统考版2023高考英语一轮复习课时提能练21必修5Unit1Greatscientists含解析新人教版20230238243

课时提能练(二十一)必修5　Unit1　GreatscientistsA：知识层面Ⅰ.语境语法填空A(考查派生词)An1．announcement(announce)wasmadeyesterday,sayingthatMr.Watsonwasawardedaprizeforhis2．contribution(contribute)toenvironmentalprotection.Howtostoptheairbeingpollutedisa3．challenging(challenge)taskfacingsocietytoday.Mr.Watsonbegantoworkonair4．pollution(pollute)problemsatage24andhasbeenshowinggreat5．enthusiasm(enthusiastic)forhiswork.Hethinksgovernmentsshouldtake6．responsibility(responsible)fortheworseningairquality.Heoftengivesspecificinstructionsinthe7．construction(construct)ofpowerstations,warningthatpeopleshouldbe8．cautious(caution)inproducingelectricityfromcoal.B(考查动词)Thetennismatch9．concluded(conclude)afterthreedays'fiercecompetition.Andyrankedfirstby10．defeating(defeat)alltheotherplayers.11．Beingexposed(expose)tothestrongsunlightforovertwohourseverydaymadehimveryexhausted,buthefelthappy.Whenhe12．wasannounced(announce)towinthetitle,heburstintotears.Hiswifeandsonwereinvited13．toattend(attend)theawardingceremony.TheywereproudofAndy,sayingthatallhisefforts14．hadcontributed(contribute)tohissuccess.Sofar,thismatch15．hasabsorbed(absorb)muchattentionfromAsia,AmericaandEurope.C(考查句型)Mrs.Browndidn'tknowwho16．toblame(blame)forthestolenantiquevase.Shelivedinabighousewithastrongfence17．surrounding(surround)it.Everytimeshelefthomeshewouldhaveallthewindowsanddoors18．locked(lock).Therobbermust19．havebeen(be)verysmartandintelligent,forneitherthealarm20．norherdogmadeasoundwhenheslippedin.Only21．ifthepolicearrestedtherobberdidsheknowifshecouldgetbacktheexpensivevase.Ⅱ.语境短文改错(短文中有5处错误)Mr.Blackwasmurderedwhenhelaysleptonthesofainhislivingroom.Hecouldhavefeltsomeoneenteringtheroom,buthewasverytiredthathefellfastasleep.Thepolicearebusylookingatthecase.Theyhavemadeajudgmentonbasisofthe\nfootprintsleftonthefloor:themurdererisastrongmanofabout8feettall.ThereisasmallrivernofarawayfromMr.Black'shouse.Policesuspectthatthemangotawayinthedarknessbysailingaboatupstream.【答案】　Mr.Blackwasmurderedwhenhelayonthesofainhislivingroom.Hecouldhavefeltsomeoneenteringtheroom,buthewastiredthathefellfastasleep.Thepolicearebusylookingthecase.Theyhavemadeajudgmentonbasisofthefootprintsleftonthefloor:themurdererisastrongmanofabout8feettall.ThereisasmallriverfarawayfromMr.Black'shouse.Policesuspectthatthemangotawayinthedarknessbysailingaboatupstream.Ⅲ.根据提示补全句子1．我既没有去看那场足球赛，也不关心它的结果。NeitherdidIgotowatchthefootballmatchnordidIcareitsresult.2．在你回来之前，我已经把所有的错误都改正过了。(havesth.done)Beforeyoucameback，Ihadhadallmymistakescorrected．3．大学期间，除了英语外，他还要学一门外语。