中考英语语法总复习大全 第一篇句法之主要句式
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第二篇句法一、主要句式(一)知识概要初中所学的句型一般要分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种:①主语+不及物动词。如:Iarrivedatsixlastnight.②主语+及物动词+宾语,如:IboughtagoodEnglishChineseDictionaryyesterday.③主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,如:PleasetellmeastorybeforeIgotobed.这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell,give,ask,pass,teach.④主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,如:Ifounditimpossibletodoit.Pleasekeeptheclassroomcleanandtidy.⑤主语+系动词+表语,如:TomisanAmericanboy.Thegrassturnedgreeninspring.在初中常见的句型中有Therebe…句型,表示存在某种事物,如:Thereisamaponthewall其be动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后,也要保持be动词,不要换用have,如:Thereisgoingtobeameetingtomorrow.在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题,即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点:①用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数,但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式,如:Asingeranddanceriscomingtoourparty.asingeranddancer既歌唱又可舞的演员。而asingerandadancer则要译为:一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。②有些以s结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数,如:Thenewsisgood(news为不可数名词)。③有量词时应按量词的数量计算;如:ThispairofglassesisgoodMyglassesarebroken.④有些形单却意为复数的名词,如:Peoplearecominghere这样的词还有Police,如果要讲一个警察时,应讲apoliceman。两个警察为twopolicemen。又如apolicewoman,twopolicewomen⑤ 所有不定代词each,either,neither,one,theother,nobody,nothing,anyone,anything,someone,something…要作为单数如:Someoneiswaitingforyou在并列句中表示联合关系的连词有:andnotonly…butalso, neither…nor, either…or如:Mysisterandmyparentsaregoingtothecinema。表示转折关系的并列连词有:but和yet,如:Sheisagoodstudent,butshedidn'tpassthefinalexam.又如:Ithinkthenewsisstrange,yetitistrue表示选择关系的连词有:or,either…or,如:Hurryup,oryouwillbelateforschool表示因果关系的并列连词有:for,so如:Theystudiedveryhard,sotheyallpassedtheexam在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种,而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述,为了使同学阅读文章方便,我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。① 在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语,如:Iknewtheman,而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语,如:Iknewthathewasagoodman这时宾语从句的连接词有that,(that13\n只在从句中起联接作用,不在句中充当语法成分,既不是主语也不是宾语,所以在口语中常常被省略。如:Iamsure(that)shehaspassedtheexam②if,whether它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用,不起语法作用,当作是否讲。从句中有ornot结构时,要用whether,如:Iaskhimif(whether)hehashadhislunchIaskshimwhetherhehashadhislunchornot ③ what它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外,还要作主语或宾语成份,如:Idon'tunderstandwhatyousaid(what作said的宾语)。又如:Iaskedhimwhatmadehimsick(what在宾语从句中作主语)。