专题8U~Unit1词汇与语法

Unit1词汇与语法一．词汇学习1．_______-adj.至关重要的；关键性的2．________n．性质；特征；财产；房地产3．_______-n．提取物；摘录vt.提取；提炼；摘录；(用力)拔出4．________n．蒿；洋艾5．______-vt.&vi.(使)沸腾；煮开；烧开n．沸腾；沸点6．______-n．液体adj.液体的；液态的7．______-n．物质；物品；事实根据8．________vi.&vt.坚持；坚决要求9．_______adv.主要地；一般地10．______-vi.&vt.迅速离开；逃跑11．_______n．流；流动；流畅；供应vi.流；流动12．________-n．图表vt.记录；制定计划13．_______n．专利；专利证书；获得专利adj.有专利的；受专利保护的14．________n．酷爱；激情15．_______n．上唇的胡子；髭16．______-n．个性；特点；怪异的性质17．________vt.偶然碰到；遇到n．邂逅；遭遇18．________n．教授19．________n．方法；技巧；装置；仪器20．_____vi.总结；概括n．金额；款项；总数；总和二．重点词汇解析1.vitaladj.必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的,优点英语[知识拓展]bevitalto...　　　对……很重要Itisvitaltodosth.做某事是很重要的Itisvitalthat...……是十分重要的(that从句中要用虚拟语气，即shoulddo,should可以省略)[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子①Considerationforotherpeopleisvitalallofus.②It'svitalthatwe(carry)outtheoperationimmediately.③Itisvital(protect)wildanimals.④旅游业对西班牙经济至关重要。TourismtotheSpanisheconomy.2.commitvt.承诺；保证(某个人、机构等)vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等)[知识拓展](1)commit...to　把……送交/托付给……；对……作出承诺，承担义务，担负责任；使(自己)致力于……commitoneselftodo/todoing...承诺；保证做……commitacrime犯罪(2)committedadj.尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的commitmentn.承诺；委托；承担义务[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子①Theboy(commit)tothecareofhisauntyesterday.②Hehascommittedhimselfthecauseofeducation.③Hehascommittedhimself(support)them.,优点英语④ThePresidentiscommittedto(reform)healthcare.⑤不管怎样，她都不想作出承诺。Shedidn'twantonewayortheother.[小片段填空]Also,betotallywhatyoudo,asexcellenceisonlypossiblewith．3.evaluatevt.评价；评估[知识拓展](1)evaluatesb.on/by根据……评价某人(2)evaluationn.估计；评价makeanevaluationof对……进行评估[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子①Wemustevaluateherabilityherwork.②Wemust(evaluate)theconsequencescausedbythefire.＝Wemustmakean(evaluate)oftheconsequencescausedbythefire.③这项证据应当仔细地评定。Theevidenceshould．[小片段填空]Atpresent,thereexistsomeproblemsintheofteachers.Schoolsshouldperfectthemeansofandimprovelevel.当前教师评价中存在着一些弊端，学校应针对存在的问题，完善评价方法，提高评价水平。4.obtainvt.(尤指经努力)获得；赢得　vi.(规章、习俗等)存在；流行[知识拓展]obtainknowledge/one'sdegree获得知识/学位,优点英语obtainsb.sth.＝obtainsth.forsb.给某人带来某物obtainsth.bydoingsth.通过做某事获得某物obtainsth.fromsb./sth.从某人/物获得某物[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子①Thevalueofapersoncan(obtain)byrelativeevaluation.②Hersuccessfulperformanceobtainedgreathonourher.③DetailscanbeobtainedfromtheDepartmentofEducation.④这种信息从互联网上很容易获得。SuchinformationtheInternet.5.acknowledgevt.承认(属实、权威等)；(公开)感谢[知识拓展](1)acknowledge(doing/havingdone)sth.承认(做了)某事acknowledgesb./sth.tobe/as承认某人/某物是……acknowledgethat...承认……It'sgenerally/universally/widelyacknowledgedthat...大家公认……(2)acknowledgementn.承认；感谢；谢礼[即学即练]——单句语法填空/句型转换①Sheisacknowledged(be)oneofthebestsingersintheworld.②Withnosolidevidence,herefusedtoacknowledge(steal)thelady'spurse.③Iwassentafreecopyin(acknowledge)ofmycontribution.④Peoplewidelyacknowledgethatstudentsshouldbeevaluatedintermsofoverallqualities.→studentsshouldbeevaluatedintermsofoverallqualities.6.concludevt.推断出；得出结论；使结束　vi.结束；终止,优点英语[例1]　Weconcludednottowaitanymore.我们决定不再等了。[例2]　Thedoctorsconcludedthathehadsufferedastroke.医生诊断他中风了。[知识拓展](1)conclude...from...从……中推断出……conclude(fromsth.)that...(从某事中)推断出……；(从某事中)断定……concludesth.with.../bydoing...以……结束……(2)conclusionn.结论；推论；结束draw/reach/cometo/arriveata/theconclusion得出结论inconclusion最后；总之；总而言之[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子①Wewillhaveafurtherdiscussionbeforewedrawafinal(conclude).