ApartfromEnglish，hehadtostudyanotherforeignlanguagewhileincollege.4．妈妈站在身后，小女孩感到很安全。Thelittlegirlfeltverysafewithhermotherstandingbehindher．5．无论怎么读，我都不理解这个句子。NomatterhowIreadit，thissentencedoesn'tmakeanysensetome．B：能力层面Ⅰ.阅读理解A(2020·开封市一模)AndrewGreydoesn'tfitmostpeople'sideaofanastronomer.Heworksinacarrepairshop，notinalaboruniversity，yettheAustralianrepairmandiscoveredastarsystemhidingindatafromNASA'sKeplerspacetelescope.Mr.Greyisoneofmillionsofcitizenscientistshelpingresearcherstoexpandcollectiveunderstanding.Forcenturies，onlyafewordinarypeoplehadbeencontributingtoscience，butadvancesintechnologyhavebroughtahigherlevelof\ndemocratization(民主化)toscience.“Thisisacollaborative(合作的)effortthatanyonecouldgetinvolvedin，”saysChrisLintott，anOxfordUniversityastrophysicist(天体物理学家)andcofounderofZooniverse，aplatformthathostsdozensofcitizenscienceprojects.Citizenscientistscancontributetobreakthroughsinalmostanyfield，fromecologytoastrophysics.“Aslongaspatternrecognitionisinvolved，therearenolimitstowhatcanbecomeacitizenscienceproject，”Lintottsays.“Anyonecanidentifypatternsinimages，graphs，orevenseeminglyboringdataafterashorttutorial.Machinelearningallowscomputerstodosomepatternrecognition.Buthumans，particularlyamateurscientists，don'tstayfocusedonwhatthey'resupposedto.Andthat'sgood，becausepeoplewhodothatnoticetheunusualthingsinadataset.”“Andcitizensciencedoesn'thavetobedirectedbyascientist，”saysSheilaJasanoff，directoroftheProgramonScience，TechnologyandSocietyatHarvardUniversity.“Citizensproducingknowledgeinplaceswhereofficialorganshavefailedthencanalsobecitizenscientists，”shesays.That'swhathappenedinFlint，Michigan，whenalocalmotherstarteddrinkingwaterteststhatcausedabroaderinvestigationofleadlevels.Citizenpoweredresearchisasoldasscientificinquiry.Forcenturiesbeforesciencebecameprofessionalized，regularpeoplelookedforpatternsintheworldaroundthem.Despitealotofadvancedequipmentandcomputermodels，scientistsstillwelcomehelpfromeverydaypeople.Asaprofessionalscientisthimself，Lintottsays，“Peoplethinkthatwe'reintelligent，butscienceiseasyandweneedyourhelp.”【语篇解读】　数个世纪以来，只有少数普通人为科学作出了贡献。但科技的进步已经为科学带来了更高水平的民主化，科学是任何人都能参与的，每个人都有可能成为科学家。1．Whatmadecitizenscientistsappear?A．Thehighlevelofscienceprojects.B．Thedevelopmentoftechnology.C．Thesupportofthegovernment.D．ThefoundationofZooniverse.B　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“onlyafewordinarypeople...toscience”可知，科技的进步为科学带来了更高水平的民主化，从而使更多的普通人也能参与科学研究，促成了公民科学家的出现，故选B。]\n2．Whatisaadvantageofhumansinpatternrecognitioncomparedwithmachines?A．Humanscanidentifypatternsmoreswiftly.B．Humansfocustheirattentionondata.C．Humanscanobserveuncommonthings.D．