④ who,它也和what一样,在句中除作连接词外,可以充当句中的成份,如:Iknowwhosheislookingfor?⑤ whose如:Iwanttoknowwhosebookthisis?⑥ which如:Doyouknowwhichbookismine?在连接词中还有4个常用的连接副词,① how它的应用最广,如:howmuch,howmany,howlong,howsoon,howold…。如:Howmuchdoesitcost?② when它只是连接时间状语,如:Pleasetellmewhenthemeetingwillbegin?③ where它连接地点状语,如:Whereareyoufrom?④ why它要连接的是原因状语从句,如:TheteacheraskedwhyTomdidn'tcometoschool.在考试中常见到的考点是:宾语从句的时态与主句时态的呼应问题。① 主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态,如:Iknowhedidn'tcome.我知道他没来。Iknowhewillcometomorrow我知道他明天来。IknowhehasgonetoLondon我知道他已去伦敦了。 ② 主句中的谓语动词若是过去时,宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如:一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时,不能用现在时态。如:IwantedtoknowwhenhewouldcomeTheteachertoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesun状语从句主要有时间状语从句,其连接词有:after,before,when,as,assoonas,until(till),while,since,by其中较难掌握的有以下几点:① until(till)直到,在用until表达时间状语的句子中,主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词,它要用肯定句,如:Istudiedharduntil12o'clocklastnight.如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如:Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhismothercameback② 由since,for,by,before来引导的时间状语从句。since引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间,如:IhavestudiedEnglishsince1990而由by引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间,如:Ihadlearned25Englishsongsbytheendoflastterm而before则多用于完成时,ago则多用于一般过去时,如:HehadfinishedhisworkbeforetwelveyesterdayIleftmyhometowntwoyearsago③ 在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时,如:Ifitrains,theywon'tgotothepark onSunday也可以主句是一般过去时,从句用一般过去进行时,如:Hesaidifitrainedthenextdayhewouldnotgotothepark考试中常见的考点有:要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句,因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态,如:Iwanttoknowifhewillcomeheretomorrow在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系,如:Iwanttoknowifitrainshewillcomeheretomorrow13\n在原因状语从句中主要是① because,应译为"因为"。它表达的因果关系最强,如:Hedidn'tpasstheexambecausehedidn'tstudyhard② since应译为"既然",如:SinceyouwereillyesterdayIleftsomenotesonyourdesk③ as应译为"由于",如:Asitistoohotwe'dbettergoswimmingsince与as所表达的因果关系远比because弱得多。而for表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首,如:Hestudieshard,forhewantstogotocollege在比较状语从句中有同级比较as…as,如:Thisbookisasgoodasthatone要注意的有两点:① as…as中间要用原级而不是比较级。② 用形容词还是副词,如:MarywritesascarefullyasTom而其否定句为notas(so)…as,如:Theydidn'tworksohardaswedid,而不同级比较用比较级加than,如:HeisyoungerthanIam要注意的是表示"越来越"这一概念时有两个句型:① 比较级+and+比较级,如:ThedaysaregettinglongerandlongerThelittlegirlisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful② 定冠词the+比较级+the+比较级,如:Theharderyoustudy,themoreyoucanlearn方式状语中要注意的是as(连词)与like(介词)的区别。