新高考2023高考英语小题必练16阅读理解之主旨大意题20230421153

小题必练16：阅读理解之主旨大意题主旨大意题主要考查对全文内容或某一段的内容的归纳总结能力，是在对原文深刻理解基础上的高度概括能力，是高考中的难点之一。主旨大意题最关键的就是把握主题句和主题词。1.标题归纳题【典例】（2020·浙江卷C篇节选）Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking,planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage,astudypublishedWednesdayinthejournalNeurologysuggests.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.RetiredWorkersCanPickUpNewSkillsB.OldPeopleShouldTakeChallengingJobsC.YourToughJobMightHelpKeepYouSharpD.CognitiveFunctionMayDeclineAsYouAge【答案】C【解析】主旨大意题。“Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking,planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage”是本文的主题句。结合全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏捷，所以C项“困难的工作可能有助于大脑保持敏捷”适合作本文标题。故选C项。【点拨】标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面，一个好的标题应具备三大特点：概括——准确而又简短，能覆盖全文大意。针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。2.文章大意题12\n【典例】（2020·全国2卷B篇）Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(认知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋转)andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod.B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist.D.Ateachingprogram.【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。B.Ascientificstudy(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。【点拨】12\n①主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。②主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。③主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。④主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。3.段落大意题【典例】（2020·全国1卷D篇节选）Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。【点拨】答段落大意题的关键是抓住段落的主题句。①采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾;②采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后举例子，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首，这种现象较多出现在说明文和议论文中;③若作者采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。④若没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。12\nARodneySmithisamanwithatask.TheBermudanativeisinthemidstofatripthatwilltakehimtoeverystateinthenation,mowinglawns（修理草坪）.Fiveyearsago,Smithcameacrossaseniormanmowinghislawnandstoppedtohelp.“WhenIcameacrosstheelderlyman,mylifechanged,”hesaid.Afterthat,SmithwentontocreatetheRaisingMenLawnCareService(RMLCS)tomowlawnsfortheelderly,disabled,singlemomsandformersoldiersfreeofcharge.Aspartofprovidingfreeyardwork,theorganizationteacheschildrenaboutservingtheircommunitiesandlawnmowersafety.AkeycomponentofRMLCSisits50-yardchallenge,whichsetsagoalforchildrennationwidetomow50lawnsforfreeintheircommunity.Whenakidsignsupforthechallenge,thegroupsendsthemawhiteshirtwiththeRaisingMenlogo（标识），shadesandearprotection.Theparticipantsreceiveadifferentcoloredshirtafterevery10thlawntheymow.Whentheyhavecompletedthetaskfor50yards,theyreceiveaspecialvisitfromSmithorsomeonewithRMLCS.Theygivethevolunteeranewlawnmower,freeofcharge,andcutotherlawnswiththem.Sincethischallengestartedin2016,12kidshavealreadycompletedthechallenge.Andbothboysandgirlsarepartofit.Atpresenttheyhave130kidsnationwidetakingpartinthischallenge,including7inBermudaandtheU.K.andoneinCanada.Soit’sspreadingworldwide.EventheQueenofEnglandtooknotice—thegovernorofBermudapresentedSmithwithanawardlatelastyearonbehalfofher.ItwasalsolastyearthatSmithcameupwiththe50States50Lawnscampaign.Now,in2020，he’sontheroadagain.1.WhatisthepurposeoftheRaisingMenLawnCareService?A.Educatechildrentoworkhard.B.Offerfreelawncuttingservice.12\nC.Makelawnmowersofhighquality.D.Trainprofessionallawnmowingworkers.2WhyistheQueenofEnglandmentioned?A.Topraisethequeenforhercare.B.ToproveSmithisrespectedbyeveryone.C.ToshowSmith’sbehaviorgotrecognized.D.TointroducewhereSmith’smotivationcamefrom.3.