适用于老高考旧教材2024版高考英语二轮复习专项能力提升练阅读理解文体分类练4说明文之发明创新类（附解析）

文体分类练(四)　说明文之发明创新类(限时:25分钟)Passage1(2023四川成都外国语学校3月模拟)Imaginedrivingbehindahugetruckshootingcloudsofsmokeintotheairwhileyournewfullyelectricvehiclecleansupitscarbonemissions.Thisdreammaysoonbeareality.AteamofstudentsintheNetherlandshavecreatedanelectriccarthatnotonlydoesn’tproducecarbondioxidewhendriving,butactuallypullsitoutoftheair.Thetwo-seatersportscarwasdesignedandbuiltinlessthanayearbyateamof32studentsatEindhovenUniversityofTechnology.Called“ZEM”,whichstandsfor“zeroemissionmobility”,thecarisequippedwithspecialdevicesthatremovecarbondioxidefromtheairasitdrives.TheteamsaysifZEMisdrivenabout32,000kilometers,itcanremove2kilogramsofcarbondioxidefromtheair.That’snotahugeamount.Theteamcalculatesthat10ZEMcarsontheroadforayearwouldremoveasmuchcarbondioxideasatypicaltreedoesduringthattime.However,theyalsopointoutthatthereareoverabillionpassengercarsintheworldthatcouldbeusingthistechnology.Andifabillioncarswereremovingcarbondioxideinsteadofproducingit,theresultwouldbehuge.ZEMalsohasseveralotherinnovationsthathelptomakeitmorecapableofbeingsustained:thecar’sframeandpanels(面板)are3Dprintedtoreducewaste;itwasbuiltusingrecycledandrecyclablematerials;anditcanbeeasilytakenapartsothatmanyofitspartscanbereused.ZEM’sbatteryisalsoreusable,andhasanotherhandyfeature:itcanbechargedwithsolarpanelsonthecar’sroof—andcanevenbeusedtoprovidepowerforyourhousewhenthecarisn’tontheroad.Accordingtothestatistics,transportationwasresponsibleforover20%ofglobalcarbondioxideemissionsin2020—andofthoseemissions,carswereresponsiblefor41%.TheEindhoventeamsaysitsgoalistochallengetheelectriccarindustry:If32studentscanbuildacarlikethisinlessthanayear,thensurelycarmanufacturersareexpectedtoadopttheseinnovations,too.1.WhatisspecialaboutZEM? A.Itcanendtheworld’sCO2release.B.Itcancutthetruck’sCO2emissions.C.ItcanreducethelevelofCO2intheair.D.ItcanabsorbdirtyairaswellasCO2.2.WhydoestheteamrunthecalculationofZEMinparagraph2?A.TodemonstrateasuperbvisionofZEMcars.B.ToexplainhowZEMremovesCO2astreesdo.C.Toillustratetheongoingchangeincarmaking.D.ToshowtheinfluenceofZEMonthecarmarket.3.WhatdoweknowaboutallthecomponentsofZEM?A.Theyareofhighquality.B.Theyareeasytoprocess.C.Theyareconvenienttoprint.D.Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly.4.WhatdoestheEindhoventeamhopetoachieveinthefuture?A.Sharpdeclineinfuelconsumption.B.MassproductionofZEMcars.C.Bigsuccessinbeatingothercarmakers.D.Dramaticchangesintransportation.Passage2(2023山东济南一模)Thereisnothingquitelikeenjoyingthesights,soundsandcultureofacitywhiletastingacupofcoffeeoutdoors.Butitisnotthatenjoyablewhenheatwavessweepthecity.AnoutdoorcoolingsystemproducedbyKinonko,anIsraeli(以色列的)company,begantobetestedinTelAviv.Theswelteringcityisaperfectplacetotrythenewtechnology.Withglobalwarmingheatingupthetemperature,itwillsoonbetoohottositoutsideincafes.Whileoutdoorcoolingsystemshaveexistedforawhile,mostofthemusesomesortofwaterormistingsystemtocooltheairaroundthem,consumingtoomuchwaterandpower.Aftertwoyearsofdevelopment,theperfectsolutiontotheproblemwasfound.“Wehaveinventedanewgenerationofairconditioner,”KinonkoCEOLeizersaid. AsLeizerintroduced,theenergyisfromthepressurecreatedbetweenliquidnitrogen(氮)andgasnitrogen.Whenliquidnitrogenat-196degreesturnsintogas,itproducesaverystrongpressureandthepressureisusedtorunamechanicalengine.Itisthatmechanicalenginethatslowlyreleasesfreezingnitrogengastocooldowntheairaroundit.Thetechnologyisuniqueandamazing.Beyondthecoolnessoftheconcept,italsohasotheradvantages.Theworkunitdoesn’tneedtobepower-driven,anddoesn’tblowoutharmfulwarmairasitworks.Asforthepotentialprice,itwillprobablybenomoreexpensivethananyotherairconditioner.Inaddition,theliquidnitrogencontainerwillneedtobereplacedeveryseventotendays,dependingonusage.Thismakesitanaffordableoptionforallsortsofbusinesses.Thecoolingsystemisexpectedtobeonthemarketin2024.5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sweltering”meaninparagraph1?A.Warm.B.Dry.C.Hot.D.Freezing.6.Whatproblemdoestheexistingoutdoorcoolingsystemshave?A.Theyarewasteful.B.Theyoverheateasily.C.Theyoftenbreakdown.D.Theyareslowtocooltheair.7.