②conclusion,IwouldliketosaythefilmBorninChinaisworthseeing.③Sheconcludedherperformanceapoem.④Whatcanweconcludetheconversation?⑤你从所有这一切当中得出了什么结论？Whatfromallthis?[小片段填空]Theseventhchapterisa．Theauthorstatedthefulltext'skeypointsandthisarticle'sstudy．7.apparentlyadv.显而易见；看来；显然[例1]　Hewasapparentlymuchsurprisedatthenews.他对这个消息显然感到十分惊讶。[例2]　Thechildnodded,apparentlycontentwiththepromise.,优点英语孩子点了点头，看来他对这个许诺还满意。[知识拓展](1)Asisapparentlyshown/statedinthepicture/chart/passageabove...正如上面图画/图表/文中明显展示/陈述的那样……(2)apparentadj.　显而易见的；显然的；表面上的Itisapparentthat...显然……[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子①isapparentlyshowninthechartabove,thereareabout10%studentssupportingtheidea.②Hepaused,(apparent)lostinthought.③Soon,itwasapparenttoeveryonehecouldn'tsing.④显然他从那里什么也看不见。fromthere.8.insiston坚决要求[例1]　Heinsistedonhisdemand.他坚持他的要求。[例2]　Sheinsistedonhermother'slivingwithher.她坚持要她母亲和她住在一起。[知识拓展](1)insiston/upon(doing)sth.坚决要求(做)某事(2)在“insist＋that...”结构中，当insist作“坚持主张，坚决要求”讲时，其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。当insist作“坚持说，坚持认为”讲时，其后的宾语从句用陈述语气。[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子①Themanagerinsistedonthework(do)intwohours.②Heinsistedwalkingmetothestationtoseemeoff.③Heinsistedthattheproblem(discuss)atthemeeting.④她坚持立刻就走。Sheatonce.,优点英语9.constructionn．建造；建筑；建筑物[例1]　Constructionofthenewroadhasnowbeencompleted.新公路的建造现已完工。[例2]　Thisisafineconstruction.这是一个完美的建筑。[知识拓展](1)(be)underconstruction正在建设中；在施工(2)constructvt.建筑；建造；创建；组成beconstructedof/outof/fromsth.由……建成(3)constructiveadj.建设性的；有助益的；积极的(4)constructorn.建筑者；建筑公司[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子①Thenovelisconstructedaseriesofonthespotreports.②Theoldhouse(construct)outofwood.③It'sdangeroustogetclosetothebuildingconstruction.④一家新的工厂正在建造中。Anewfactoryis．[小片段填空]SubwaysareorinmanyChinesecitiestodealwithtrafficjams.中国许多城市正在考虑修建或已经在修建地铁以解决城市的交通拥挤问题。10.cometopower(开始)掌权；上台[例1]　Threeyearslater,hecametopower.三年后，他上台掌权了。[例2]　Thispartycametopoweratthelastelection.这个政党是在上次大选中当选执政党的。[知识拓展],优点英语beyond/outofone'spower力所不能及的beinpower执政takepower夺取政权doall/everythinginone'spowertodosth.竭尽所能做某事[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子①Doyouknowwhenhecamepower?②Chinaisacountrywherethepeoplearepower.③mypowertounderstandhowthecomputerworks.④那个英明的人是何时执政的？Whendidthatwiseman?11.consequencen.结果；后果[例1]　Nobodycantellwhattheconsequencesmaybe.没有人能说出可能的后果。[例2]　Thiscouldhaveseriousconsequencesfortheeconomy.这可能会给经济带来严重的后果。[知识拓展](1)inconsequence/asaconsequence＝asaresult因此；结果inconsequenceof/asaconsequenceof＝asaresultof由于……原因(2)consequentadj.随之发生的；由……引起的(3)consequentlyadv.所以；因而[即学即练]——单句语法填空/句型转换①Shewasabrightandeagerstudentand,(consequence),didwellinschool.②Thewarmingoftheearthandthe(consequence)climaticchangesaffectusall.③Itrainedyesterdayandinconsequencethematchwascancelled.＝Itrainedyesterdayandaconsequencethematchwascancelled.,优点英语④Thecitywasinruinsasaresultofasevereearthquake.→Thecitywasinruinsasevereearthquake.12.takeupaposition担任；任职[例1]　Iwon'ttakeupmuchofyourtime.我不会占用你很多时间。[例2]　I'dliketotakeupyourofferofarideintotown.我愿接受你的邀请，搭你的车进城。[知识拓展]takeup拿起；接受；开始；继续；占据(时间或空间)takeaway解除；消除takedown拿下；取下；记下takein理解；欺骗；接纳takeoff脱去；起飞；突然受欢迎takeon呈现；开始雇用[即学即练]——完成句子①他拿起电话听筒开始拨号码。Hethetelephonereceiverandbegantodial.②如果你相信他，你一定会受骗。Ifyoutrusthim,youwillcertainly．③记者们迅速记下讲话的内容。Thereportersthecontentofthespeechinshorthand.④我最近和一个朋友聊天，他在一家新成立的公司任职。Italkedwithafriendrecentlywhoatastartupcompany.13.remarkableadj.