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中考英语语法总复习大全 第一篇句法之定语从句

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第二篇句法二、定语从句(一)知识概要定语从句并不属于中考范围,但由于作者在多年的教学中体会到,这一语法现象影响了许多学生自学英语。这些学生一般是成绩较好的学生,想进行大量阅读来提高自己的英语水平,但总是碰到一些问题,百思不得其解。苦于自己的水平只限于初中水平,无法提高,但各种补习班又都是为一些水平较差的学生开设的,所以又投师无门。为了解决这部分学生的学习困难,也为那些有志青年铺平学习上的道路,特用这一节讲述定语从句,不是从语法上讲述,而是从阅读理解方面去讲述。可供同学们在学习时参考。这会对你的英语学习起到事半功倍的作用。对于形容词我们已十分熟悉了,如:agoodbook,形容词good用来修饰书book。我们也可以用一个句子来修饰名词,这种句子叫做形容词性从句,它起修饰名词的作用,又被叫做定语从句(Theattributiveclause)。但有一点不同的是这个从句不是像形容词那样放于名词前,而是放在名词之后。它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行词,如:Doyouknowthescientistwhogaveusthetalkthisafternoon?这句中的主句是Doyouknowthescientist?(你知道那位科学家吗?)而whogaveusthetalkthisafternoon(他今天下午给我们作的报告。)是定语从句。所以这两句话合为一体即是:你认识今天下午给我们作报告的那位科学家吗?这里scientist叫作先行词,而who叫作定语从句的引导词。who在定语从句中起主语的作用,who的数与它的先行词相同。又如:YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo这里先行词是everything,而thatIdo是定语从句,此句应译为:你必须作我所作的一切。that叫作定语从句的引导词,在句中作do的宾语。引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词when,where,why,how。不论关系代词还是关系副词,都应放于先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,但它们都要在定语从句中起语法作用,充当一个成份。如关系代词在定语从句中不是作主语便是作宾语,而关系副词则是作状语。我们先来看关系代词的用法。① that的先行词可以是人也可以是物。如:Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly这里先行词是machine而that是关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。这句译为:飞机是一种会飞的机器。又如:Ilikethebook(that)youlentmeyesterday这里先行词是book,关系代词用that,它在定语从句中作lend(借)的宾语。要注意的是关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略,即:Ilikethebookyoulentmeyesterday② which关系代词的先行词只能是物。它在定语从句中作主语或宾语,如:Thebookshopisashopwhichsellsbooks这里shop是先行词,which在从句中作主语。又如:Thebook(which)Ireadlastnightwaswonderful这里主句是Thebookwaswonderful而定语从句是修饰主句的主语book,即我昨晚读的那本书,which在定语从句中作read的宾语,可以省略。③ who,whom,whose6\nwho在定语从句中作主语,whom是who的宾格,在定语从句中作宾语,而whose则是形容词性物主代词,在从句中作定语,如:ThemanwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisanAmericanfriend昨天参观我们学校的人是一位美国朋友。Who在定语从句中作主语。又如:Who'sthatwoman(whom)youjusttalkedto?你刚才与之谈话的那个女人是谁?而whom作定语从句中介词to的宾语,可以省略,而在现代英语中,句首的whom也常常可用who代替。Thisisourclassmate,Mary,whosehomeisnotfarfromourschool这是我们的同学玛丽,她的家离我们学校不远。为了便于理解,我们来看看是如何将两句话并为一句话的。1. Isawtheman.HeclosedthedoorIsawthemanwho(that)closedthedoor2. ThegirlishappyShewontheraceThegirlwhowontheraceishappy3. ThestudentsarefromChinaTheysitinthefrontrowThestudentswhositinthefrontrowarefromChina(要注意的是先行词是students则who的数也应看作复数。)4. WearestudyingsentencesTheycontainadjectivedauseWearestudyingsentencesthat(which)containadjectivedause5. ThetaxidriverwasfriendlyHetookmetotheairportThetaxidriverwhotookmetotheairportwasfriendly6. ThebookwasgoodIreaditThebookthatIreadwasgoodThebookIreadwasgood7. ThepeoplewereveryniceWevisitedthemyesterdayThepeoplewevisitedyesterdaywereverynice8. ThemancalledthepoliceHiswalletwasstolenThemanwhosewalletwasstolencalledthepolice9. IcomefromacountryItshistorygoesbackthousandsofyearsIcomefromacountrywhosehistorygoesbackthousandsofyears10. IhavetocallthemanIpickeduphisumbrellaafterthemeetingIhavetocallthemanwhoseumbrellaIpickedupafterthemeeting关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:6\nThatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears或可以写作:ThatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyearsHewasthemanwhom(who)youwerelookingfor要注意的是此句的关系代词whom可以用主格取代,而lookfor是短语动词也不可将for放于定语从句之前。that作关系代词作介词宾语时,不能紧跟介词,而只能将介词置于定语从句的后面。如:Themanthatweweretalkingabouthascometoourschool这时不可用aboutthat…请看下面例句:1. ThemeetingwasinterestingIwenttoitThemeetingthatIwenttowasinteresting2. ThemanwasverykindItalkedtohimyesterdayThemanwhoItalkedtoyesterdaywasverykind3. ImustthankthepeopleIgotapresentfromhimImustthankthepeoplewhoIgotapresentfrom4. ThepicturewasbeautifulShewaslookingatitThepicturethat(which)shewaslookingatwasbeautiful5. ThemanisstandingoverthereItoldyouabouthimThemanwhoItoldyouaboutisstandingoverthere除关系代词外,还有关系副词,when,where,why,其中when用来指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。如:IneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametotheGreatWall而where则指地点,如:Thisisthehousewheretheoldmanlives请看下面例句:1. ThecitywasbeautifulWespentourvacationthereThecitywherewespentourvacationwasbeautiful2. ThatistherestaurantIwillmeetyouthereThatistherestaurantwhereIwillmeetyou3. ThetownissmallIgrewupthereThetownwhereIgrewupissmall4. ThatisthedrawerIkeepmynewpapersthereThatisthedrawerwhereIkeepmynewspapers6\n5. MondayisthedayWewillcomethenMondayisthedayWhenwewillcame6. 7∶05isthetimeMyplanearrivesthen7∶05isthetimewhenmyplanearrives7. 1960istheyearTherevolutiontookplacethen1960istheyearwhentherevolutiontookplace8. JulyisthemonthTheweatherisusuallythehottestthenJulyisthemonthwhentheweatherisusuallythehottest在定语从句中又可分为两大类定语从句,即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。① 限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉的话,主句的意思就不完整,意义就表述不明。这种句型一般定语从句紧接先行词,如:Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited② 非限制性定语从句。它与主句的关系不十分密切,只是对其附加说明,也就是讲即便去掉定语从句,句意也不受影响,仍然清晰明了。这样的定语从句要在它和主句之间加一逗号分开。且关系代词不引导这种非限制性定语从句,如:AbrahamLincoln,wholedtheUnitedStatesthroughtheseyears,wasshotonApril14, 1865atatheatreinwashingtonD. C. 又如:GalileolivedinthecityofPisa,wherethereisaleaningtowerabout180feethigh(二)正误辨析[误]Iwon'ttellyouthenameofthepersonwhoteachmeEnglish[正]Iwon'ttellyouthenameofthepersonwhoteachesmeEnglish[析]在定语从句中,关系代词作主语时,从它本身看不出其数的形式,这时要由它的先行词决定。这里who应由theperson单数决定,应该用单数谓语动词。又如:Iwhoamastudentwanttofindasparetimejob这里的who应与I是一致的,所以其谓语动词应该用am。 [误]WetalkedaboutthethingsandthepeoplewhowemetduringtheSecondWorldWar[正]WetalkedaboutthethingsandthepeoplethatwemetduringtheSecondWorldWar[析]这里的关系代词不要用who,因为其先行词有两个一个是things(物),而另一个是people6\n(人),这时既不可用who,又不可用which,因前者只能用于先行词是人的情况下,而后者则用于先行词是物的情况下,所以只能用that,因为它的先行词既可以是人又可以是物。[误]Thebook,thatIboughtyesterday,wasverygood[正]Thebook,whichIboughtyesterday,wasverygood[析]先行词与定语从句被逗号分割开来时,即作为非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中which,when,who,whom,where,when,whose等都可以和限制性定语从句中的作用一样,而独有that不易用于非限制性定语从句。[误]ThedictionarywhichIlentityesterdayisaveryusefultool[正]ThedictionarywhichIlentyesterdayisaveryusefultool[析]关系代词在定语从句中是要起语法作用的,它不是作主语就是作宾语。虽然在作宾语时它的位置由原来的宾语位置移到了句首,但它的作用依然存在,而且在原宾语位置上不能再出现宾语。[误]TheteacherIwanttolearnEnglishfromistheonewhichcomesfromAmerica[正]TheteacherIwanttolearnEnglishfromistheonewhocomesfromAmerica[析]theone,anyone,those作代词并且是指某人、物时,其关系代词不能用which应用who。[误]Thisistheroominthattheoldmanlives[正]Thisistheroominwhichtheoldmanlives[正]Thisistheroomwhichtheoldmanlivesin[正]Thisistheroomthattheoldmanlivesin[析]that不能紧跟在介词后作介词宾语,但如果介词不前置仍放于句尾,则可用that作引导词,而且可以省略。如:Thisistheroomtheoldmanlivesin[误]Icandoeverythingwhichisgoodforyou[正]Icandoeverythingthatisgoodforyou[析]在先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等不定代词时,虽然它们指的是物体,但不要用which而用that作定语从句的引导词。[误]Theonlythingwhichthestudentscandoisstudyinghard[正]Theonlythingthatthestudentscandoisstudyinghard[析]在先行词前有only,any,few,little,no,all,oneof等词修饰时,虽然先行词指的是物,也不要用which作关系代词,而要用that。[误]ThisisthefirstAmericanfilmwhichI'veeverseen[正]ThisisthefirstAmericanfilmthatI'veeverseen[析]在先行词是序数词,或由序数词修饰时,其关系代词不可用which6\n这样的用法还有在形容词最高级修饰的先行词之后,如:ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverseen[误]HeisfromAfrica,thatwecanseefromthecolouroftheskin[正]HeisfromAfrica,aswecanseefromthecolouroftheskin[析]当as或which引导非限制性定语从句时,它可能没有明确的先行词,它们所指代的是前面整个句子。如例题应译为他是从非洲来这个事情是可以从其肤色上看出的。6

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发布时间:2022-08-25 21:01:13 页数:6
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文章作者:U-336598

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