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlyexplain?A.Whatpowerstheengine.B.Whatturnsliquidintogas.C.Howthepressureisformed.D.Howthenewsystemworks.8.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A.Topromoteacompany.B.Tosettleanenergycrisis.C.Tointroduceatechnology.D.Tomarketamistingsystem.Passage3(2023安徽马鞍山二模) Togivegrasshoppers(蚱蜢)somecredit—jumpingacrossyardsandbetweenbranchestakesalotmoreexpertisethanitmightappear.Thereareincrediblytinyfactorstoconsider,suchastheresistanceinlaunchsurface,aswellasdesireddistance,speed,andlanding.Mostjumpingrobotscan’tcompetewiththeinsect,astheirjumpsarelimitedtostartingatopextremelyrigidsurfaces.ButanewbouncingrobotdevelopedbyresearchersinCarnegieMellon’sCollegeofEngineeringiscrossingthosebarriers,andshowingpromiseforhowautonomousdevicescouldoperateinthefuture.AteamofscientistsledbyprofessorofmechanicalengineeringSarahBergbreiterrecentlyoptimizedarobot’slatchmechanisms(弹簧机制)usedtoboostitupward.Previously,theselatcheswereprimarilythoughtofassimpleon/offswitchesthatenabledthereleaseofstoredenergy.However,Bergbreiterandherteamemployedmathematicalmodelingtoillustratethattheselatchesbothwerecapableofcontrollingenergyoutput,aswellascontrollingthetransfer(传递)ofenergybetweenthejumperandthelaunchsurface.Totesttheirwork,theteampositionedasmalljumpingrobotatopatreebranchandrecordedthepreciseenergytransfersinitsjumps’firstmoments.“Wefoundthatthelatchcannotonlymediate(调节)energyoutputbutcanalsomediateenergytransferbetweenthejumperandtheenvironmentthatitisjumpingfrom,”saidBergbreiter.Nowthatresearchersbetterunderstandtheinteractionsatplayintheopeningmomentsofjumping,theycannowbeginworkingonwaystointegratethisintofutureroboticdesigns.“Ithasbeennearlyimpossibletodesigncontrolledinsect-sizedrobotsbecausetheyarelaunchedinjustmilliseconds,”explainedBergbreiter.“Now,wehavemorecontroloverwhetherourrobotsarejumpinguponefootorthree.It’sreallyfascinatingthatthelatch—somethingthatwealreadyneedinourrobots—canbeusedtocontroloutputsthatwecouldn’thavecontrolledbefore.”9.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowaboutthenewrobotbymentioninggrasshoppers?A.Itcomeswithtechnicaldifficulties.B.Itcanbeattheinsecteasily.C.Itisthefirstonedesignedforjumping. D.Itisshapedlikethetinycreature.10.WhatadvantagedolatchesdesignedbyBergbreiterhaveoverthetraditionalones?A.Theyarebetterpositionedinrobots.B.Theyhelpreleasemoreenergyatatime.C.Theyworkinextremeenvironments.D.Theyhavemorethanasinglefunction.11.WhatdoesBergbreiterthinkoftheirwork?A.Ithaschangedtheirresearchdirection.B.Itinspiresnewapplicationsofrobots.C.Itbringsthemasenseofachievement.D.Itwillmakerobotssmallerandlighter.12.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Anewmodelforfuturerobots.B.Astepforwardinrobotdesign.C.Jumpingrobotsinspiredbygrasshoppers.D.Effortstodevelopinsect-sizedrobots.答案：Passage1[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了荷兰的一个学生团队发明了一种叫做ZEM的电动汽车,这种汽车不仅在驾驶时不产生二氧化碳,而且实际上可以从空气中提取二氧化碳。1.C　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Called‘ZEM’,whichstandsfor‘zeroemissionmobility’,thecarisequippedwithspecialdevicesthatremovecarbondioxidefromtheairasitdrives.”可知,ZEM的特殊之处在于它能降低空气中的二氧化碳含量。故选C项。2.A　推理判断题。