高考维“升”素14——历史文化(时间:30分钟分值:31分)维A1阅读理解(每题2分,满分8分)选材网站:http://course.cug.edu.cn/cugThird高考曾用材料:2012大纲全国卷ⅡD篇选材相似度:★★★★设题相似度:★★★难度系数:★★★★ThemodernBritishEmpirefirsttookshapeintheearly17thcentury,withtheBritishsettlementoftheeasterncoloniesofNorthAmerica,whichwouldlaterbecometheoriginalUnitedStates,aswellasCanada'sMaritimeprovinces,andthecolonizationsofthesmallerislandsoftheCaribbeansuchasTrinidadandTobago,theBahamas,Barbados,andJamaica.Thesesugarplantationislands,whereslaverybecamethebasisoftheeconomy,wereatfirstBritain'smostimportantandsuccessfulcolonies.TheAmericancoloniesprovidingtobacco,cotton,andriceinthesouthandnavalmaterialandfursinthenorthwerelessfinanciallysuccessful,buthadlargeareasofgoodagriculturallandandattractedfarlargernumbersofBritishimmigrants.Britain'sAmericanempirewasslowlyexpandedbywarandcolonization.TheevergrowingAmericancoloniespressedwestwardinsearchofnewagriculturallands.ConflictarosewiththeDutchovertradeandempire;FirstAngloDutchWar(1652~1654);SecondAngloDutchWar(1665~1667);ThirdAngloDutchWar(1672~1674);BritaingainedcontrolofNewAmsterdam,whichwasrenamedNewYork,butcededSuriname.TheydefeatedtheFrench,firstexpandingtheirholdoverthemaritimeprovinces.ThenduringtheSevenYearsWartheBritishdefeatedtheFrenchatthePlainsofAbrahamandcapturedallofNewFrancein1760.ThisgaveBritaincontroloveralmostallofNorthAmerica.FourthAngloDutchWar(1780~1784);AngloDutchTreatyof1814;AngloDutchTreatyof1824.Inthelateeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturyaseriesoftechnological6\nadvancesledtotheIndustrialRevolution.Britain'spositionastheworld'spreeminenttraderhelpedfundresearchandexperimentation.Thenationwasalsogiftedbysomeoftheworld'sgreatestreservesofcoal,themainfuelofthenewrevolution.Notes:①navaladj.海的 ②cedevt.放弃 ③treatyn.条约④preeminentadj.卓越的;优秀的长短句分析:TheAmericancoloniesprovidingtobacco,cotton,andriceinthesouthandnavalmaterialandfursinthenorthwerelessfinanciallysuccessful,buthadlargeareasofgoodagriculturallandandattractedfarlargernumbersofBritishimmigrants.句法点睛:本句中,“providingtobacco,cotton,andriceinthesouthandnavalmaterialandfursinthenorth”为定语,修饰colonies;but连接两个谓语。句意:美洲的殖民地,南方提供了烟草、棉花、水稻,北方提供了海产品和皮毛,这从经济上不是很成功,但是肥沃的农业用地吸引了大量的英国移民。【语篇解读】现代大不列颠帝国的雏形开始于17世纪,当时英国占领了现在美国、加拿大临海的一些省份以及北美一些岛屿国家的地方。英国进行了残酷的殖民统治,从当地人手中夺取了大量的土地。南方为英国人提供烟草、棉花和水稻,而北方则提供大量的优质农业用地。经过多年的战争,英国人从法国人手中夺取了土地,并与当地人签署协议,成为合法的土地使用者。这里的煤炭为18世纪晚期和19世纪早期的工业革命提供了能源保证。1.WheredidtheBritishfirstsettlewhentheyfirstcametoAmericainthe17thcentury?A.OnlytheUnitedStates.B.NotonlytheUnitedStatesbutalsopartsofothercountries.C.ThewholeofCanada.D.Smallislands.答案 B [细节理解题。由“theoriginalUnitedStates,aswellasCanada'sMaritimeprovinces,andthecolonizationsofthesmallerislandsoftheCaribbeansuchasTrinidadandTobago,theBahamas,Barbados,andJamaica”可知,当时英国占领的不仅仅是美国,还占领了加拿大的临海省份,以及一些岛屿国家。]6\n2.AccordingtothepassagewhatinAmericamadetheBritishinterestedmost?A.Tobacco,cotton,andrice.B.Navalmaterialandfurs.C.Agreatdealofgoodfarmland.D.Forests.答案 C [联系第二段中的“navalmaterialandfursinthenorthwerelessfinanciallysuccessful,buthadlargeareasofgoodagriculturallandandattractedfarlargernumbersofBritishimmigrants”可知,英国移民看上的不是海产品和皮毛,而是大量的肥沃土地。]3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“pressed”meaninthethirdparagraph?A.Touched.B.Pushed.C.Published.D.Extended.答案 D [词义猜测题。联系“westwardinsearchofnewagriculturallands”可知,这些殖民者向西扩张以寻求更多的土地,因此D项最合适。]4.HowmanyyearswasitfromthefirstwarwithAnglototheendofthelastwarinhistory?A.132years.B.162years.C.172years.D.108years.答案 A [推理判断题。第一次战争开始于1652年,而最后一次战争结束于1784年,因此得出答案A。]