as作为连词其后接从句,如:PleasedoitasIdidit但后面的句子常作省略,如:PleasedoitasI而like是介词,其后要接的是宾语,如:Pleasedoitlikeme结果和目的状语从句主要有so…that,sothat,inorderthat等几种用法。① so…that用在单数可数名词前,so+形容词+a+名词+that,如:Sheissobeautifulagirlthateveryonelikesher或用such+a+形容词+名词+that,如:Sheissuchabeautifulgirlthateveryonelikesher② 在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用such,如:Itissuchgoodweatherwewanttogoforapicnic又如:Theyaresuchgoodplayersthattheyshouldwinthegame. ③ 在much,many,few,little之前只能用so,如:IhavesolittlemoneythatIcan'tbuyit④ so…that之间只有形容词时,则不能用such,如:ItissogoodthatIwanttobuy⑤ sothat其后接从句,如:IgotupearliersothatIcouldcatchthefirstbus(二) 正误辨析[误]Thestoriesinthatbookwaswrittenmanyyearsago[正]Thestoriesinthatbookwerewrittenmanyyearsago.[析]作主语的名词、代词或不定式、动名词,它们往往要带有修饰词,这些词可能是形容词,也可能是短语,但谓语动词还是要取决于这个主语的数,要记住的是一个名词不可能在同一句中作两个不同的语法成份,如:book作了of的介词宾语则不可能再作主语了。[误]Toreadmanybooksaregoodforyou[正]Toreadmanybooksisgoodforyou[析]不定式作主语应该看作单数主语。13\n[误]Whathesaidareright[正]Whathesaidisright[析]从句作主语一定要按单数主语看待。[正]Therichisnotalwayshappy[误]Thericharenotalwayshappy[析]形容词+定冠词表示一类人,谓语动词应用复数,如:Theyoungareveryinterestedinstudyandsports[误]Theschoolmasterandwriterarecoming[正]Theschoolmasterandwriteriscoming[析]本句应译为:校长兼作家就要来了。而Theschoolmasterandthewriterarecoming则要译为:校长和一个作家要来了。在英语表达法中确实有Thegirlandboyareplayingonthegrass这应译为:一个女孩,一个男孩在操场上玩。因为不可能这样两个概念作用在一个人身上。又如:thehusbandandwife夫妻二人。[误]Youorshegotogetsomewaterforus[正]Youorshegoestogetsomewaterforus[析]由or连接的两个主语应以离谓语动词近的那一个计算其数。这样的用法还有either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso也有人称作"就近原则"。[误]Theteacherwithalotofstudentscomeintotheclassroom[正]Theteacherwithalotofstudentscomesintotheclassroom[析]真正的主语是theteacher,而with短语是伴随状态,不影响主语的数。[误]Myglassesisbroken[正]Myglassesarebroken[误]Thispairofglassesaregood[正]Thispairofglassesisgood[误]Thesekindsofbutterisgood.[正]Thesekindsofbutteraregood[析]英语中有些名词只有复数形式,如:glasses眼镜,shorts短裤等。如没有量词在前时,要用复数谓语动词,但有了量词之后则要按量词的单复数计算。[误]Oneoftheboysaregoingtotakepartinthematch[正]Oneoftheboysisgoingtotakepartinthematch[析]Oneof结构应以one来计算主语的数。13\n[误]Halfoftheworkaredone[正]Halfoftheworkisdone[误]Halfofthebooksisread[正]Halfofthebooksareread[析]在小于1的数量词作主语时,如:23,80%,0.35…+of+名词,这时主语的数应按of后面的名词计算。如果名词是不可数名词或可数名词单数,则谓语动词要用单数,如名词是复数则要用复数谓语动词。[误]Eachsidesarefulloftrees[正]Eachsideisfulloftrees[误]Bothsideisfulloftrees[正]Bothsidesarefulloftrees[析]each,either其后都要加单数名词,而both后要加复数名词。如:each,either,another,little,alittle,much等作主语时,谓语动词全部要用单数形式。[误]Theboyseachhasanapple[正]Theboyseachhaveanapple[析]each作同位语时,不影响句子的主语。[误]Everyoneofushasaticketfortheconcert[正]Everyoneofushasaticketfortheconcert[析]everyone,someone,everybody…在作主语时都不能加of结构。