Humanshavestrongeremotions.C　[细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Andthat'sgood，becausepeoplewhodothatnoticetheunusualthingsinadataset”可知，在模式识别方面，人类与机器相比，人类的优势在于其能够注意到一些不寻常的东西，故C项正确。]3．WhatisLintott'sattitudetowardscitizenscience?A．Favorable.　　B．Cautious.C．Indifferent.　D．Doubtful.A　[观点态度题。根据第三段Lintott表述的科学人人都能参与，第四段他表述的公民科学家有自身的优势和尾段中他说的话“Peoplethinkthatwe'reintelligent，butscienceiseasyandweneedyourhelp”可推知，Lintott支持公民科学，故选A。]4．Whatwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?A．CitizenScientistsCanBeIntelligentB．ScienceIsImportanttoEveryoneC．AnyoneCanBeaScientistD．ScienceIsEverywhereC　[标题归纳题。文章第一段以表述澳大利亚汽车修理工AndrewGrey成为公民科学家来引入话题，接着又讲到天体物理学家ChrisLintott和SheilaJasanoff对于公民科学家的看法，并结合倒数第二段中的“scientistsstillwelcomehelpfromeverydaypeople”可知，本文主要肯定了公民科学家，表达了任何人都可能成为科学家的观点，故C项最适合作文章标题。]B(2020·广东省七校联合体第二次联考)Weliveinanageofinformation.Alltheinformationshouldallowustomakeinformed，datadrivendecisionsallthetime.Butthisdoesnotmeanthatyouactuallyusealltheinformationevenifyouhaveit.Infact，peoplereadilymakesnapjudgementsinavarietyofsituations.Peopleformlastingimpressionsofotherswithinasecondandconsumersmakeshoppingdecisionsbasedonlittleconsideration.Inarecentstudy，weaskedparticipantstoimaginehavingpleasantorunpleasanttalkswithanotherperson.Forcomparison，weaskedanothergroupofparticipantstoconsiderhowmanyofthosetalkstheywouldneedtodeterminesomeone'scharacter.We\nfoundthatpeoplebelievedtheywouldneedmanytalkstomakethisjudgement，whileinfactthefirstgroupneededfew.Inanotherstudy，weaskedsomestudentstowriteapplicationsforsomepositions，andthenaskedactualHRpeopletoreadtheirmaterial.Thestudentswrotemuchmorematerialthantherecruiterscaredtoread.Thereareseveralreasonswhypeoplemighthavethewrongimpressionaboutmakingjudgements.Onepossibilityisthebeliefthatthehumanmindprocessesinformationincrementally(递增地)，consideringthatnewinformationisaddedtooldinformationuntilsomementallevelisreachedformakingadecision.Inreality，however，thefirstfewpiecesofinformationweigh(有影响)muchmoreheavilythanthelaterinformation.Sometimesquickdecisionsareaccurateandcansavetime.However，theymaysometimesleadtomisunderstandings.Imagineasituationinwhichamanagerwithlimitedinformationformsanopinionofanemployeeheisunsureabout.Amanagerwhoseesanemployeemakeasmallmisstep(错误)inanunimportantprojectmayavoidofferinghimchallengingprojectsinthefuture，whichinturnwouldaffectthisemployee'scareerdevelopment.Moderntechnologyallowsanydecisionmadetodaytobemoreinformedthanthesamedecisionmadeafewdecadesago.Butthehumanrelianceonquickjudgementsmayavoidthispromise.Intheexplorationformoreinformeddecisionmaking，researcherswillneedtoexplorewaystoencouragepeopletoslowdownthejudgement.