中考英语语法总复习大全 第一篇词法之代词
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第一篇词法三、代词(一)知识概要英语中代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词。人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。请看下表人称我你他她它我们你们他们 主格iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。请看下表人称我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性myyourhisheritsoursyourthey名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代词可见下表人称我你他她它我们你们他们 反身代词myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselfthemselves指示代词主要有this,that,these,those疑问代词有:who,whomwhose,what,which,还有疑问副词when,how,where,why。不定代词在初中课本中主要有some,any,many,much,each,neither,other,another,all,both,one,none,either…(二)正误辨析[误]Tom'smotheristallerthanmy.[正]Tom'smotheristallerthanmine.[析]形容词性物主代词可以作定语,也就是讲它可以作形容词,如:mybook,而这句话的意思是:汤姆的妈妈比我的妈妈高。比较的对象是mymother,也就是mine。[误]Wehavealotofhomeworktodotoday.Soweneedtwoorthreehourstofinishthem.[正]Wehavealotofhomeworktodotoday.Soweneedtwoorthreehourstofinishit.[析]在应用代词时,要注意人称,格与数的一致性。这里it所代替的是不可数名词homework,所以应用it。[误]Heandyoushouldgotothelibrarytoreturnthebooks.14\n[正]Youandheshouldgotothelibrarytoreturnthebooks.[析]这主要是英语习惯上的用法。当两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为you,he,she,I,而复数时为we,you,they:如男女并列时,应先男后女,如:Heandshe…如果在表示不好意思,承担责任时,单数时用,I,he,she,you,复数时用They,you,we,如:TomandIaregoodfriends.You,heandImustgotoplaythegameforourteamthisafternoon.We,youandtheyhavebeentherebefore.I,heandyouhavetopayforit.[误]Heorhisbrotherisdoingtheirhomework.[正]Heorhisbrotherisdoinghishomework.[析]由either…or,neither…nor,or连接两个主语时,如果两主语是单数时,用单数代词,如两主语是复数时,用复数代词,如:Eitherteachersorstudentswanttodotheirbesttohelptheoldman.如是一单一复两名词时,一般将单数名词放在前,复数名词放在后,要用复数代词,如:Theteacherorhisstudentswillcleantheirclassroomtogether.[误]Hisbrotheristallerthanhim.[正]Hisbrotheristallerthanhe.[析]than是连词,其后应视为省略句,thanheis.所以要注意区分其主格与宾格的用法。Ilikeyouasmuchasshe.[正]Ilikeyouasmuchasher.[析]as…as其后也应看作是省略句。应为asIlikeher.所以应用宾格。而第一句应译为我像她那样喜欢你。两句语法都是对的但含义不同。[误]Myselfdidityesterday.[正]Imyselfdidityesterday.[正]Ididitmyselfyesterday.[析]反身代词不可作主语,但可以用作主语的同位语。[误]Takecareofourselves.[正]Takecareofyourselves.(yourself)[析]祈始句的主语应看作第二人称you.[误]Pleasebringyourdaughterwithyourself.[正]Pleasebringyourdaughterwithyou.[析]反身代词不能作介词宾语,除非是由不及物动词与介词组成的动词短语,如:Theoldwomanspoketoherself.14\n[误]Makeyourselfhome.[正]Makeyourselfathome.[析]这是英语中的习惯用法,意为“像在家里一样”。这样的用法还有:enjoyoneself玩得开心makeyourselfathome像在家中一样helpyourselftosomething自己拿某物lostoneself迷路seatoneself就坐dressoneself穿衣[误]— Who'sthisspeaking.— That'sMary.[正]— Who'sthatspeaking.— ThisisMary.[析]在电话用语中,this指讲话人自己,而that指对方。[误]Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthisinwinter.[正]Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthoseinwinter.[析]在比较句中往往为了避免重复,可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物,如是单数时用that,复数时用those,如:TheweatherinBeijingishotterthanthatinChangChun.