中考英语阅读理解猜测词义题解题指导

阅读理解之猜测词义题解题指导一、考查内容英语阅读理解中，经常出现一定数量的生词，并且每年中考总会有猜测词义的题目，其特点是对生词、短语、指示代词和句子的意思进行猜测，其目的在于考查学生根据上下文推测生词、短语含义的能力，突出考查对语境的分析和把握能力。猜测词义题常见的设问方式有：1.Theunderlinedword“…”refersto/means_____.2.Theexpression“…”isclosestto_____.二、解题技巧猜测词义题主要运用阅读技巧中根据上下文所给的语境猜测生词的技巧。在寻找相关信息时，考生可从如下几方面入手：句子结构、逻辑关系、构词法和常识。其中把握信息之间的逻辑关系是最重要的。这就需要考生在平时的学习过程中，掌握基本语法知识，特别是从句的作用和意义、连词表达的逻辑关系，还要多读书学习常识、了解外国文化、开阔视野。下面具体谈谈做好这类题的方法和技巧：1.根据上下文语境猜测词义一个单词或词组的确切含义与其所处的上下文及语境联系密切，所以我们可以借助上下文语境进行合乎逻辑的推测。例：2022年浙江湖州卷Whatisthefirstthingyouwanttodowhenyouseesomeoneyawn(打哈欠)?Youwanttoyawn,too!Yawningiscontagious.Theunderlinedword“contagious”inParagraph1means________.A.helpfultoourhealthB.passingfromonepersontoanotherC.hardtounderstandD.gettinginonetroubleafteranother【解析】B。contagious乍看起来像是一个完完全全的生词，但通过上文我们得知“别人打哈欠的时候，你的第一反应也是想打哈欠”。通过描述，我们知道打哈欠是可以传染的，所以正确答案为B。2.复述推测法根据复述内容来猜测生词的大致意义范围，复述部分可以是词、短语或从句。在复述中两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等，也常用or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords等。例：2022年浙江宁波卷Finally,theyalltakeflightandthemigrationreallybegins.Whataspectacularsightitmustbe–thousandsofflamingtakingoffintotheskyatonce!Whatdoestheunderlinedword“spectacular”inParagraph5probablymean?A.Frustrating.B.Surprising.C.Terrible.D.Fantastic.【解析】D。thousandsofflamingtakingoffintothesky是对aspectacularsight的解释，很显然，“成千上万的发光发亮的物体飞上天空”是很壮观的、惊人的，所以正确答案是D。3.替代、说明、举例推测法-10-\n在阅读中，前后文中会对生词、短语和句子进行一定的解释说明，或者会用其它词汇替代或者举例进行阐述说明，可由此推断出其所指含义。例：2022年河北卷Educationiswell-roundedanditismainlyforimprovingaman.Itisnotonlytoteachhimtospeak,readandwrite,butalsotodevelophiscreativethinkingandotherabilities.Afterthat,itistomakehimawisemanandthankfullyenjoytheachievementsofhuman.Educationistomakeamanleadabetterlife.Educatedpeopleareexpectedtobeabletolistentogoodmusic,readgoodbooks,watchplaysandmostofalltakeaninterestintheword.Theunderlinedword“well-rounded”inthepassagemeans“________”inChinese.A.圆满的B.崭新的C.公平的D.全面的【解析】D。well-rounded之后的句子详细给出了阐述：教育不仅教人们听说读写，还发展人们的创造性思维和其它一些能力。这些都表达了一个概念：教育培养的是全能型人才，所以选D。4.因果关系法在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。根据因果关系猜测词义，从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因的信号词有：because,as,since,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore等。例：2022年山东东营卷Jakewasn’timpressedwithwhathehaddone.“Stoppingthebus,”hesaid,“waseasycomparedtoplayingGrandTheftAutoIII,”hisfavoritevideogame.Thebusdriverwastakentothepolicestation.Hewasatfirstcharged(指控)with“leavingachildalonewhilemotorisrunning.”Thelawyersaidhehopedtoupgradethechargebecauseofthenumberofchildren(twenty)onthebus.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“upgrade”meaninthefourthparagraph?A.改变B.取消C.加重D.减轻【解析】C。根据because后的原因——当时有二十个学生在车上而不是一个，推测结果是律师要“升级、加重”对司机的指控，所以正确答案为C。5.代词替代法一般情况下，代词所指代的内容多在这一句话的前后句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判定它是否为正确答案。