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.MowLawnsinOrdertoTravelB.LawnMowing—aNewTrendC.ChooseMowingLawnstoHelpD.Smith—aManLovesMowingLawnsBAdolescentchimpanzeesadopttheiryoungersiblings(兄弟姐妹)iftheirmothersdie.Theoldersiblingskeepaclosewatchontheyoungstersandgivethemlotsofcomfortinghugs.Thefindingaddstotheevidencethatchimpanzeescanunderstandwhenothersaresufferingandcan,tosomeextent,helpthem.Similarly,asecondstudyhasshownthatchimpanzeeshaveastrongemotionalresponsewhentheyseethatanotherchimporafamiliarhumanisinjured.RachnaReddyandJohnMitaniattheUniversityofMichiganweretrackingagroupofabout200chimpsinKibaleNationalPark,Uganda,whenadeadlydiseasestrucktheanimalsbetweenDecember2016andFebruary2017.Twenty-fivechimpsdiedand13losttheirmothers.ReddyandMitanikeptaclosewatchonfourpairsofyoungchimpanzeesiblings,wheretheolderofthetwoeffectivelyadoptedtheyounger.Theolderchimpswere10-17yearsoldwhiletheyoungersiblingswere6to7yearsold.Thepairsspentmuchmoretimetogetheraftertheirmothers'deathsthantheydidbefore.Theyalsocomfortedeachother."Itwasliketheywerebothseekingphysicalcontactallthetime,"saysReddy."Thebehaviormakesevolutionarysense,becausebyhelpingtheirsiblings,theolderchimpsareactingintheinterestoftheirowngenes."Wecan'tbesurewhatisgoingthroughtheirminds,butReddysaystheyoungersiblingswereclearlyscaredandupsetandtheoldersiblingsseemed12\ntotakethesituationseriously."Iamhesitanttouseawordlike'responsibility',"saysReddy,butshesaystheywererespondingtotheirsiblings'suffering.Inlinewiththis,chimpsreactwhenoneoftheirmembersisinjured:theymayinspectorhelpdealwithawound,forinstance.YutaroSatoatKyotoUniversityinJapanandhiscolleagueshavenowfoundthatchimpsrespondonanemotionalleveltoseeinganinjury.Theyshowedsixchimpsahumanwithwhomtheywerefamiliar,andwhohadaseriouswound.Thecamerasshowedatemperaturedropinsidethechimps'noses,whichisknowntohavelinkswithastrongnegativeemotion.4.Whydidtheolderchimpanzeesadopttheyoungersiblings?A.Becausetheyenjoyedhavingplaymates.B.Becausetheyobservedthelawofjungle.C.Becausetheyweretaughttotakeresponsibility.D.Becausetheyunderstoodtheirsiblings'suffering.5.Whatisthepurposeofparagraph3?A.Toshowhowtheyconductedtheresearch.B.Tomakeananalysisofthefindings.C.Tocomparethetworesearches.D.Todescribeamovingstoryintheresearch.6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"this"referto?A.Chimps'unwillingnesstohelp.B.Chimps'mindsfullofsadness.C.Chimps'reactiontotheirsiblings'suffering.D.Thedecreaseofchimps'nosetemperature.7.Whichisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ChimpsreallydocareB.ThemysteryofchimpsC.Chimps:tobeornottobeD.ThepowerofevolutionC12\nWoodhasmanygreatcharacteristicsthatmakeittheperfectbuildingmaterial.Itischeap，durable(耐用的),easilyavailable，andmostimportantly，environmentallysustainable.Theonethingitisnot,istransparent(透明的).NowthankstoateamofscientistsatStockholm’sKTHRoyalInstituteofTechnology，thematerialmayevenbeabletoaddthatfeaturetoitsalreadyimpressivelist.LeadresearcherDr.LarsBerglundsaidhewasinspiredtocreatethetransparentwoodafterlearninghowJapaneseresearchershaddevelopedasee-throughpaperforuseinflexibledisplayscreensforelectronicdevices.Theteambeganbypullingoutthewood'slignin(木质素).Thelignin-freewoodwasthendippedintoapolymer(聚合物)andbakedatatemperatureof158Fforfourhours.Theresultwasahybridproductthatwasnotonlystrongerandlighterthantheoriginalwoodbutalso，almosttransparent.Theresearcherswereabletoadjusttheleveloftransparencybyvaryingtheamountofthepolymerinjectedandalsobychangingthethicknessofthewood.Whilescientistshavepreviouslycreatedasee-throughwoodforsmall-scaleapplicationslikecomputerchips,hetransparentwoodisthefirstonebeingconsideredforlargescaleapplications.Theresearchers,whorevealedtheirfindingsinBiomacromoleculesonApril11,pictureusingthetransparentwoodinbuildingstoallowformorenaturallight,ortocreatewindowsthatletinthedesiredamountoflightwithoutsacrificingprivacy.Woodthatallowslighttopassthroughcouldleadtoabrighterfutureforhomesandbuildings.Berglundalsothinksthewoodcouldplayasignificantroleinthedesignofsolarpanels.Thesemi-transparentmaterialwouldbeabletokeeplightlongerandgiveitmoretimetointeractwiththeconductor,thusresultinginbettersolarefficiency.Additionally,substitutingthecurrentlyusedglasswiththisnewproductwouldhelpsolarenergymanufacturersimprovetheircarbonfootprintandlowerthecost.Theyarenowexperimentingwithwaystoscaleupthemanufacturingprocesssothatthetransparentmaterialiscost-effectivetomakeandeasytouse.8．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“thatfeature”inParagraph1referto?A．Cheapness.B．Durability.C．Sustainability.D．Transparency.9．Whichofthefollowingisnottheprocessinwhichthetransparentwoodis12\nmade?A．Dipthewoodintoapolymer.B．Reducetheamountofthepolymer.C．Makethewoodlignin-free.D．Bakethewoodforsometime.10．Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?A．Berglundgottheideaoftransparentwoodwhilemakingpaper.B．Varyingtheamountofthepolymerchangesthewood'shardness.C．Thecostofmakingthetransparentwoodstillneedstobecutdown.D．Thetransparentwoodwouldbeusedonlyforhomesandbuildings.11．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout？A．Thebrightfutureofthetransparentwood.B．Thewood'sroleinthedesignofsolarpanels.C．Thedisadvantagesofthecurrentlyusedglass.D．Solarenergymanufacturers'carbonfootprint.DDolphins,Africangrayparrotsandsomeotheranimalsunderstandtheideaof“zero,”butresearchersweresurprisedtofindthathoneybeesalsocomprehendthisabstractconcept,consideringtheinsects’tinybrains,accordingtoanewstudy.Honeybeeshavefewerthanonemillionneurons(神经元),comparedwiththe86billionneuronsinhumans—andyet,theygraspaconceptthathumans,bysomemeasures,don’tstarttounderstandbeforepreschool.Theresearcherssetuptwocards,eachofwhichhadasetofsymbolsonthem,liketrianglesorcircles.Then,theytrainedagroupofthebeestoflytothecardwiththelowernumberofsymbols.Thebeesquicklylearnedwhatthehumanswantedthemtodotogettheirdelicious,sweetrewards.Thetrainedbeeswerethenshownacardthatwasemptyandonethathadsymbolsonit.Thereisnoneedforthebeestobetrainedtoflymoreoftentotheemptycard—thusshowingthattheyunderstoodthat“zero”wasanumberlessthantheothers.Althoughtheyflewmoreoftentoanemptycardthantoonethathadonesymbol12\nonit,itbecameeasierforthemtodistinguishwhenthesymbolsonthecardincreasedinnumber.Forexample,theymoreoftenflewtothezerowhentheothercardhadfoursymbolsthanwhenithadone.Perhapsthesefindingswillexplainthebrainmechanism(机制)behindwhatallowsustounderstandtheconceptof“nothing,”AdrianDyer,aresearchersaid.Thisunderstanding,inturn,couldhelpinthedevelopmentofartificialintelligence(AI)thatalsounderstandsthisconcept.“Ifbeescanunderstand‘zero’withabrainoflessthanamillionneurons,itsuggeststherearesimple,efficientwaystoteachAInewtricks,”Dyersaidinthestatement.12．Whatisasurprisingfindingfortheresearchers?A．Manyanimalsalsocomprehendthemeaningof“zero”.B．