北京市丰台区2023届高三英语下学期一模试题（Word版附解析）

北京市丰台区2022—2023学年度第二学期综合练习(一)高三英语本试卷共12页，100分。考试时长90分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。笔试(共三部分100分)第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)第一节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Ithadbeenaninterestingsoccermatch.Jerrywassoabsorbedinitthateveryone____1____hispassionforsports.Healsodevelopeda____2____attitudetowardsacquiringsuchasocceruniform.Whateverhedesires,heaskshisparentstopurchaseitinasplitofseconds.“Mom,Iwantasocceruniform,hebeggedhismother.“OK,”saidhismother,“butyouneedtohave___3___.”Thedayspassedby,buthegotno___4___fromhisparents.Hisdreamseemedtocollapse.However,Jerrynevergaveuphisidea.Hekeptthinkinghowtoachieveitasearlyaspossible.Asparklingideastruckhismind.Hecould___5___oneofhisT-shirts,butwhatifhismothersawandscolded(责备)?Thoughanxious,hefinallymadeuphismind.HedrewacirclewiththehelpofabowlandmodifiedthesoccerimageontotheT-shirt.Healsotook___6___toavoidthespreadofcolorontotheothersideofit.Itwasaremarkablepieceofwork.“Jerry!Whatareyoudoing?”hismothersuddenlyappeared.“Imaynotgettheuniform,butIcantrytopainttheimageonmyT-shirt,Ithought.”Hewas___7___tofacehismother.Butoutofhisexpectation,hismother____8____himforhisworkignoringthemistake.ShedidnotmindtheT-shirtinthepresenceoftheideaofpainting.“It’sOK,”saidMom.“Ifwehadfulfilledyoureverywant,yourinborn____9____wouldhavebeenhidden.Youwouldn’thavethoughtofotheralternativeingettingtheuniform.Thataddstoyour_____10_____toachieveyourgoal,”shesaid.“Thankyou,Mom.”Heranplayfully.1.A.controlledB.sensedC.supportedD.expected2.A.thirstyB.realisticC.cautiousD.selfish 3.A.confidenceB.motivationC.inspirationD.patience4.A.decisionB.responseC.judgmentD.recognition5.A.purchaseB.exchangeC.paintD.sew6.A.interestB.energyC.courageD.care7.A.eagerB.surprisedC.afraidD.relieved8.A.appreciatedB.blamedC.rewardedD.thanked9.A.tasteB.fondnessC.talentD.fear10.A.willpowerB.honestyC.responsibilityD.tolerance【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.B5.C6.D7.C8.A9.C10.A【解析】【导语】本位为一篇记叙文。讲述了Jerry喜欢足球比赛，因此想要得到一件足球服，但是妈妈答应他后，很长时间都没有兑现，因此他就在一件T恤上画画来设计自己的足球服。被妈妈发现了，妈妈夸奖了他为此付出的努力。【1题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他如此沉浸于比赛，以至于每个人都感受到了他对运动的热爱。A.controlled控制；B.sensed感受到；C.supported支持；D.expected期望。根据前文“Jerrywassoabsorbedinit”可知，Jerry如此沉浸于这次比赛，因此周围的人都感受到了他对运动的热爱，故选B。【2题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他也渴望得到一件足球服。A.thirsty渴望的；B.realistic现实的，真实的；C.cautious谨慎的，小心的；D.selfish自私的。根据前文“hispassionforsports”可知，他热爱运动，因此他对得到一件足球服产生了渴望的态度，故选A。【3题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：她妈妈说道：“好的，但是你需要有耐心”。A.confidence信心；B.motivation动力；C.inspiration灵感，鼓励；D.patience耐心。根据前文“Whateverhedesires,heaskshisparentstopurchaseitinasplitofseconds.”可知，无论他想要什么，都会让父母马上给他买，故此处他妈妈答应给他买球服，但要求他要有耐心，故选D。【4题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是几天过去了，他的父母没有任何回应。A.decision决定；B.response回应；C.judgement评论，判断；D.recognition辨认，识别。根据后文“Hisdreamseemedtocollapse.”