例：2022年浙江舟山卷Althoughscientistshavebeentryingformanyyearstodevelopanewkindofcarthatdoesnotneedgasoline(汽油),theyhavebeenunsuccessful.Theunderlinedword“they”inParagraph2refersto________.A.carsB.scientistsC.enginesD.drivers【解析】B。从上下文可以得知，科学家致力于发明一种不需要汽油的汽车，但是他们没有成功，所以这里的they指的是scientists,故正确答案是B。6.根据反义词和对比关系猜测词义-10-\n有时文中会用一些互为对应、互为反义的词语，来表现事物之间的差异和观点的不同。这时往往会出现转折词but,yet,however,while,inspiteof,onthecontrary,insteadof等。例：2022年江苏淮安卷Forexample,weallhavedayslikethis:ourdoghasmadeamessonthefloorwejustcleaned,orourfriendcalledtotellusheorshecouldn’tcomeatthelastminutewhenwehadcookeddinnerforhimorher.Wemaybereallyangrybutwetriedtobearthingslikethose.Theunderlinedword“bear”inParagraph2means________.A.纠正B.忍受C.铭记D.杜绝【解析】B。前文中描述了两种场景：狗狗把我们刚擦干净的地板弄得一团糟，朋友在我们准备好晚饭后才告知不能来。这两件事情是足以让我们抓狂生气的事情，但文章中的but一词的出现说明后面bear的意思是和angry是相反意义的词。根据判断，我们得知对这样的事情我们可能会很生气但是也应该尽量去忍受，所以B为正确答案。7.根据构词法判断英语构词可分为三类：合成、转化和派生词。(1)合成词即将两个、三个或多个词组合在一起形成一个具有不同含义的新词。有些合成了的新词连写；有些词合成之后，词与词之间要用连字符连接起来。如：basket+ball→basketball。(2)转化是由一种词类转化成另一种词类。如:Ourclassroomiscleanandtidy.(adj.)Theycleantheirroomeveryday.(v.)(3)派生是通过在一个词根（root）的前面加前缀（prefix）或在其后加后缀（suffix）构成一个新单词即派生词。如：visit→visitor。例：2022年天津卷Thepeoplefrom150countriesliveandworkinDubai,andforeignersnowoutnumberDubainatives(本地人)byeighttoone.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“outnumber”mean?A.Tobesmallinsizethananothergroup.B.Tobemoreinnumberthananothergroup.C.Tobebiggerinareathananothergroup.D.Tobesmallerinareathananothergroup.【解析】B。本题也可以根据构词法判断：out作为前缀加名词或形容词，有“超过”的意思。根据构词法可知outnumber指“数目上超过”，所以答案是B。8.根据常识及生活经验来猜测词义：尽可能利用有关知识，如生活经验、常识、学科知识、科普知识进行必要的推理，以达到理解词义的目的。同时了解一些国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，猜测词义的能力也能得到增强。-10-\n例：2022年湖北宜昌卷“IfIplantitonthehill,”hesaidtohimself,“thewindmightcatchitandshakedownthedeliciousfruitbeforeitisripe.IfIplantitclosetotheroad,passers-bywillseeitandtakeawaytheapples–butifIplantittoonearthedoorofmyhouse,mychildrenmaypickthefruit.”Theunderlinedword“ripe”means________.A.挂果B.成熟C.开花D.成长【解析】B。根据常识我们知道果树一般都是先开花后结果，故排除C选项；前文已经提到thedeliciousfruit了，所以A选项也不正确；D选项的范围太大，从播种发芽到开花结果的过程都可以称为成长。所以选B，果子在成熟之前被风吹落。三、答题时需要注意的问题和解决方法1.对单词的意义理解不够充分。有些单词的汉语意思一样或接近，这就需要考生不仅要知道单词的汉语意义，还要知道其英语解释，这样才可以做到在文章中正确理解和使用。2.只考虑到本句话的意义，没有回到上下文确认答案。考生不仅需将所选答案放入该句中确认语法是对的，语义和逻辑是通顺的，还要在文章中核实是否符合文章特点，上下文是否通顺，是否合乎情理。猜测生词题旨在考查考生在文章中通过上下文对生词的理解能力，因此回到文章中推断理解词义是做好此类题的关键。猜测词义题专项训练本文作者：Teens中考研究小组期号：432阅读数：51评论打印收藏为了加强对阅读理解中猜测词义类题型的训练，我们从一些文章中节选了一些片段，大家一起来练习一下吧。1.TheFrench,proudoftheirdeliciousandhigh-classcuisine,don’tlikefastfood.About80percentofthemthinkitisunhealthy,followedby75percentofJapanese.Theword“cuisine”inthepassagemeans“________”.A.foodB.houseC.waterD.country-10-\n2.LinguistJamesMilroysays,forcenturies,itisbelievedwithoutexceptionthatyoungpeopleareharmingthelanguage.Andyoucanbetyourbottomdollarthatwhentoday’steenagersbecometomorrow’sparents,theytoowillthinkthisway.Theexpression“betyourbottomdollar”means________.A.befairlysureB.begreatlysurprisedC.thinkitapityD.finditinteresting3.Wecallit“junksleep”.Itmeansyoudon’tgetenoughsleepandthequalityofthesleepisbad,too.Ifyoudon’tgetgoodrest,youdon’tperformwellinschoolthenextday.