非凡的；显著的[例1]　Allkindsofremarkablethingsbegantohappen.各种不寻常的事开始发生。,优点英语[例2]　Thesecarsareremarkableforthequietnessoftheirengines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。[知识拓展](1)beremarkablefor以……著称(2)remarkv.谈起；述说；议论；评论n.评论；言语makearemark/remarkson/about...就……发表意见；评论……makenoremark不加评论；什么也不说remarkon/upon就……发表意见/评论remarkthat...评论……[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子①Iwouldn'tlikesomeofthemtomakeremarkonmyprivateaffairs.②It'srudetoremarktheappearanceofothers.③Thewriter,MoYan,got(remark)achievementsinwriting.④评论家们指出该剧不是原创的。Criticstheplaywasnotoriginal.⑤她听到这坏消息时，表现出非凡的勇气。Shewhensheheardthebadnews.[小片段填空]Mostpeoplewithoutsayinganything．很多人话语连篇，可就是不值一分钱。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Foodandenergyarevitalthelivelihood,developmentandstabilityofallnations.2．She(acknowledge)asanexpertonthesubjectnow.3．Sixsoldiersarereportedtohavediedtheirwounds.4．Threeprofessorswereaskedtomakean(evaluate)oftheteachingplan.,优点英语5．Shehascommittedherself(go)atonce.6．Iaskedhimtostayforawhile,butheinsistedon(leave)atonce.7．Uponhis(arrive)atthespot,hefoundthatthegypsieshadgone.8．Hecontinuedtoplacesafetyaboveallother(objective).9．Theteachertriedhisbest(analyse)thecauseofourfailure.10．Thegeneralbegantoworkouthisplanfor(defeat)theenemy.Ⅱ.短语填空diefrom,inthebeginning,bychance,drawout,commitoneselfto,insiston,riskone'slife,leadto1．Imustgo.Itheclubtonightandthemembersareexpectingme.2．TheteacherallthehomeworkbeinghandedinonMonday.3．Thefiremantosavethebabyfromtheburningbuilding.4．Ingivenconditions,abadthingcangoodresults.5．Inaseverewinter,wildanimalscanlackoffood.6．“Noonedoesverywellatthis，”saidthecounselor.7．Imetafamousactoronthestreet.8．Hehisnotebookandbegantotakenotes.定语从句一、定语从句的种类根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。[观察例句]Thisisthecomputer(that/which)heboughtforhissonyesterday.这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。,优点英语Iwillshowyoutothesupermarketwhereyoucanfindeverythingyouwant.我会带你去一家超市，在那里你能找到你想要的一切东西。HeisEnglish,whichIknowfromhisaccent.他是英国人，那是我通过他的口音知道的。Thisisourheadmaster,whoIthinkhassomethingimportanttotellyou.这是我们的校长，我认为他有一些重要的事情要告诉你。[归纳用法]①限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，两者之间不用逗号分开；关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as；关系副词有where,when,why。②非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词或主句做些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词与引导限制性定语从句的关系词略有不同。除that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句外，其他都可以。[即学即练1]——用适当的关系词填空①Holly，isfromAustralia,hasagoodcommandofChinese.②Thedictionary，ourteacherboughtyesterday,ishelpfultous.③Iamlookingforwardtothedaymydaughtercanreadthisbookandknowmyfeelingsforher.④TuYouyouwasawardedtheNobelPrize,isconsideredoneofthehighestinternationalhonoursapersoncanreceive.⑤Daviswantedtovisitthefarmtheseawaterricewasgrown.二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别1．形式不同[观察例句]Hereisthemanwhohasbeenpunishedbytheboss.这就是那个被老板惩罚的人。(限制性定语从句)Theproject,whichlastedthreeyears,costnolessthan$1billion.,优点英语这个工程历时三年，耗资多达十亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)[归纳用法]限制性定语从句和主句之间没有逗号；非限制性定语从句必须用逗号与主句隔开。2．先行词不同[观察例句]ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread.这是我曾经看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句，先行词是novel)Thenovel,whichIreadlastnight,isveryinteresting.我昨天晚上看过那部小说了，它非常有意思。(非限制性定语从句，先行词为novel)Thenovelisveryinteresting,whichmakesmeveryexcited.那部小说很有意思，这让我很兴奋。