[误]Girlslikedancingverymuch,butfewlikesplayingfootball[正]Girlslikedancingverymuch,butfewlikeplayingfootball[析]few虽然含意上是"几乎没有",但作主语时仍要当作复数。[误]Thenumberoftheworkersinthatfactoryaretwohundred[正]Thenumberoftheworkersinthatfactoryistwohundred[析]thenumberof意为:某某的数字是……如:thenumberofstudents学生人数,thenumberofplayers运动员人数。不论数字如何都应看作单数。而anumberof与many意思相同,其后加可数名词复数,谓语动词用复数形式。如:Anumberofstudentsareplayingonthegrass[误]Therestofthestudentsishere[正]Therestofthestudentsarehere[误]Therestoftheworkaredone[正]Therestoftheworkisdone13\n[析]therestof的用法与2/3,一半,80%+of的结构一致,of后面为可数名词复数时用复数谓语动词,为不可数名词或可数名词单数时用单数谓语动词。这样用法还有lotsof,alotof,plentyof。[误]Thenewsintoday'snewspaperarenotbad[正]Thenewsintoday'snewspaperisnotbad[析]有些以s结尾的名词要用作不可数名词,它们是:news,physics,mathematics,thanks,…[误]TheChineseiskindandfriendly[正]TheChinesearekindandfriendly[析]Chinese作为中文来讲是单数名词,但作为中国人讲是单复同形的名词。如:oneChinese,twoChinese…而TheChinese=ThepeopleofChina要用复数谓语动词。[误]ThisdictionaryistooexpensiveformeTendollarsareabigsumforme[正]ThisdictionaryistooexpensiveformeTendollarsisabigsumforme[析]表示一段时间,一笔金钱,一段距离,都应看作单数名词。[误]Whoaregoingtotakepartinourfootballmatch?[正]Whoisgoingtotakepartinourfootballmatch?[析]用who提问时,习惯上用单数谓语动词,但which则要视其情况而定,如:whicharebettertheseshoesesorthoseshoes?又如:whichisbetterthisoneorthatone?[误]Whatahotweatheritis![误]Howhottheweatheritis![正]Whathotweatheritis![正]Howhottheweatheris![析]感叹句是用来表达说话人的喜怒哀乐的感情。它由what与how作句子的开始,判定是用what还是用how的最好办法是将它们换为陈述句,比如:Whatthehotweatheritis!应转换为:Itisthehotweather那么句子的起点是单词it。再来看感叹句中it前有不可数名词weather,则只能用what。再看第二句Howhottheweatheris!转为陈述句时为:Theweatherishot这时句子的开始单词为theweather,再来看感叹句在theweather前只有形容词,所以应用how。至于是用whata还是what要看名词的具体情况而定,单数可数名词加whata其余的加用what。[误]Wehavetosingthis,havewe?[误]Wehavetosingthis,haven'twe?[正]Wehavetosingthis,don'twe?13\n[析]在反意疑问句中除了标准的一些常规外,有一些例外:Let'sgohome,shallwe?Letusgohome,willyou?Shehadtoleave,didn'tshe?Doyourhomeworkatonce,willyou?Thereisnotmuchgoodnewsintoday'snewspaper,isthere?Neitherofthemareright,arethey?Ithinkhewillcometothepartywon'the?think后的宾语从句,与其他宾语从句不一样,在初中只有这样一个较特殊的词。这样的句子的反意疑问句的主语要用宾语从句中的主语,其助动词要用宾语从句的助动词,而肯定还是否定要看主句谓语动词而定,如:Idon'tthinkheiscomingtoourparty,ishe?[误]Iwanttoknowwheredoeshelive[正]Iwanttoknowwherehelives[析]宾语从句中一律要用陈述语序,而不用疑问语序。[误]-Ihaven'tgotaticketforthefootballmatch-NorIhave[正]-Ihaven'tgotaticketforthefootballmatch-Nor(Neither)haveI[析]nor,neither用在简答否定句中时要采用倒装语序。在肯定句的简答句中则要用so,如:Idomyhomeworkveryquickly,SodoesMary[误]Look!Herethebuscomes![正]Look!Herecomesthebus![误]Look!Herecomeshe![正]Look!Herehecomes[析]在there,here打头的句子中,如果主语是名词,则要采用倒装语序;如果是人称代词则用一般语序。