维A2阅读理解(每题2分,满分8分)选材网站:http://encarta.msn.com高考曾用材料:2012浙江卷B篇选材相似度:★★★★设题相似度:★★★难度系数:★★★★Culturehelpshumansocietiessurviveinchangingnaturalenvironments.Forexample,theendofthelastIceAge,beginningabout15,000yearsago,broughtanenormouschallengetowhichhumanshadtoadapt.Beforethistime,largepartsofthenorthernhemispherewerecoveredingreatsheetsoficethatcontainedmuchoftheearth'swater.InNorthAmerica,largeanimalsthatroamedthevasttundraprovidedpeoplewithfoodandmaterialsforclothing6\nandsimpleshelters.Whentheearthbecamewarm,largeIceAgeanimalsdisappeared,andmanylandareasweresubmergedbyrisingsealevelsfrommeltingice.Butpeoplesurvived.Theydevelopednewtechnologiesandlearnedhowtosurviveonnewplantandanimalspecies.Finallysomepeoplesettledintopermanentvillages,durablehousesandfarms.Culturaladaptationhasmadehumansoneofthemostsuccessfulspeciesontheplanet.Throughhistory,majordevelopmentsintechnology,medicine,andnutritionhaveallowedpeopletoreproduceandsurviveineverincreasingnumbers.Theglobalpopulationhasrisenfrom8millionduringtheIceAgetoabout6billiontoday.However,thesuccessesofculturecanalsocreateproblemsinthelongrun.Overthelast200years,peoplehavebeguntouselargequantitiesofnaturalresourcesandenergyandtoproduceagreatamountofmaterialandchemicalwastes.Theglobalpopulationnowconsumessomecrucialnaturalresources—suchaspetroleum,wood,andmineralores—fasterthannaturecanproducethem.Manyscientistsbelievethatintheprocessofburningfuelsandproducingwastes,peoplemaybechangingtheglobalclimateinunpredictableandpossiblyharmfulways.Thus,theadaptivesuccessofthepresentdayglobalcultureofproductionandcommercemaybetemporary.Notes:①tundran.冰原;苔原 ②submergevt.淹没③crucialadj.关键的 ④oren.矿长短句分析:Manyscientistsbelievethatintheprocessofburningfuelsandproducingwastes,peoplemaybechangingtheglobalclimateinunpredictableandpossiblyharmfulways.句法点睛:这是个主从复合句。Manyscientistsbelieve为主句部分,intheprocessofburningfuelsandproducingwastes为宾语从句的时间状语,peoplemaybechangingtheglobalclimateinunpredictableandpossiblyharmfulways为宾语从句的主干部分。句意:很多科学家认为,在燃料燃烧和产生垃圾的过程中,人们可能正以无法预测的,甚至是有害的方式改变着全球的气候。【语篇解读】6\n本文为议论文。文章论述了人类在适应自然环境得到了飞速发展的同时,也带来了系列问题:人类的过度发展破环了自然,以至给人类自己带来了灾难。1.Whatdoesthefirstparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.HowthehumanbeingsurvivedintheIceAge.B.WhatthesituationwasduringtheIceAge.C.WhatcausedtheIceAgetocometoanend.D.WhytheIceAgewasveryimportant.答案 A [主旨大意题。虽然冰川融化,人类食物链遭到破坏,但由于人类具有认识和使用新技术的能力而得以存活,并发展状大。]2.Thepassagedoesn'ttellthereaders________.A.whatcausedtheearthtobecomewarmB.whentheendingoftheIceAgebeganC.thepopulationoftheIceAgeD.theproblemofculturaladaptation答案 A [细节理解题。短文没有论及地球变暖的原因。]3.Whichistheproblemofculturaladaption?A.Averydevelopedculturecameintobeing.B.Toomuchspecieshavebeenendangered.C.Theworldhasbecometoocrowded.D.Humanactivitieshavemadedamagetothebalanceofnature.答案 D [细节理解题。人类过量使用自然资源而破坏了生态平衡。]4.Infaceofthegreaterchallenge,humanbeingsshould________.A.stopdevelopinganylongerB.reduceusingtoomuchnaturalresourcesC.findawayouttostopthewarmingupoftheglobeD.savemoreanimalsincasetheyalldieout答案 B [细节理解题。人类过量使用自然资源已经导致了环境的恶化,理智的办法就是减少使用自然资源。]维B短文改错(每题1.5分,满分15分)下面文中共有10处错误,每句中最多有两处。注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;6\n2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。Angelaworksatauniversityasadviser.Studentscancomeandaskherformanyproblemsiftheyneedhelporadvices.Mostofthemareworriedabouttheirstudiesandexams.Someofthemhaveproblemsconnectwithrentingflats,thoughthebiggestproblemwasloneliness.Universitiesareexcitedplacesbutsomestudentsfinddifficulttomakefriends.Theymisstheirfamiliesbutfeellostinthenewenvironment.They'reupset.Angela'sjobistolistentoandtrytounderstandwhethertheyarethinkingabout.Andofcourseshealsogivespracticaladvicewhensheisneeded.答案 Angelaworksatauniversityasadviser.Studentscancomeandaskherformanyproblemsiftheyneedhelpor.Mostofthemareworriedabouttheirstudiesandexams.Someofthemhaveproblemswithrentingflats,thoughthebiggestproblemloneliness.Universitiesareplacesbutsomestudentsfinddifficulttomakefriends.Theymisstheirfamiliesfeellostinthenewenvironment.They'reupset.Angela'sjobistolistento\/andtrytounderstandtheyarethinkingabout.Andofcourseshealsogivespracticaladvicewhenisneeded.6