【语篇解读】　我们生活在信息时代，我们掌握的信息使我们作出有依据的、数据导向的决定。但有时我们并不依据这些信息作决定，这样作出的决定有时可能会导致不好的结果。5．What'sthemeaningoftheunderlinedword“snap”inParagraph1?A．Slow.B．Negative.　　C．Quick.　D．Satisfying.C　[词义猜测题。根据第一段最后一句中的“withinasecond”和“basedonlittleconsideration”可知，“snapjudgments”指的是仓促的判断，由此可知，画线词的含义与quick的含义相近。故选C。]6．ThestudiesinParagraph2suggestthatwhenpeoplemakejudgements，they________．A．areeasilyinfluencedbytheircurrentmoodsB．prefertocommunicatewithpeopletheytrustC．tendtolearnfromtheirpreviousexperiencesD．actuallyuselessinformationthanexpected\nD　[细节理解题。根据第二段第三句可知，最近的这项研究发现，人们认为他们需要很多次谈话才能作出这样的判断，而实际上第一组参与者只需要很少的谈话；根据第二段最后一句可知，另一项研究表明学生们写的申请材料比招聘人员尽力看的多得多。由此可知，这两个研究表明当人们作判断的时候，他们实际上使用的信息比所期望的要少。故选D。]7．WhatcanweknowaccordingtoParagraph3?A．Goodthinkinghabitshelpimprovementalhealth.B．Earlyinformationcontributesmoretodecisionmaking.C．Newinformationismoreimportantforknowledgedevelopment.D．Oldandnewinformationwillcombinetocreatecarefuljudgements.B　[细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，实际上，前几条信息比后来的信息的影响要大得多。由此可知，在作判断的时候，早期信息的影响力度更大。故选B。]8．WhatdoestheexampleinParagraph4show?A．Decisionsbasedonlessinformationcanleadtoharmfulresults.B．Wecanmakeprogressbychallengingourselves.C．Excellentemployeesaregoodatanalyzinginformation.D．Goodcommunicationskillsarenecessaryforanablemanager.A　[推理判断题。根据第四段第一、二句可知，迅速作出的决定有时可能会导致误解；由下文紧接着举例来说明这一情况可推知，这个例子表明，基于较少信息作出的决定可能导致有害的结果。故选A。]Ⅱ.完形填空(2020·开封市一模)OnaMondaymorning，backin2015，Irememberedparkingmycaroutsidemydoctor'sclinicinBroadwater，WesternAustralia.Ifelt1andIcarefullypracticedwhatIwantedtotellmydoctor.Heartbreak，sorrowandthelossofacompletefamilyleftmenotcopingwell.Iwas2．Ihadtriedtopickmyselfup，triedtothrowmyselfintomyworkasaneducatorinbeforeandafterschoolcare，andalsotriedtofocusonmyart.3theseefforts，mydepressionhadn'tgoneaway.Itkept4likeacancerinmyinnerworld.Iwantedanormal5．Iwantedtobeashealthyasmyson，Kai，whowas6me.Itookafewdeepbreathsandwentintotheclinicformy7.AfterIreturnedtomycar，Ishutthedoorandstarted8uncontrollably.MydoctorsaidIhadseveredepression.Ineededtotakeantidepressants(抗抑郁药)．Ihadtomakesomebig9togetbetter.Stillsobbing，Iwas10tohearaknockonmycardoor.Aslimladywithshort\nfairhair11openeditandbegantospeakcalmlyandkindlytome.“Idon'tknowwhatyou're12rightnow.Butknowthis，Iwishyouwell.Ibelieveyouwillbe13andwhatyouaregoingthroughwillpass，”shesaid.“CanIgiveyouahug？”ThereIwas，aweepingmess,14acceptingthiskindstranger'scomfortinghug.AllI15toreplyinachoked(哽咽的)voicewas“Thankyou”．