[误]DoyouwantMarytogotothecinemawithus?No,Idon'thopeso[正]DoyouwantMarytogotothecinemawithus?No,Ihopenot[析]我不这样想,可用Idon'tthinkso但hope的否定简答句只能用Ihopenot13\n这是习惯用法。但这两个词的肯定简答句形是一样的,如:Ithinkso.Ihopeso[误]ThatisdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell[正]ItisdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell[析]It这里的语法作用是形式主语,而真正的主语是后面的不定式。形式主语和形式宾语都要用it而不能用that,如:IthinkitdifficulttolearnEnglishwellit在这句中是think的形式宾语。(三) 例题解析1 There___apencilboxonthedesk.A.isB. areC.hasD.have[答案]A.[析]Therebe句形中的be动词要看其后面离它最近的名词而定,如:Therearetwobooksandapencilonthedesk但却可以讲Thereisapencilandtwobooksonthedesk2 Couldyoutellme___?A MrsKingwherelivesB wheredoesMrsKingliveC whereMrsKinglivesD MrsKingliveswhere[答案]C.[析]宾语从句中的疑问句要用陈述语序。3 Yourbrothercametoseeyou,___?A doesheB doesn'theC didheD didn'the[答案]D.[析]前句是肯定句,后面反意疑问句要用否定句,同时came为过去时态,所以应用didn'the4 It'sgettingcloudy,___?A does'itB doesn'titC isitD isn'tit[答案]D.[析]要区分's是has还是is,这里由getting得出's是is。5 ___keepmewaitingsolong.A NotB Won'tC Don'tD Notto[答案]C.[析]Don't+动词原形为祈始句的否定句。6 MrGreenhasn'tbeentoBeijing,___?A hasheB hasn'theC didheD didn'the13\n[答案]A.[析]此句has是助动词与过去分词构成现在完成时态。7 Youhaveyourlunchatschool,___?A haveyouB haven'tyouC doyouD don'tyou[答案]D.[析]这里的have是实意动词"吃",而不是助动词。8 ___sunnyday!Let'sgooutforawalk.A HowaB HowC WhataD What[答案]C.[析]这个感叹句是个省略句,其真实的句子应为Whatasunnydayitis!9 -Canyoutellme___?-SureShe'sanurseA whereisyoursisterB whereyoursisterisC whatisyoursisterD whatyoursisteris[答案]D.[析]who问的是姓名,如:Whoishe?HeisSmith或HeismyfatherWhat问的是职业,如:Whatishe?Heisateacher10 Johnlikeslisteningtotheradio,___?A doesheB doesn'theC doesn'tJohnD doesJohe[答案]B.[析]当名词作主语时,反意疑问句应用代词。11 NeitheryounorI___ontheteam.A areB wereC amD is[答案]C.[析]由neither…nor…作连接词作主语时,其谓语动词要与相临近的那个主语相呼应。12 ___deliciousfood!I'dlikesomemore.A whataB HowaC WhatD How[答案]C.[析]因food为不可数名词。13 ___thereacatunderthechair?A AreB IsC HasD Have[答案]B.13\n[析]这是therebe句型的疑问句。14 Couldyoutellme___?A whenthetrainwillarriveB whenthetrainarrivedC whendidthetrainarriveD whendoesthetrainarrives[答案]A.[析]could用于现在时疑问句表达了口气的委婉,并不是过去时态。且宾语从句要用陈述语句。15 -___badweather!-Yes,Butit'sgoingtobefinesoon,IthinkA HowB WhataC WhatanD What[答案]D.[析]weather为不可数名词。16 -Couldyoutellme___?-Yes,They___tothelibraryA wherearethetwins,havebeenB wherewerethetwins,havebeenC wherethetwinsare,havegoneD wherethetwinswere,havegone[答案]C.[析]havebeento是去过什么地方,而现在回来了。havegoneto是到某地去了,人现在不在这里。17 Goand___theTVquicklyThevolleyballmatchwillbeginrightaway.A turnoffB turndownC turnupD turnon[答案]D.[析]这是个祈使句,它由and连接两个动词。注意词组搭配的不同含义。18 Let'sgoforsometea,___?A shallweB willweC doweD don'twe[答案]A.[析]Let'sgo…,shallwe?Letusgo…,willyou?这是两个特殊的反意疑问句。