[误]Itissoagoodbookthateveryonelikestoread.[正]Itissuchagoodbookthateveryonelikestoread.[正]Itissogoodabookthateveryonelikestoread.[析]在可数名词单数时可用so+形容词+不定冠词+名词+that从句,也可用such+不定冠词+形容词+that从句。在不可数名词或可数名词复数时,只用such,如:ItissuchgoodweatherthatIwanttogoswimming.TheyaresuchgoodbooksthatIwanttobuythemall.在many,much,few,little这4个词前仅能用so,如:Shehassomuchmoneythatshecanbuyeverythingshewants.而在so与that之间仅存形容词时,则不能用such,如:Sheissosweetthateveryonelikesher.[误]Iwanttobuyasamedictionaryasyours.[正]Iwanttobuythesamedictionaryasyours.[析]same与定冠词the是固定搭配不可更改。这样的用法还有allthesame(仍然)。[误]— Ihopeshemightpasstheexam.— Idon'thopeso.[正]— Ihopeshemightpasstheexam.— Ihopenot.[析]在作肯定回答时,Ithinkso.Ihopeso.Ibelieveso.但作否定回答时为:Idon'tthinkso.Ihope/believenot.[误]— Hestudiedveryhardthisterm.—Soshedid.[正]—Hestudiedveryhardthisterm.—Sodidshe.[误]—Englishisdifficulttolearn.—Soisit.14\n[正]—Englishisdifficulttolearn.—Soitis.[析]在对话中如果某一动作同时适用于两个主语,这时在答语中要用缩写且要用倒装句。如第一组句,即studiedhard既适用于he,也适用于she.但答语仅仅是对前句的重复,即仅仅是第一句的缩写时则不要用倒装句。如第二组句子为:英语难学。答语为:是的,难学。这时缩写的答语不要用倒装句。[误]Everyoneshoulddoone'sbest.[正]Everyoneshoulddohisbest.[析]one作代词时,它的复数形式是ones,所有格形式是one's,反身代词为oneself.如果讲Oneshoulddoone'sbest.则是对句。如果one与别的词组成其他词,如:someone,anyone,everyone或onlyone则要用his/her,来作其所有格形式。[误]—Whowonthegame?—None.[正]—Whowonthegame?—Noone.[析]由who提问的句子的否定回答中的简略说法是noone,而由Howmany提问的句子的否定回答中的简略语是None.如:Howmanybooksarethere?None.[误]Therearemanytreesoneithersidesofthestreet.[正]Therearemanytreesoneithersideofthestreet.[正]Therearemanytreesonbothsidesofthestreet.[析]either作代词时由两个含意,其一是两者中随便哪一个,如:Youcantakeeither.其二是两者中的每一个。但要注意的是either后要加单数名词,如果作主语则谓语动词也要用单数形式。[误]EitheryouorIareright.[正]EitheryouorIamright.[析]在either…or,或neither…nor连接两个主语时,其谓语动词要与和其相近的那个主语相配。[误]Ihavethreesisters.Neitherofthemisadoctor.[正]Ihavethreesisters.Noneofthemisadoctor.[析]neither用于两者中无一是,而none则用于多于两者中的人或事物无一是。[误]Hedoesn'tlikeBeijingopera.Idon'tliketoo.[正]Hedoesn'tlikeBeijingopera,Idon'tlikeeither.[析]either作为“也”讲时,要用于否定句中,而too则用于肯定句中。[误]Welikeboththislittleboy.[正]Webothlikethislittleboy.[析]both作同位语时,它在句中的位置有:在be动词之后,如:Wearebothstudents.在实意动词之前,如:Theparentsbothwanttogotothecinema.用于第一助动词之后,如:Wehavebothreadthese14\nEnglishnovels.使用时要注意以下句子的实际含意:Bothofusarenotright.应译为:我们俩不都对。Neitherofusisright.才应译为:我俩都不对。又如:Ican'tgiveyoubothofthebooks.意为:两本书我不能全给你,而Ican'tgiveyoueitherofthebooks.才为:两本书我全不能给你。[误]Weeachhasaticketfortheconcert.[正]Weeachhaveaticketfortheconcert.[析]each作句子主语时其谓语动词要用单数形式,如:EachofuswantstolearnEnglishwell,但each作同位语时,则应以原名词的数为准。[误]Everyofushastopasstheexam.[正]Eachofushastopasstheexam.[析]every只可作形容词,不可作代词,而each既可作形容词,又可作代词,在作形容词时each侧重强调个体,而every则侧重于全体。[误]Everyoneofusshoulddohouseworktwohoursaday.[正]Everyoneofusshoulddohouseworktwohoursaday.[析]everyone不可与of结构相连接使用,而everyone则可以这样用。