(非限制性定语从句，which指代整个主句的内容)[归纳用法]限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是整个主句。3．关系词的使用情况不同(1)that,why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句[观察例句]Mostpeopledidn'tvoteforhim,whichdisappointedhim.大多数人没有投票支持他，这使他失望。Ihavetoldthemthereason,forwhichIchangedmymind.我已经告诉了他们我改变主意的原因。[归纳用法]指物时要用which代替that,forwhich代替why。(2)关系代词替代情况不同[观察例句],优点英语Thisistheman(whom/who/that)wearetalkingabout.这就是我们正在谈论的那个人。(限制性定语从句)Theyoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,whomhewantedtoimpress.这个年轻人新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下印象。(非限制性定语从句)Shehasayoungerbrother,whoisanEnglishteacher.她有一个弟弟，他是一名英语老师。[归纳用法]①关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who代替。②在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可以用that引导，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，关系代词只能用who或whom。(3)关系代词省略情况不同[观察例句]Thisisagoodfilm(which/that)Isawafewdaysago.这是我几天前看过的一部好影片。(限制性定语从句)Thesummerholiday,whichwe'relookingforwardto,isdrawingnear.我们盼望的暑假就要来了。(非限制性定语从句)[归纳用法]关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，而非限制性定语从句的所有关系代词均不可省略。[即学即练2]——用适当的关系词填空①Untilnow,wehaveraised50，000poundsforthepoorchildren,isquiteunexpected.②TheexactyearAngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2018.③Canyoutellmethereasonhewasabsentyesterday?④Wehaveabuyerwouldliketoviewthehouse.⑤HewasapersonalfriendI'veknownformanyyears.三、as和which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别,优点英语[观察例句]Asweallknow,LuXunisagreatwriter.众所周知，鲁迅是一位伟大的作家。Hefailedintheexperiment,whichwasunexpected.他实验失败了，这是没有预料到的。Heisacheat,aseveryonecansee.每个人都看得出来，他是个骗子。Hedidtheexperimentsuccessfully,ashadbeenexpected.正如期望的那样，他实验做成功了。Asweallknow,paperwasinventedinChina.正如大家所知，纸是中国发明的。[归纳用法]①as引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词一般为整个主句；而which引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词既可以是整个主句，又可以是主句的一部分。②as引导的从句位置比较灵活，可位于先行词之前、之中和之后，而which引导的从句仅能位于先行词之后。③as引导从句时常译为“正如”，而which常译为“这；那”。常用句型有：asweallknow，asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected等。[即学即练3]——用适当的关系词填空①Theweatherturnedouttobeveryfine，wasmorethanwecouldexpect.②hasbeenannounced,weshallhaveourfinalexamnextmonth.③Hefailedinthedrivingtest,wehadexpected.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Scientistshaveadvancedmanytheoriesaboutwhyhumanbeingscrytears,noneofhasbeenproved.,优点英语2．Shewastakingthefoodtotherefugeecamp,inshedistributedittothechildren.3．Ilivenextdoortoacouplechildrenoftenmakealotofnoise.4．Wewillputoffthepicnicintheparkuntilnextweek,theweathermaybebetter.5．Sharingbreadorotherfoodsisacommonhumantraditioncanpromoteunityandtrust.6．Somepeoplearesuccessfullanguagelearnersoftenfailinotherfields.7．Thesunheatstheearth,makesitpossibleforplantstogrow.8．ThenhemetMary,invitedhimtoaparty.9．Therewasanetbararoundhere,Iremember.10．Hechangedhismindagain,madeusallangry.Ⅱ.短文语法填空(用适当的关系词填空)Theveryfilm1.iscalledTitanicissuchabeautifulandsadlovestory1．ispopularwiththepublic,3.heroandheroineareJackandRose.Roseisayoungbeautifulwomanwith4.hermotherwenttoAmerica.Jack,5.wonashipticketbyplayingcards,isapoorpainter.TheymetandfellinlovewitheachotheronTitanic6.theyhadahappytime.Sadly,thenicejourneywasdestroyedbyahugeiceberg,7.JacklosthislifeforsavingRose(everyonewillbemovedbytheselflesswayin8.mostpeoplecan'tbehaveinreallife).BeforeJackleftRoseforever,heencouragedRosetolivewellforhim.9.isknowntoall,loveisthestrongeststrength.Andthat'sthereason10.Rosecouldlivealoneandtellusthemovingstory.