新高考2023高考英语小题必练14阅读理解之推理判断题20230421155

小题必练14：阅读理解之推理判断题(1)推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。(2)主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。(3)推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。1.推断隐含意义——逻辑分析得结论【典例】（2020·全国1卷B篇节选）TherearethreebooksIrereadannually.Thefirst,whichItaketoreadingeveryspringisEmestHemningway’sAMoveableFeast.Publishedin1964,it’shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.Thelanguageisalmostintoxicating(令人陶醉的)，anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.AnotherisAnnieDillard’sHolytheFirm,herpoetic1975ramble(随笔)abouteverythingandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortazar’sSaveTwilight:SelectedPoems,becausepoetry.AndbecauseCortazar.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A.Helovespoetry.B.He’saneditor.C.He’sveryambitious.D.Heteachesreading.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据“ThethirdbookisJulioCortazar’sSaveTwilight:SelectedPoems,becausepoetry.”第三本书是胡里奥·科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城:诗歌精选》，因为诗歌。可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。故选A项。【点拨】第一步　确定题干中的关键信息第二步　在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围，立足原文，再结合语境和生活常识进行合乎12\n逻辑的推理判断。2.写作意图类——文体特点看意图【典例】（2020·全国2卷C篇节选）UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhaveshowcasednutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.“Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt-freefurunlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear”,saysCreeMcCree,projectdirectorofRighteousFur.WhatisthepurposeofthefashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklyn?A.Topromoteguilt-freefur.B.Toexpandthefashionmarket.C.Tointroduceanewbrand.D.Tocelebrateawinterholiday.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。故选A。【点拨】写作意图通常有以下三种：(1)toentertainreaders/totellanexperience常见于记叙文、个人经历或故事类的文章。(2)topersuadereaders/tosellaproductoraservice/toattractreadersorvisitors常见于广告。(3)toinformreaders/toreport/totell/todescribe...多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类的文章，以及劝告类或建议性的文章。3.观点态度类——依据措辞定态度【典例】（2020·全国1卷C篇节选）Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?A.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Tolerant.D.12\nConservative.【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。【点拨】1.注意作者或文中人物的措辞：文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。(2)留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。(3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。2.牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语：(1)表示支持或肯定：positive积极乐观的；supportive支持的；optimistic乐观的；humorous幽默的；enthusiastic热情的；pleasant愉快的。(2)表示中立：indifferent不感兴趣的，漠不关心的；uninterested不感兴趣的；objective客观的；neutral中立的；notmentioned未提及的。(3)表示反对或否定：disgusted憎恶的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；suspicious/skeptical怀疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不赞成的。ASpotifycantellifyou'resad.Here'swhythatshouldscareyou.Wanttofigureoutifsomeoneisapatientwithamentaldisability：Askthemwhattheirfavoritesongis.ANewYorkUniversitystudylastyearfoundthatpeoplewholovedEminem'sLoseYourselfandJustinBieber'sWhatDoYouMean?weremorelikelytohavetroublewithmentaldisabilitiesthanpeoplewhowereintoDireStraits.Overthepastfewyears,Spotifyhasbeenimprovingtheabilitytoanalyzeinformationtohelpbusinessmentargetconsumerswithadvertisementsmadespeciallyfortheirneeds.Theyconcludethisfromthesortofmusicyou'relisteningto,12\ncombinedwithwhereandwhenyou'relisteningtoit,alongwiththirdpartydatathatmightbeavailable.Now,tobeclear,there'snothingsignificantlyillegalaboutwhatSpotifyisdoingwithyourinformation.Icertainlydon'tthinkthattheyareworkingwithshadowyconsultingfirmstoserveyouadssellingaculturestrugglewhileyou'relisteningtomusicthatsuggestsyoumightbeinaterriblesituation.However,Ifinditdisappointingthatourpersonal,privatemomentswithmusicareincreasinglybeingturnedintoinformationpointsandofferedtoadvertisers.Youcanseewherethiscouldgo,can'tyou?Asadtargetinggetsevermoreaccurate,businessmenwillhavetheabilitytotargetourfeelingsinpotentiallyimproperways.Accordingtoonestudy,youaremorelikelytospendmoreonaproductifyou'refeelingsad.Youcanimaginesomecompaniesmighttakeadvantageofthat.Andonthatnote,I'mfeelingalittledownaboutallthis.Headofftotreatmyselftosomethingexpensive.