样的；据此可知，空处陈述第二个原因，即需要知道做出怎样的决定才能给未来带来最好的结果，故G项正确。其中G项中的“Thenweneedto”与空前一句中的“First，weneedto”相呼应。]4．F　[根据空后一句可知，即使一项重大发明的价格我们可以承受，但是虚拟体验绝不会代替真实体验，结合空处上文可推知，F项符合语境，衔接上下文。]5．B　[根据空处下文可知，该段介绍了对未来五十年的展望：从依靠石油的社会过渡到新的社会；未来的生活更好。故B项与此处匹配。]Ⅲ.语法填空(2020·陕西省百校联盟一模)HouseholdgarbagesortingandrecyclinghavebecomeahottopicinShanghaibecauseofChina'sfirstcompulsorygarbageseparationlawthateveryhouseholdandinstitutionshallclassifywasteintofour1．________(category)．Thosewhofailtosortgarbagemay2．________(fine)upto200yuan.3．________(previous)，everythingwentintoonebin，sothischangehasmademanypeoplevery4．________(worry)，whosaidtheywerestrugglingtomasterthedetailsquickly.Nowthankstotheeffortsof5．________numberofyoungprogrammers，discoveringtheproperclassificationforeachpieceofhouseholdwastehasbecomeassimpleastakingaphoto6．________callingsomeoneusingyoursmartphone.Theyhaveappliedspeechandimagerecognitiontechnologies7．________appsandothersmartphoneservicestoguideShanghairesidentsthroughthegarbageseparationrules.Mostoftheappsandservices，which8．________(begin)springinguplastmonthinappstoresonmessagingtoolWeChatandmobilepaymentserviceAlipay，allowuserstotypeinthenameofwaste9．________(identify)whichcategoryitbelongsto.Manyappsalsousespeechandimagerecognitiontomaketheprocessmucheasier，buttheircreatorssaytheywilldisappearintimewiththeChinese10．________(become)moreaccustomedtotherules.【语篇解读】　随着上海垃圾分类条例的实施，垃圾分类和回收成为上海的热点话题；中国年轻的程序员利用声像识别技术，将垃圾分类的工作变得如拍照或使用智能手机打电话一样容易。\n1．categories　[考查名词的单复数。category为可数名词，根据该句中的“four”可知，此处用复数形式。]2．befined　[考查语态。句意：那些没能进行垃圾分类的人可能会被罚高达200元。分析句子结构并根据句意可知，该句主语Those和动词fine之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。]3．Previously　[考查副词。根据句子结构可知，此处修饰整个句子，故填副词Previously。]4．worried　[考查形容词。分析该句结构可知，空处作make的宾语补足语，宾语为manypeople，故用形容词worried。]5．a　[考查冠词。anumberof为固定搭配，意为“许多”。该处指“许多年轻的程序员”。]6．or　[考查连词。根据语境可知，空处前后是选择关系。此处表示与拍照片或者使用智能手机打电话一样简单。故用连词or。]7．to　[考查固定搭配。apply...to...为固定搭配，意为“将……应用于……”，此处表示将声像识别技术应用于应用程序和其他智能手机的服务。]8．began　[考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“lastmonth”可知，此处陈述的是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。]9．toidentify　[考查动词不定式。此处表示允许用户输入垃圾的名称以识别它属于哪一类，据此可知，此处作目的状语，故用动词不定式。]10．becoming　[考查with复合结构。分析该句结构可知，空处为theChinese的补足语，theChinese和动词become为逻辑上的主谓关系，故填现在分词形式becoming。]Ⅳ.短文改错(2020·湖北八校第一次联考)Asitisknowntoall，theGreatWallisthemostfamousplacesofinterestinChina.Everybodywantstogothere，butIamnoexception.Then，thissummervacation，thedayIhavebeenlookingforwardtocomingatlast.IgotupveryearlythatdayandsetoffwithmybrotherTimfollowedbehind.Aftertwohours'busride，wearrivedatwhichlookedlikethelargemarket，wherethereweremillionsofpeopletalking，pushingandphotographing.Lookingatthat，myenthusiasmimmediatedisappeared.Indeed，theGreatWallisreallysomethingmustbeexperiencedwithalittleeaseandprivacy.【答案】　Asisknowntoall，theGreatWallisthemostfamousofinterestin\nChina.Everybodywantstogothere，Iamnoexception.Then，thissummervacation，thedayIbeenlookingforwardtoatlast.IgotupveryearlythatdayandsetoffwithmybrotherTimbehind.Aftertwohours'busride，wearrivedatlookedlikelargemarket，wherethereweremillionsofpeopletalking，pushingandphotographing.Lookingatthat，myenthusiasmdisappeared.Indeed，theGreatWallisreallysomethingmustbeexperiencedwithalittleeaseandprivacy.