Thiswasthemostsignificantactof16thatI'veeverexperiencedfromastranger.Itgavemehope.My17startedrightthere.Aboutayearlater，Ibumpedintothesamekind18attheopeningofanartexhibition.She19meandsmiled.ShesaidshecouldtellIwasdoingwell.We20again，andoncemoreIcouldexpressmyappreciationforheract.【语篇解读】　作者遭遇家庭变故后变得异常郁闷，去诊所看医生时，被医生诊断为严重抑郁。作者从诊所出来后坐在车里哭泣，一位陌生的女士安慰了作者并给了作者一个拥抱，作者从那时开始好转。一年后，作者再次偶遇那位女士，那位女士也认出了作者并对作者微笑。作者再次和那位女士拥抱并表达了自己的感激之情。1．A.confident　B．proud　　C．nervous　D．patientC　[根据空后的“IcarefullypracticedwhatIwantedtotellmydoctor”可推知，作者在面对医生之前很紧张。]2．A.ashamedB．astonished　C．depressed　D．confusedC　[根据上文中的“Heartbreak，sorrowandthelossofacompletefamilyleftmenotcopingwell”可知，作者在这种情况下应是很沮丧，与下文“mydepressionhadn'tgoneaway”呼应。]3．A.Without　B．Despite　　C．Beyond　D．ThroughB　[根据空后的“mydepressionhadn'tgoneaway”可知，尽管作出了这些努力，但作者的抑郁并没有消失。]4．A.growing　B．surviving　C．moving　D．wanderingA　[根据本句中的“likeacancer”，并结合下文作者失控大哭可知，此处表示抑郁像癌症一样在作者内心继续增长。]5．A.excuse　B．life　　C．job　D．rewardB　[根据空后的“Iwantedtobeashealthyasmyson...”和语境可知，\n作者想要一种正常的生活。]6．A.lookingfor　B．waitingfor　C．walkingaroundD．dependingonD　[根据上文中的“thelossofacompletefamily”可推知，作者的儿子是依靠作者生活的。]7．A.school　B．neighborhood　　C．house　D．appointmentD　[根据上文的“Irememberedparkingmycaroutsidemydoctor'sclinic”和语境可知，作者上文是在交代自己去看医生之前的心理状态和故事背景，此处表示作者深呼吸，然后进入诊所赴约。]8．A.coughingB．weeping　C．laughing　D．shakingB　[根据下文的“Stillsobbing”可知，作者看完医生后回到车里开始失控哭泣。]9．A.preparations　B．comments　　C．changes　D．contributionsC　[根据本句中的“togetbetter”和语境可知，作者必须作出一些大的改变才能够有所改善。]10．A.surprisedB．delighted　C．disappointed　D．excitedA　[根据语境可知，一位陌生的女士来敲作者的车门，这让作者感到很意外。]11．A.quickly　B．madly　　C．gently　D．casuallyC　[结合本句中的“speakcalmlyandkindlytome”可知，那位女士应是轻轻地打开作者的车门。]12．A.describing　B．observing　　C．determining　D．experiencingD　[作为陌生人，那位女士并不了解作者正在经历的事情，与下文中的“whatyouaregoingthrough”呼应。]13．A.leftbehind　B．lookedafter　C．calledon　D．turnedoffB　[根据上文的“Iwishyouwell”和上文作者去看医生可知，那位女士告诉作者，“我相信你将得到照顾，你正在经历的终将过去”。]14．A.calmly　B．eagerly　　C．unwillingly　D．gratefully\nD　[根据下文的“Thankyou”可推知，作者心怀感激地接受了这个陌生人给予的令人安慰的拥抱。]15．A.managed　B．decided　　C．failed　D．attemptedA　[根据语境可知，作者以哽咽的声音努力回答了一句“谢谢你”。]16．A.courage　B．kindness　C．wisdom　D．devotionB　[根据上文一位陌生的女士安慰作者并给了作者一个拥抱可知，此处表示这是作者经历的来自一个陌生人的最重要的善举。]17．A.treatment　B．experiment　　C．recovery　D．adventureC　[根据上文的“Itgavemehope”和下文中的“ShesaidshecouldtellIwasdoingwell”可知，此处表示作者从那时开始恢复。]18．A.lady　B．doctor　　C．educator　D．girlA　[根据上文的“Aslimlady”和本句中的“thesame”可推知，作者一年后又偶遇了那位女士。]19．A.recognized　B．forgave　　C．understood　D．comfortedA　[根据本句中的“andsmiled”和“ShesaidshecouldtellIwasdoingwell”可推知，那位女士也认出了作者。]20．A.met　B．nodded　C．acted　D．huggedD　[根据本句中的“again”，并与上文的“acceptingthiskindstranger'scomfortinghug”呼应可推知，作者和那位女士再次拥抱。]