19 Joan'sshort,___?A wasn'tsheB hasn'tsheC isn'tsheD doesn'tshe[答案]C.13\n[析]在此句中应视's为is,而不是has或was。20 Idon'tknow___toreadtheword.A whichB whatC whoseD how[答案]D.[析]因不定式toread中的read是及物动词,已有自己的宾语theword,所以应用疑问副词how。21 Hedidn'tgotoschool,___hewasill.A forB butC andD so[答案]A.[析]这里是表示因果的关系,从句表示原因,所以用for,放于句尾,且常常前面有一个逗号。so引起的是结果状语从句,如:Hewasonlytwelve,sohecouldn'tjointhearmy22 Theyoungwomancanhardlyrideabike,___she?A doesn'tB doesC can'tD can[答案]D.[析]hardly为否定词,所以应视此句为否定句。其后的反意疑问句应用肯定句。23 TomnevergoestothecinemaonSundays,___?A doesheB doesn'theC isn'theD ishe[答案]A.[析]never也是否定词,所以应将句子看作否定句。24 Mothersaidtohim,"Don't___onfootball."A spendtoomuchtimeB tospendtoomuchtimeC spendtoomanytimeD tospendtoomanytime[答案]A.[析]time作为"时间"讲为不可数名词,应用much来修饰。当作"次数"讲是可数名词,如threetimes三次,而Don't…这一句是祈使句的否定句。25 MrWhite,togetherwithsomeJapanesefriends,___visitourschoolthisafternoon.A aregoingtoB isgoingtoC haveD has[答案]B.[析]句子的主语是MrWhite,而togetherwith…是伴随状况,不影响句子的主语。26 Thereislittlewaterintheglass,___?13\nA isitB isthereC isn'titD isn'tthere[答案]B.[析]这是therebe句型的反意疑问句。27 Amperewasthinkingaboutamathsproblem,___?A didn'theB wasn'theC didheD ishe[答案]B.[析]这是进行时态的反意疑问句。28 Shehadagoodtimeyesterday,___she?A wasn'tB didn'tC hasn'tD isn't[答案]B.[析]had这里是实意动词而不是助动词。29 We'llmake___foryouinthefrontofthecar.A aroomB roomC roomsD somerooms[答案]B.[析]room此处为不可数名词,意为"地方,空间"。30 NeithershenorI___totheGreatwallbefore.A hasgoneB havegoneC havebeenD hasbeen[答案]C.[析]由neither…nor连接两个主语时,其谓语动词应与相临近的那个主语相呼应。31 Helpmecollectthesebooks,___?A areyouB willyouC doyouD shallyou[答案]B.[析]祈使句的反意疑问句应用willyou,而Let'sgo例外,其反意疑问句为shallwe?32 Thenumberofdeer,mountainlionsandwildroses___changemuchifpeopleleavethingsastheyare.A don'tB doesn'tC isn'tD didn't[答案]B.[析]thenumberof为"……的数量、数目",所以谓语动词用单数形式。而anumberof要加复数名词,其谓语动词也用复数。33 She'shadbreakfast,___?A issheB isn'tsheC hasn'tsheD hasshe13\n[答案]C.[析]这里的's应视为has34 Iwonder___.A whosebicycleisitB itiswhosebicycleC isitwhosebicycleD whosebicycleitis[答案]D.[析]wonder后的宾语从句应用陈述语序。35 Itisgoodforus___morningexercises.A doB todoC didD done[答案]B.[析]这里的it是形式主语,而真正的主语是不定式todo…36 Peterhassportsveryoften,___?A does,PeterB doesn'theC doesn'tPeterD doeshe[答案]B.[析]has这里是实意动词,而主语为名词时其反意疑问句中的主语要用代词。37 MrBlacksaid,"Jenny,don'tbelatetomorrow"MrBlacktoldJenny___.A don'tbelatetomorrowB didn'tbelatetomorrowC notbelatenextmorningD nottobelatethenextday[答案]D.[析]tell一般要加双宾语,其间接宾语是Jenny,直接宾语是不定式。而这里用的是不定式的否定形式。38 LiMeireadthenewspapertothegranny,___?A doessheB didn'tsheC didsheD wasn'tshe[答案]B.[析]read这里是过去时态,因其主语是第三人称单数,而read并未加s所以是过去时态。(read的过去时与过去分词都是read,只不过读音不同)13
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