语篇解读：音乐服务平台Spotify能通过用户所听歌曲的类型来判断用户的心情，进而将用户的信息提供给商人，帮助他们锁定消费者，促其消费，这种行为导致作者对其非常失望。1.What’sthepurposeofthefirstparagraph?A．Tointroduceanewsong.B．Todrawreaders'attention.C．Tohelpmorepatients.D．Topromoteanewmedium.【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。作者以令人感兴趣的话题引入，吸引读者注意力，进而在第二段中提出主题，由此可知，第一段的目的是引起读者的兴趣，故选B项。2.WhydoesSpotifyimproveitsabilitytoanalyzeinformation?A．Toprovideservicesforthegovernment.B．Toworkwithshadowyconsultingfirms.C．Togetlisteners'personalinformation.D．Tohelpbusinessmenattractconsumers.12\n【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“...Spotifyhasbeenimprovingtheabilitytoanalyzeinformationtohelpbusinessmentargetconsumerswithadvertisementsmadespeciallyfortheirneeds.”可知，Spotify一直在提高其分析信息的能力，其目的是帮助商人吸引消费者，故选D项。3．What'stheauthor’sattitudetowardSpotify?A．Uncertain.B．Supportive.C．Positive.D．Dissatisfied.【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“However,Ifinditdisappointingthat...”和最后一段中的“Andonthatnote,I'mfeelingalittledownaboutallthis.”可知，作者对Spotify很失望，故选D项。4.Whoisthetextprobablydesignedfor?A．Musiclovers.B．Officials.C．Researchers.D．Managers.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中的“thesortofmusicyou'relisteningto”和第三段中的“whileyou'relisteningtomusic”可知，本文主要针对音乐爱好者而写，故选A项。BTechnologyoffersconveniencessuchasopeningthegaragedoorfromyourcarorchangingthetelevisionstationwithouttouchingtheTV.NowoneAmericancompanyisofferingitsemployeesanewconvenience:amicrochipimplanted(植入)intheirhands.Employeeswhohavethesechipscandoallkindsofthingsjustbywavingtheirhands.ThreeSquareMarketisofferingtoimplantmicrochipsinalloftheiremployeesforfree.Eachchipcosts$300andThreeSquareMarketwillpayforthechip.Employeescanvolunteertohavethechipsimplantedintheirhands.About50outof80employeeshavechosentodoso.Thepresidentofthecompany,hiswifeandtheirchildrenarealsogettingchipsimplantedintheirhands.Thechipisaboutthesizeofagrainofrice.Implantingthechiponlytakes12\naboutasecondandissaidtohurtonlyverybriefly.Thechipsgoundertheskinbetweenthethumbandforefinger.Withachipinthehand,apersoncanentertheofficebuilding,buyfood,signintocomputersandmore,simplybywavingthathandnearascanner.Thechipswillbealsousedtoidentifyemployees.Employeeswhowantconvenience,butdonotwanttohaveamicrochipimplantedundertheirskin,canwearawristband(腕带)oraringwithachipinstead.Theycanperformthesametaskswithawaveoftheirhandsasiftheyhadanimplantedchip.ThreeSquareMarketisthefirstcompanyintheUnitedStatestooffertoimplantchipsinitsemployees.Epicenter,acompanyinSweden,hasbeenimplantingchipsinitsemployeesforawhile.ThreeSquareMarketsaysthechipcannottracktheemployees.Thecompanysaysscannerscanreadthechipsonlywhentheyarewithinafewinchesofthem.“Thechipsprotectagainstidentitytheft,similar,tocreditcards.”TheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationapprovedthechipsbackin2004,sotheyshouldbesafeforhumans,accordingtothecompany.Inthefuture,peoplewiththechipsmaybeabletodomorewiththem,evenoutsidetheoffice.ToddWestbyisChiefExecutiveOfficerofThreeSquareMarket.Hesays,“Eventually,thistechnologywillbecomestandardizedallowingyoutousethisasyourpassport,publictransit,allpurchasingopportunities,etc.”语篇解读：这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一种可以植入员工手中的微型芯片，介绍了该芯片的优势，以及人们对此的看法。5．Whatisthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?A．Thesubstitutesofthechips.B．Theadvantagesofthechips.C．Theplacestoimplantthechips.D．Thepotentialrisksofimplantingthechips.【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Withachipinthehand,apersoncanentertheofficebuilding,buyfood,signintocomputersandmore,simplybywavingthathand12\nnearascanner.Thechipswillbealsousedtoidentifyemployees.”可知手握芯片，人们可以进入办公楼，购买食物，登录电脑等等，只需在扫描仪附近挥动这只手。这些芯片还将被用来识别员工。由此可知，第三段主要是在说明这种芯片能够给人们带来便利的优势。故选B。6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inParagraph5referto?A．thehandsB．theemployeesC．thecreditcardsD．thescanners【答案】D【解析】词义猜测题。扫描仪只能在芯片离扫描仪不到几英寸的地方读取芯片。由此可知，此处“them”指代上文中的thescanners“扫描仪”。故选D。7．Wecaninferthat________.A．thechipsarepopularamongtheemployeesB．thechipshavemagicpowersC．thepriceofthechipsisreasonableD．mostpeoplesuspecttheapplicationofthechips【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中“About50outof80employeeshavechosentodoso.”超半数的员工选择植入微型芯片，由此可知该芯片受欢迎。故选A。8．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesToddWestby’sattitudetowardsthechips?A．Defensive.B．Disappointing.C．Optimistic.D．Casual.【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中Hesays,“Eventually,thistechnologywillbecomestandardizedallowingyoutousethisasyourpassport,publictransit,allpurchasingopportunities,etc.”这项技术将会标准化，你可以将其用作护照、公共交通工具、支付方式等。”由此可推知，ToddWestby对芯片的态度是乐观的。故选C。CKevinRandall,ateacher,whoteachesbiologyatGrandvilleHighSchool,runstheenvironmentalclubatthehighschool,whichhasaround2,000students.TheclubisknownastheGHSGreenTeam,anditaimstoraiseawarenessamongstudentsandteachersaboutsustainability(持续性).Italsoworksonprojectstoreducethe12\nenvironmentalfootprintofthebuildingitself.Oneoftheclub'srecentprojectsfocusedonreducingwasteintheschoolcafeteria.Randallsaidtheircafeteriasupervisortoldthemthattheschoolwentthrough54,000plasticforkseveryyear.Theclubappliedforafinancialhelp,builtrecyclingcentersforthecafeteria,andpurchasedmetalsilverware.Andnoweverystudentusesadurablemetalforkoraspooninsteadofdisposables.(一次性用品),“andthat'sjustonewaywe'retryingtocapturethelow-hangingfruit,ifyouwill,”Randallsaid.TheeffortsofRandallandhisstudentshaveearnedGrandvilleHighSchooltheMichiganGreenSchoolcertificationfromthestate.Inadditiontotheirworkreducingwasteinthecafeteria,theGHSGreenTeamhasalsobuiltagardenwithflowersandvegetablesoncampus,andleadscleanupsonsiteandoutinthecommunity.Overtheyears,Randallandhisstudentshavealsobeenworkingonraisingmoneytoinstallsolarpanels(太阳能板)ontheroofofthehighschool.Randallsaidhewasmotivatedtotaketheleadonenvironmentalissuesforhisschoolbecausehewantedhisstudentstohavesomeonetoturntointhebuildingwhounderstandswhat'satstake(利害攸关）whenitcomestoclimatechange.“AndIalsofeltlikeIneededtodomoreinmylifeformyowntwochildrenathome,”Randalladded,“Theyneedtoknowthattheirdadisworkingashardashecantoreducetheeffectsofclimatechange,andtospreadtheword,andtomakesurethatotherstudentsouttherearelearningaboutthisjustthewaytheyareathome.”语篇解读：这是一篇记叙文。讲述了KevinRandall老师在学校组织了一个环保俱乐部，带领学生进行环境保护相关的活动及成就，提高学生环境保护意识的故事。9．WhatisthepurposeoftheGHSGreenTeamclub?A．Toinspirestudents'loveforbiology.B．Tofinishtheprojectsassignedbyschool.C．Topreparestudentsfortheirfuturejobs.D．Topromoteenvironmentalprotection.12\n【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“itaimstoraiseawarenessamongstudentsandteachersaboutsustainability(持续性).Italsoworksonprojectstoreducetheenvironmentalfootprintofthebuildingitself.”（它旨在增强学生们和老师们关于可持续发展的意识。它也致力于减少建筑本身的环境面积的项目。）可知，theGHSGreenTeamclub的目的在于促进环境保护。故选D。10．What'stheresultoftheprojectonschoolcafeteria?A．Ithaschangedtheoutlookofthecafeteria.B．Studentscanhavemorefruitsinthecafeteria.C．Plasticforksarenolongerusedinthecafeteria.D．Theschoolhasbecomefamousnationwide.