[误]IshouldreadEnglisheveryday.[正]IshouldreadEnglisheveryday.[析]要注意的是everyday是“每天”,而everyday则是形容词为“日常的”。如:everydayEnglish日常英语,everydaylife日常生活。[误]Therearetreesoneverysidesofthestreet.[正]Therearetreesoneachsideofthestreet.[析]every用于三者或三者以上的每一个,而each用于二者或二者以上的每一个。因为街道只有两侧,所以只能用each而不能用every.[误]Allmyparentsareengineers.[正]Bothmyparentsareengineers.[析]all用于三者或三者以上的全部,而both则用于两者的全部。[误]Allofstudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[正]Allofthestudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[正]Allstudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[析]非特指的名词前可用all但不可用allof结构,也就是讲allof结构后面的名词前一定要有定冠词。其他与all有关的习惯用法还有:alltheyearround,allweek,allday,allwinter14\n[误]Theallvillagewasflooded.[正]Allthevillagewasflooded.[析]all作修饰语时要用在所有修饰词之前。[误]Thepostofficeisonothersideofthestreet.[正]Thepostofficeisontheothersideofthestreet.[析]单数可数名词如在泛指某一个时用another,而特指时则要用theother,因街道只有两边,而不在这边必定是在另一边,所以要用特指。请参考下表的用法以便于记忆。 单数复数泛指another形容词作定语作名词another代词otherothers特指theother形容词theother代词theothertheothers[误]TherearetenstudentshereWherearetheothersstudents?[正]Therearetenstudentshere.Wherearetheothers?[正]TherearetenstudentshereWherearetheotherstudents?[析]theothers=theotherstudents.[误]Theoldmanhastwosons.Oneisateacher,anotherisadoctor.[正]Theoldmanhastwosons.Oneisateacher,theotherisadoctor.[析]another用于泛指,如:Isitfarfromheretothestation?I'msorry.Ihavenoidea.Onemaysayitisquitenear;anothermaysayitisfarfromhere.但在特指时则要用theother.它可以用作定语,theotherone,也可以用作代词theother,但theother用作代词时它的含意一定是单数。如果指三者或者三者以上的情况时,则要用one…another…theother.或者one…asecond…thethird…[误]Somepeoplelikesports.Theotherslikereading.[正]Somepeoplelikesports.Otherslikereading.[析]在泛指的复数名词前用some…others…others…来表示某些人……某些人……某些人……。[误]Pleaseremembertowatertheflowerseachotherday.[正]Pleaseremembertowatertheflowerseveryotherday.[析]everyotherday为每隔一天。是习惯用法,不要随意改动。又如:ontheotherhand另一方面。[误]Manyknowhim,butfewlikeshim.[正]Manyknowhim,butfewlikehim.14\n[析]few用于可数名词,意为几乎没有,但few作主语时谓语动词则要用复数形式,而afew为有一些。[误]Youhavefewfriends,haven'tyou?[正]Youhavefewfriends,haveyou?[析]little与few用于句中时,均要按否定句看待。[误]Muchofwhatyousaidaretrue.[正]Muchofwhatyousaidistrue.[析]much用于不可数名词,作主语时用单数谓语动词。而many用于可数名词,它作主语时用复数形式的谓语动词。[误]Thisroomisenoughlargeforthestudentstolivein.[正]Thisroomislargeenoughforthestudentstolivein.[析]enough可以用作代词,如:Thereisenoughofthefood.又如:Enoughhasbeendoneforthework,但enough还可以作形容词来修饰名词,这时enough可以放在名词之前,也可放在名词之后,如:moneyenough与enoughmoney都是对的。但当enough作副词修饰形容词时,则只能置于形容词之后了。[误]Iwantanybookstoread.Doyouhaveany?[正]Iwantsomebookstoread.Doyouhaveany?[析]按照语法any用于疑问句和否定句,而some用于肯定句。[误]Wouldyoulikeanythingtodrink?[正]Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?[析]在由wouldyoulike发出的问句中,表达了说话者真心实意要为对方提供些饮料,或在说话者想得到对方的肯定答复时,在疑问句中要用some而不用any。[误]Someonewanttomeetyou.[正]Someonewantstomeetyou.