“Junkfood”and“junksleep”aresimilartoeachotherinthewaythat________.A.theyarebothlowinqualityB.theyarebothproducedinfactoriesC.peopleenjoybothintheirsparetimeD.theyarebothgoodtopeople’shealth4.TheGermansareveryhard-working.Theyliketidiness,especiallyGermanwomen,whoalwayskeeptheirhomesclean.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tidiness”meaninChinese?A.整洁B.安静C.时尚D.随意5.ShoppingontheInternetisbecomingmoreandmorepopular.WhydopeopleusetheInternettoshop?Somepeoplesayitismoreconvenient.Theydon’thavetoleavetheirhomestoordersomething;theycanshopforanythingtheywantatanytime;theycanfindthingsforsalethattheycan’tfindinthestoresneartheirhomes.StillotherpeoplesaytheycanfindbetterpricesontheInternet.-10-\nTheChinesemeaningoftheword“convenient”inthispassageis“________”.A.时髦的B.较近的C.方便的D.可用的6.Abeginnercanunderstandhowtooperatethekitewith510hoursoftraining.Andanybodyagedfrom13to65canlearn.Itisnotexpensivetogettheequipmentforkitesurfing,whichcosts$1,000to$2,500.Traininglessonsrangefrom$200to$500fortwoorthreehours.Theunderlinedword“range”means“________”inChinese.A.在……范围内变动B.按……顺序排列C.向……方向延伸D.根据……归类7.Ifyousleeponcurledup(蜷缩),youareprobablyaverynervousperson.Youhavealowopinionofyourselfandoftenprotectyourselffrombeinghurt,soyouareverydefensive.You’reshyandyoudon’tusuallylikemeetingpeople.Youliketobeonyourown.Whatdoestheword“defensive”meaninthepassage?A.易怒的B.攻击性的C.外向的D.有戒心的8.PeopleinBritainlovetrees.Ifitisautumnandleavesarefallingfromthetrees,somepeopletrytocatchtheleavesastheyfallbecausetheythinkeachleaftheycatchwillbringthemaluckymonthinthefollowingyear–theywillneedtocatch12fallingleavestohaveawholeyearofgoodluck!Theunderlinedword“them”refersto________.A.treesB.peopleC.leavesD.years9.Astheywalked,Markknewthattheboy’snamewasBill,thathelovedcomputergames,basketballandhistory,andthathewashavinglotsoftroublewithhisothersubjectsand-10-\nthathehadjustbrokenupwithhisgirlfriend.Inthispassage,thephrase“breakup”means“________”.A.相处很好B.和好如初C.关系破裂D.保持联系10.Now,Gaohastogotoprison(监狱)forsixmonthsandpaya4,000yuanfine.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fine”inthepassagereferto?A.Health.B.Weather.C.Money.D.Life.11.Thesearethestepstofollowwhenyouarereadingsomethingdifficult:1.Starttoreadnormallyuntilyourunintoasentencethatdoesn’tmakesensetoyou.2.Whenasentencedoesn’tmakesense,gobackandreaditagainmoreslowly.Theunderlinedphrase“runinto”means________.A.workoutB.comeacrossC.lookintoD.passby12.You,too,haveskillsandabilities.Youmaynotfeelthatyourtalentisgreat,butitmaybebetterthanyouthink.Withhardwork,mostskillscanbeimproved.Besides,youmayhavenosuccessatallifyoujustsitonyourtalent.Thewords“siton”inthepassageprobablymean________.A.failtorealizeB.forgettouse-10-\nC.trytodevelopD.managetoshow13.Doctorsandotherscientistswhostudythehumanmindandtrytoexplainwhypeoplebehaveinthewaythattheydo,calledpsychologists,arestartingtobelieve…Apsychologistisapersonwhomayhelpyouwithyour________.A.illnessandabilitiesB.thoughtsandbehaviorC.mindandnervoussystemD.physicalactivityanddailyexercise14.Youmayknowtheword“astronaut”.Butdoyouknowtheword“taikonaut”?Itmeans“Chineseastronaut”inEnglish.ItcomesfromtheChinesepinyin“taikong”andtheEnglishword“astronaut”…Whatdoes“taikonaut”meaninEnglish?A.Chineseastronaut.B.Chinesescientist.C.Chinesecenter.D.Chinesespace.15.Telephone:Thereisatelephoneinyourroom.Dial“0”beforeyoumakeacall.Wewilltellyoutowaitamomentifthelinesarebusy.Theunderlinedword“dial”means________.A.划B.打C.拨D.摸16.Astimewentby,London’sChinesecommunitybecamemoreandmoresuccessful.Thesonsanddaughtersoftheoriginalrestaurantworkersstudiedandworkedveryhard.Andmostwentontogethighlypaidjobs.ManyChinesefamiliesleftChinatownandmovedtothemoreexpensiveoutskirts.Chinatown,however,isstillaslivelyasever.-10-\nAccordingtothispassage,ifpeopleliveintheoutskirtsofacity,theylive________.A.inthevillageB.farawayfromthecityC.inthecenterofthecityD.intheouterareasofthecity17.Insteadoftryingtodenyyouranger,makeitcleartoyourselfandacceptit.Seeyouranger.Theunderlinedword“deny”inthepassagemeans“________”.A.误解B.否认C.疏远D.减轻18.Duringthewar,PresidentEisenhowernoticedwhatgoodroadsGermanyhad.Hedecidedtobuildnewfour-lane(四车道)roadsinAmerica.Hesaidifsomethinghappenedsuddenly,thetwo-laneroadswouldn’tbeabletocarryallthecarsthatwouldsuddenlyleavethecities.Carandoilcompanieslikedhisideaandbuildingstarted.Theunderlinedword“building”heremeans“thebuildingof________”.A.companiesB.soldiers’livesC.housesD.roads19.Everysummertheytakeatestineachsubject.Eachtestlastsaboutanhour.Theseexamsdon’tcountformuch.Evenifastudentdoesreallybadlytheystillprogresstothenextyear.Theunderlinedphrase“don’tcountformuch”means“________”.A.难以计数B.不太重要-10-\nC.期望不多D.数量不多20.InMexico,however,guestsareexpectedtokeeptheirhandsonthetablethroughoutameal.What’sthemeaningoftheunderlinedword“throughout”?A.穿过B.贯穿C.通过D.横过21.OnTuesdayafternoonthelettersweresorted.Zipcodeswereusedtosortthemail.Amachinepickedupaletterandheldit.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“Zipcodes”meaninChinese?A.密码B.电话号码C.邮政编码D.身份证号码22.Lookforopportunitiestoexerciseyourmemory.Forexample,ifyou’relearninganewlanguage,trytorememberalotofnewwords.Whichofthefollowingwordhasthesimilarmeaningwiththeunderlinedword?A.placesB.activitiesC.positionsD.chances参考答案：1-5AAAAC6-10ADBCC11-15BABAC16-20DBDBB21-22CD-10-