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段“Andnoweverystudentusesadurablemetalforkoraspooninsteadofdisposables.(一次性用品),”（现在每个学生都使用耐用的金属餐叉或勺子，而不是一次性餐具。）可知，学校餐厅项目的结果是餐厅不再使用塑料餐具。故选C。11．What'sthefourthparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theclassificationoftheprojects.B．Thecharacteristicsoftheclub.C．Theactivitiesorganizedbytheclub.D．Thefutureoftheclub.【答案】C【解析】主旨大意题。根据第四段内容，“reducingwasteinthecafeteria”（减少餐厅废物的垃圾）；“builtagardenwithflowersandvegetablesoncampus”(在校园里建立了有鲜花和蔬菜的花园）;“installsolarpanels(太阳能板)ontheroofofthehighschool”（在高中屋顶安装太阳能电池板）;可知第四段的主要介绍了这个俱乐部组织的活动有哪些。故选C。12．WhatwasRandall’saimbydoingtheworkonenvironmentalissues?A．Toeducatetheyoung.B．Togetmaterialrewards.C．Toamusehischildren.12\nD．Tomakehimselffamous.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“becausehewantedhisstudentstohavesomeonetoturntointhebuildingwhounderstandswhat'satstake(利害攸关）whenitcomestoclimatechange.”（因为他想要让他教学楼里的学生能够变成理解气候变化的利害相关的人。）可知，Randall的目的在于教育年轻人。故选A。DWhilewemaythinkitfeelsgoodtocomplain,complaininghassomebadeffectsassociatedwithit.Whyisn'tcomplainingbeneficial?Researchshowsthatitconnectsourbrainwithnegativity.Thebrainisdesignedtoworkefficiently.Thismeansthatwhenwerepeatathought,negativeorpositive,thenervecellsformabridgebetweeneachothertopassinformationinahigherspeed.Therefore,thenexttimewehaveasimilartypeofthought,itismoreeasilypassed.Thisexplainswhycertainthoughtpatternsbecomehabits.Yettheharmfuleffectsdon'tstopthere.Astudyshowthatcomplainingcausesthehippocampus(海马),whichplaysavitalroleinproblemsolving,tobecomesmaller.Inadditiontocausingbraindamage,complainingalsoreleasesastresshormone：cortisol(皮质醇),akindofchemicalthebodyproduceswhenwemeetwithsomedanger.Constantlyhavingahighlevelofcortisolresultsinhighbloodpressure,highbloodsugar,andlowerimmunity(免疫力)．Theilleffectsofourcomplainingaren'tjustlimitedtoourselves:theyalsoinvolvethosearoundus.Wetendtomirrorthemoodsofourfriends.Forthisreason,weshouldbecautiousabouthavingstubborncomplainersinourcircleofcompanions.Thebestwaytodealwithconstantnegativityistodevelopasenseofgratitude.Justlikecomplainingactsasapoison,gratitudeactsasamedicine.Researchshowsitlowerscortisollevelsby23percent,aswellasreducesbloodpressureandbloodsugar.Italsodecreasestirednessanddepression.Gratitudeistheperfectcureforcomplaining,abehaviorthatstealsourbrainpower,happinessandphysical12\nwellbeing.Whathaveyouobservedabouttheeffectsofcomplaininginyourownlifeorinthelivesofothers?Haveyounoticedthatwhenyouaregrateful,youfeelbetterallround?Pleaseshareyourthoughtsinthecommentssectionbelow.语篇解读：这是一篇说明文。阐述“抱怨”的危害表现在方方面面，如果要避免悲观情绪，就需要我们常怀感激之情。13.WhatdoPara.2andPara.3mainlytalkabout?A.Thediseasescausedbycomplaining.B.Thedecreaseofavitalpartofourbrain.C.Thebadeffectsofcomplainingonbrainpower.D.Thereasonwhycertainthoughtpatternsbecomehabits.【答案】C【解析】主旨大意题。第二段中研究表明，“抱怨”使大脑处于悲观状态，这样会导致人们习惯性的悲伤。第三段中表明，危害远不止于此，还会使我们用于解决问题的海马变得越来越小。所以这两段主要是谈抱怨对大脑的伤害，故选C。14.Whatcanweknowaboutcortisolfromthepassage?A.Gratitudeisaneffectivecureforcortisol.B.Ourbodyproducescortisolwhenwefeelexcited.C.Cortisolisachemicalthatcancausebraindamage.D.Havingahighlevelofcortisolcanleadtomanyhealthproblems.【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中“Constantlyhavingahighlevelofcortisolresultsinhighbloodpressure,highbloodsugar,andlowerimmunity(免疫力)．”可知，高皮质醇会导致高血压，高血糖，免疫力弱等一系列的健康问题。故选D。15.Whatattitudedoesthewritertaketostubborncomplainers?A.Grateful.B.Tolerant.C.Disapproving.D.Skeptical.【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段可知，抱怨12\n会影响周边的人，所以我们要远离那些偏执的抱怨者，故作者对这类人的态度是不满的。故选C。16.Wherecanthepassagemostprobablyappear?A.Inanewspaper.B.Inamedicalreport.C.Onawebsite.D.Inaradio【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Pleaseshareyourthoughtsinthecommentssectionbelow.”你可以在评论区分享你的看法。可知，这篇文章出现在网站上。12