[析]不定代词应被看作单数,即使用and连接两个不定代词,也要看作单数,如:Anyoneandeveryonehastheright.任何人,每一个人都有这样的权力。[误]NewYorkismuchcolderinwinterthanbefore.[正]ItismuchcolderinNewYorkinwinterthanbefore.[析]it常常用在英文的句子中来代表时间、距离、天气、自然现象,或用在句中作形式主语或宾语,如:Itisteno'clocknow.(代时间)Itisfarfromheretotheairport.(代距离)Itisveryhot.(代天气)ItisverydifficulttolearnEnglishwell.(作形式主语)14\nWefounditverydifficulttoanswerthequestion.(作形式宾语)[误]Becareful.Don'tdrinktoomany.[正]Becareful.Don'tdrinktoomuch.[析]这里much所代的应是饮料或水,所以应为不可数名词。(三)例题解析1Theseare___books.Yoursareoverthere.AIBmyCmeDmine[答案]B.[析]这里应用形容词性物主代词。2—___isshe?—Sheisateacher.AWhatBHowCWhoDWhere[答案]A.[析]这里的四个疑问词放在问句中全都成立,但其意义不同。Whatisshe?应译为“她的工作是什么?”或“她是做什么的?”而Howisshe?应译为“她身体如何?”而Whoisshe?应译为“她是谁?”其答语应为“她叫什么名字。”而Whereisshe?应为“她在什么地方?”由答语决定了这道题的选择。3___iswrongwithmywatch.Ithasstopped___.ASomething,workingBSomething,toworkCAnything,workingDAnything,towork[答案]A.[析]因为是肯定句所以应用Something,其后由于表停止工作了,则stop后要用动名词。4Mary,help___tothebananas,please.AyouByourCyourselfDyourselves[答案]C.[析]helponeselftosomething为“自己拿某物”。yourself为“你一个人”,而yourselves为“你们”。5—___doyougotoschooleveryday?—Bybus.AHowBWhyCWhenDWhere[答案]A.[析]这题的答案是由问句决定的。14\n6Myskirtis___popularthan___.Amuch,herBmuch,hersCmore,herDmore,hers[答案]D.[析]因句中有than,所以应选用比较级,而than后要选用名词性物主代词。7—CanyouspeakEnglish?—Yes,butonly___.AfewBafewClittleDalittle[答案]D.[析]因会讲某种语言的多少要用alittle,把它看作不可数名词对待,此答语为:是的,但仅仅会讲一点。8Mr. Smithisanoldfriendof___.AIBmeCmyDmine[答案]D.[析]这里应选名词性物主代词,这也是英语的一种习惯用法,而不要选择my。9“___doyouhearfromyourparents?”“Aboutonceamonth.”AHowlongBHowmanyCHowoftenDHowmuch[答案]C.[析]Howoften问的是某一动作发生的频率,即在单位时间内发生多少次。10MrGreenwouldn'tsay___atthemeeting.AeverythingBnothingCanythingDsomething[答案]C.[析]在否定句中应用anything11“Mum,Ann'scomingtonight.Let'sgiveher___toeat.”“Goodidea!”AanythingniceBniceanythingCsomethingniceDnicesomething[答案]C.[析]肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代词的修饰词应放其后而不要放在其前面。12—Whenshallwemeet,thiseveningortomorrowevening?14\n—Idon'tmind.___timeisOK.ASomeBNeitherCEitherDBoth[答案]C.[析]因如选用both则名词要用复数名词,也要用复数谓语动词,由于答语前有Idon'tmind则决定不能选择neither.13Thisisnotherkite, but___.Ahe'sBhimCheDhis[答案]D.[析]要注意“他的”名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词是同形的。14Don'tworry,Mum!___newsisgoodnews.I'msuredaddywillcomebacksoon.ANoBManyCThoseDTwo[答案]A.[析]这是一条谚语,即没有消息就是好消息。15Maryhassixapples.Herbrotherhasthree.Shehas___applesthanhe.AfewBmanyCmoreDfewer[答案]C.[析]由于是比较级,根据题意应选“多于”而不是“少于”。16Thereisn't___intoday'snewspaper.AanythinginterestingBsomethinginterestingCnothinginterestingDinterestinganything[答案]A.[析]由于句子是否定句,应选择anything,而且不定代词的修饰语应放在其后面。17September10this___Day?ATeacherBTeachersCTeacher'sDTeachers'[答案]D.[析]教师节Teachers'Day,儿童节Children'sDay,妇女节Women'sDay18—InEngland,peopleeatalotof“takeaway”food.Whataboutpeopleinyourcountry?—___ASowedo.BWedoso.CSodowe.DWesodo.14\n[答案]C.