Thenumberofneuronsofhoneybeesismuchsmaller.C．Honeybeescanunderstand“zero”withtheirtinybrains.D．Humansfailtorecognizeabstractideasbeforepreschool.13．Whatcanthebeesdowithoutfurthertraining?A．Flydirectlytothecardwithmoresymbolsonit.B．Flylessoftentothecardwithfewersymbolsonit.C．Flyquiteslowlytothecardwithoutanythingonit.D．Flymoreoftentothecardwithoutanysymbolonit.14．WhatdoesAdrianDyersayaboutthesefindings?A．Theyofferinspirationtothedevelopmentoftechnology.B．Theyenablepeopletounderstandmoreabstractconcepts.C．Theysuggestwaystoteachhumanssomecomplextricks.D．Theyallowpeopletosetanewtypeofbrainmechanism.15．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Honeybeesknowabouttheconceptof“zero”.B．Honeybeescanunderstandmuchashumansdo.C．HoneybeeswillhelptoimproveAIinthefuture.D．Honeybeescanbetrainedtocomprehend“zero”.12\n答案与解析A【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段“SmithwentontocreatetheRaisingMenLawnCareService(RMLCS)tomowlawnsfortheelderly,disabled,singlemomsandformersoldiersfreeofcharge.”可知，史密斯创办RMLCS是为了给老人，残疾人，单亲妈妈和退役军人免费修理草坪。故选B。【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段“EventheQueenofEnglandtooknotice—thegovernorofBermudapresentedSmithwithanawardlatelastyearonbehalfofher.”可知，甚至英国女皇都知道史密斯，并派总督代表她给史密斯颁奖。故选C。【答案】C【解析】主旨大意题。全篇叙述了史密斯为特定人员免费修理草坪，并且为全国孩子设立目标：为自己的家园免费修理50码的草坪。这一系列的举动，都是和修理草坪相关，是一种助人的行为。故选C。B【答案】D【解析】理解题干，迅速定位到文本第二段第一句话“Thefindingaddstotheevidencethatchimpanzeescanunderstandwhenothersaresufferingandcan,tosomeextent,12\nhelpthem.”由此判断选D项。【答案】A【解析】读懂第三段主要介绍观察对象、过程和结果，即如何具体实施研究，故选A项；第四段介绍了科学家的分析，因此把干扰项B排除；文章介绍了两个实验，第三段中没有进行比较，因此选项C排除；文章是说明文体裁，没有进行故事描写，排除D项。故选A项。【答案】C【解析】理解第三段最后一句话中的“theywererespondingtotheirsiblings'suffering”；理解第四段第一句话“Inlinewiththis,chimpsreactwhenoneoftheirmembersisinjured”，（与之一致，当猩猩看到同伴受伤时，会做出反应）；“this”就是指代第四段中的最后一句话。故选C项。【答案】A【解析】A选项“猩猩的确关爱”。本文通过两个实验发现猩猩在同伴或亲属痛苦受伤时表现出关爱，故选择A选项；B选项“猩猩的神秘”，表述太笼统，与本文主题不相关，故排除；C选项“猩猩，生存还是毁灭”，与本文主题不相关，故排除；D选项“进化的力量”，太笼统，与本文主题不相关，故排除。C【答案】D【解析】词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“Itischeap，durable(耐用的)，easilyavailable，andmostimportantly，environmentallysustainable.Theonethingitisnot，istransparent(透明的)”可知，木头便宜，耐用，容易获得，最重要的是，可持续。但是它不是透明的。而最后一句提到：由于科学家的努力，已经将“那个特点”添加到已有的特点单子里了。根据这个语境可以推知，该处应指，科学家们使得木头成为透明的了。“透明”也成为了它的一个特点。故该画线词应该指D选项：透明。【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Thelignin-freewoodwasthendippedintoapolymer(聚合物)andbakedatatemperatureof158Fforfourhours”可知，制造透明木头的过程之一是：将无木质素的木材浸泡在聚合物中，在158华氏度的温度下烘烤4小时。因此B选项提到的“减少聚合物的量”和原文不符。故B选项切题。【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Theyarenowexperimentingwithwaystoscaleupthemanufacturingprocesssothatthetransparentmaterialiscost-effectivetomakeandeasyto12\nuse”可知，现在，他们正在尝试扩大制造工艺，使得透明材料制造起来更加合算，易于使用。由此推知，现在制造透明木头的成本仍然很高，需要降低成本。故C选项正确。【答案】A【解析】主旨大意题。最后一段介绍了透明木头将来在家庭，建筑物，太阳能电池板，环保等方面的应用。由此可知，最后一段主要介绍了透明木头的光明未来。故A选项正确。D【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“...butresearchersweresurprisedtofindthathoneybeesalsocomprehendthisabstractconcept,consideringtheinsects’tinybrains...”可知，令研究人员惊奇的是蜜蜂的脑容量小，但它们却也能理解像“零”这样的抽象概念。故C选项正确。【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的内容，尤其是最后一句可知，蜜蜂能飞向没有符号的卡片是不需要被进一步训练的。故D选项正确。【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ifbeescanunderstand‘zero’withabrainoflessthanamillionneurons,itsuggeststherearesimple,efficientwaystoteachAInewtricks.Dyersaidinthestatement.”可知，AdrianDyer认为这些发现能够为科技的发展提供一些灵感。故A选项正确。【答案】A【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要是在讲蜜蜂与其他许多动物一样，能理解诸如“零”这样的抽象概念。故A选项正确。12