根据第二段中“TheteamsaysifZEMisdrivenabout32,000kilometers,itcanremove2kilogramsofcarbondioxidefromtheair.That’snotahugeamount.Theteamcalculatesthat10ZEMcarsontheroadforayearwouldremoveasmuchcarbondioxideasatypicaltreedoesduringthattime.”可推知,研究团队计算ZEM吸收二氧化碳的量是为了表明对ZEM汽车的美好憧憬,故选A项。3.D　细节理解题。根据第三段可知,ZEM的所有零部件都是环保的,故选D项。4.B　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“TheEindhoventeamsaysitsgoalistochallengetheelectriccar industry:If32studentscanbuildacarlikethisinlessthanayear,thensurelycarmanufacturersareexpectedtoadopttheseinnovations,too.”可知,Eindhoven团队的目标是挑战电动汽车行业,由此可推知,Eindhoven希望在未来实现ZEM汽车的大量生产,故选B项。Passage2[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了开始进入测试阶段的一种室外冷却系统,这项新技术有望在2024年投入市场,使人们在炎热的天气下,能够重享在室外喝咖啡的快乐。5.C　词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Butitisnotthatenjoyablewhenheatwavessweepthecity.”可知,这座城市是非常闷热的。由此可知,“Theswelteringcity”指的是这座闷热的城市,画线词sweltering意为“闷热的”。6.A　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Whileoutdoorcoolingsystemshaveexistedforawhile,mostofthemusesomesortofwaterormistingsystemtocooltheairaroundthem,consumingtoomuchwaterandpower.”可知,现在的室外冷却系统消耗过多的水和电力,是比较浪费的。7.D　主旨大意题。根据第三段中“Whenliquidnitrogenat-196degreesturnsintogas,itproducesaverystrongpressureandthepressureisusedtorunamechanicalengine.Itisthatmechanicalenginethatslowlyreleasesfreezingnitrogengastocooldowntheairaroundit.”可知,该段主要描述了这种新的冷却系统是如何工作的。8.C　推理判断题。根据第一段中“AnoutdoorcoolingsystemproducedbyKinonko,anIsraelicompany,begantobetestedinTelAviv.”和最后一段中“Thetechnologyisuniqueandamazing.”及“Thecoolingsystemisexpectedtobeonthemarketin2024.”可推知,本文的主要目的是向人们介绍一种新的室外冷却技术。Passage3[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科研团队通过优化机器人的弹簧机制,使机器人的弹跳能力获得极大的改良。9.A　推理判断题。根据第一段中“Thereareincrediblytinyfactorstoconsider,suchastheresistanceinlaunchsurface,aswellasdesireddistance,speed,andlanding.”及第二段可知,大多数弹跳机器人在弹跳能力上都无法与蚱蜢匹敌,但新型弹跳机器人正在克服这些障碍,提高弹跳能力,故作者提及蚱蜢卓越的弹跳力是为了展示新型弹跳机器人想要获得类似的弹跳能力需要克服重重技术难关。10.D　细节理解题。根据第三段中“ Previously,theselatcheswereprimarilythoughtofassimpleon/offswitchesthatenabledthereleaseofstoredenergy.However,Bergbreiterandherteamemployedmathematicalmodelingtoillustratethattheselatchesbothwerecapableofcontrollingenergyoutput,aswellascontrollingthetransferofenergybetweenthejumperandthelaunchsurface.”可知,和之前的弹簧机制比较,Bergbreiter的团队设计的弹簧功能更多。11.C　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Now,wehavemorecontroloverwhetherourrobotsarejumpinguponefootorthree.It’sreallyfascinatingthatthelatch—somethingthatwealreadyneedinourrobots—canbeusedtocontroloutputsthatwecouldn’thavecontrolledbefore.”可知,Bergbreiter认为他们的工作取得了重大的突破,给他们带来了成就感。12.B　主旨大意题。根据第二段中“ButanewbouncingrobotdevelopedbyresearchersinCarnegieMellon’sCollegeofEngineeringiscrossingthosebarriers,andshowingpromiseforhowautonomousdevicescouldoperateinthefuture.”及第三段中“AteamofscientistsledbyprofessorofmechanicalengineeringSarahBergbreiterrecentlyoptimizedarobot’slatchmechanismsusedtoboostitupward.”并结合下文弹簧机制优化后的成效可知,本文主要介绍了通过优化机器人的弹簧机制,机器人设计向前迈进了一步。词汇积累:1.(Passage1)shootvt.(使朝某方向)射2.(Passage1)standfor代表3.(Passage1)beequippedwith装备,配备4.(Passage1)removevt.去除5.(Passage1)innovationn.创新6.(Passage2)sweepvt.席卷7.(Passage2)consumevt.消耗8.(Passage2)advantagen.优势9.(Passage2)optionn.选择10.(Passage2)asfor关于,置于11.(Passage3)boostvt.推动12.(Passage3)becapableof有能力熟词生义:1.(Passage2)runvt.操作;使运转2.(Passage3)positionvt.放置 长难句分析:(Passage1)Called“ZEM”,whichstandsfor“zeroemissionmobility”,thecarisequippedwithspecialdevicesthatremovecarbondioxidefromtheairasitdrives.分析:本句为复合句。Called“ZEM”,whichstandsfor“zeroemissionmobility”为过去分词短语作状语,其中which引导定语从句;thatremovecarbondioxidefromtheair为定语从句,修饰devices;as引导时间状语从句。句意:这种汽车被称为“ZEM”,意思是“零排放机动性”,它配备了特殊装置,在行驶过程中可以去除空气中的二氧化碳。