[析]在答语中用简略方式表达上文的一个动作同样适用于另一个主语时,则要采用倒装句,但如果仅仅是对上句的重复则不要倒装。19—Shallwegointothatshopandhavealook?—Sorry.Iwon't.Ihave___todothere.AeverythingBanythingCsomethingDnothing[答案]D.[析]这个答案的选择应由上下两句对话内容作出决定。20—Oh,dear!Whobroketheglass?—___Sam___Bruce.Itwasthecat.ABoth,andBNot,butCNeither,norDEither,or[答案]C.[析]neither…nor意为既不……也不……21Thestudentsarehavingagoodtimeinthepark.Somearedrawingbythelake.___areclimbingthehill.AOthersBOtherCAnotherDTheother[答案]A.[析]这里因为是代替复数名词,所以应用名词性的复数代名词。22Sheisnotanurse.I'mnot___.AalsoBeitherCneitherDtoo[答案]B.[析]在否定句中该用either,而不用too和also.23Ihavetwopencils.Oneisred,___isblue.AtheotherBanotherCothersDtheothers[答案]A.[析]两者中的另一个应为特指。而且应为单数形式的代名词。而another是泛指单数代名词。others是泛指复数代名词,而theothers是特指复数代名词。24Sorry,Ican'tansweryourquestion.Iknow___aboutthesubject.AlittleBalittleCfewDafew14\n[答案]A.[析]中文讲我对此知道的不多,而英文中要用little。其含意为否定句。25Mysisterdoesn'tlikeskating___.ASodoIBSoIdon'tCNeitherIdon'tDNeitherdoI[答案]D.[析]这是表达上面否定句中的动作,也同样不适合于第二个人。所以要用neither,并要采用倒装句。26Yesterdaymorningtherewereonlythreeboysinourroom,___.Ayou,heandIBI,youandheChe,IandyouDyou,Iandhe[答案]A.[析]这是若干人称代词并列时的顺序问题。请参看辨析中的例子。27Allthestudentsarebusy,so___ofthemwillgototheconcert.AmanyBlittleCafewDfew[答案]D.[析]student为可数名词。28Theteachergave___studentanewbook.AnobodyBbothCeachDany[答案]C.[析]both其后的名词应为复数,而any用于疑问句和否定句中只有each可以修饰单数可数名词。29Blackisneitherateacher___aworker.AorBeitherCnorDand[答案]C.[析]neither…nor为“既不……也不……”的固定搭配。30Ourteachergaveus___onstudying.AmanyadvicesBsomeadvicesCanadviceDsomeadvice[答案]D.[析]advice为不可数名词。some可用于可数或不可数名词之前。31Therearetwoforeignfriendsinthepark.One___isfromJapan,isfromAmerica.14\nAotherBothersCtheotherDtheothers[答案]C.[析]因为是两者中的一个,所以另一个应用单数特指代词。32Arethere___onthetable?AsomecupsBanycupCsomecupDanycups[答案]D.[析]此句是疑问句,应用anycups,因提问时的be动词用的是are。33I'vejustboughtfivestamps.OneisaGermanstamp,___areAmericanstamps.AtheotherBtheothersCotherDothers[答案]B.[析]此空应填入主语。又因其范围已定,所以应选特指的代名词。theother只能用作单数,而others是泛指复数代名词,故只能选B。34Itwas___finedaythattheywenttothepark.AasoBsoaCsuchaDasuch[答案]C.[析]在单数可数名词前可以有两种表达法,即such+不定冠词+形容词+可数名词单数形式,如:suchagoodday,或者用so加形容词+不定冠词+可数名词单数,如:sogoodaday.35Atthattimethetrainwasslowandnoisy.So___peoplelikedtakingtrains.AlittleBalittleCfewDafew[答案]C.[析]这是英文的表达法与中文不同之处。中文讲只有少数人喜欢坐火车,英文要选用“few”。36Wemusthelpandunderstandeach___.AotherBanotherCothersDtheother[答案]A.[析]eachother意为“互相”,是习惯用语。37___isdifficulttowalkonthemoon.AManBOneCThatDIt[答案]D.[析]这里的真正主语应为不定式towalkonthemoon.而形式主语只能用it.38Janehassentseveralletters,but___ofthemhavebeenanswered.AallBbothCeitherDnone14\n[答案]D.[析]severalletters意为“若干信件”,应看作多于两者,则在A、D中作选择,仅D符合句意。39Idon'tknow___aboutthenewheadmaster.AsomethingBeverythingCnothingDanything[答案]D.[析]否定句中应用anything.40___ofthestudentsinthewholeclasscoulddothisphysicsquestion.ANoBNoneCNotDNeither[答案]B.14
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