可知，他的梦想似乎要破灭了，故此处表示没有从父母那里得到任何回应，故选B。【5题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他可以在他的一件T恤上画，画出一件球服，但是他又担心妈妈看到会责备他。A.purchase购买；B.exchange交换；C.paint画画；D.sew缝。根据后文““Imaynotgettheuniform,butIcantrytopainttheimageonmyT-shirt,Ithought.””的提示可知，此处表示他可以自己在一件T恤上作画，故选C。【6题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他也很小心地避免颜色染到另一面。A.interest兴趣；B.energy能量；C.courage勇气；D.care小心，护理。根据空后“toavoidthespreadofcolorontotheothersideofit.”可知，此处指他很小心地作画，故选D。【7题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他不敢面对他的妈妈。A.eager渴望的；B.surprised惊讶的；C.afraid害怕的；D.relieved如释重负的。根据前文“Hecould___5___oneofhisT-shirts,butwhatifhismothersawandscolded(责备)?”可知，他担心他的母亲会责备他，故此处表示他害怕面对他的母亲，故选C。【8题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是出乎意料的是，他的母亲奖励了他，且没有在意这个错误。A.appreciated欣赏，感谢；B.blamed责备；C.rewarded奖励，奖赏；D.thanked感谢。根据后文“ShedidnotmindtheT-shirtinthepresenceoftheideaofpainting.”可知，她很欣赏儿子在T恤上画画的这个想法，故选A。【9题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果我们完全满足了你想要的一切，你内在的天赋就会被埋没。A.taste品尝；B.fondness喜欢；C.talent天赋；D.fear害怕。根据空后的“wouldhavebeenhidden”可知，此处指天赋会被埋没，故选C。【10题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这也就增加了你实现目标的毅力。A.willpower毅力，意志力；B.honesty诚实；C.responsibility责任；D.tolerance耐心，忍耐力。根据前文“Youwouldn’thavethoughtofotheralternativeingettingtheuniform.”可知，此处指这些事就增加了实现目标的毅力，故选A。第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)A阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。WangwasbornandgrewupinAmerica,butshe____11____(build)solidtieswithChineseculturesinceshewasalittlegirl.Sheisnowridinganewtrend:mixingandmatchingmodernclotheswithtraditionalHandress,orhanfu.Shehasbeenpostingvideosof____12____(she)dressedinhanfuontheInternet,whichhasattractedmany fansonChineselifestyle.“Ilovehanfu.I’vemademanyvideos,____13____(aim)tohelpmorepeoplelearnaboutit,”WangtoldBeijingReview.【答案】11.hasbuilt12.herself13.aiming【解析】【导语】本文为一篇说明文。讲述了出生在美国的王女士从小就喜欢中国文化，她经常上传自己穿着汉服的视频，她说她喜欢汉服，想要更多的人了解它。【11题详解】考查时态。句意：王女士出生并长在美国，但是从她是个小女孩的时候，她就和中国文化产生了牢固的联系。此处主语为she，build为谓语动词，主语she与build之间为主动关系，且根据后文的时间状语从句sinceshewasalittlegirl可知，此处应用现在完成时，故填hasbuilt。【12题详解】考查代词。句意：她一直在网上上传她穿着汉服的视频，这吸引了很多喜欢中国生活方式的人。此处of是介词，后跟宾语，且主语为she，此处意为“她自己”，故应用反身代词herself作宾语，故填herself。【13题详解】考查现在分词。句意：我录了很多视频，是为了帮助更多的人了解它。根据句子分析可知，此处作状语，aim与主语I之间为主动关系，故应用现在分词作状语，故填aiming。B阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Engineersinventedanewdevicetoproducesolarelectricityatnight.Solarpanelstransformsunlightintoenergy,sothey____14____(traditional)workonlyduringdaylighthours.Thisdevice,however____15____(use)athermoelectricgenerator,whichcreatesenergyfromdifferencesintemperature.Inthiscase,cooleveningairisaslightlydifferenttemperaturethanthesolarcellinthepanel.Thatbecomesenergy,_____16_____istransformedintoelectricity.Thedevicecouldbehelpfulinareas_____17_____(locate)farfromapowergrid(电网).【答案】14.traditionally15.uses16.which17.located【解析】【导语】本文为一篇说明文。讲述了工程师发明了一种在夜间也能生产太阳能电力的设备。 【14题详解】考查副词。句意：太阳能电板将阳光转化为能量，因此它们只能传统地在白天的时候发挥作用。根据句子分析可知，此处作状语，修饰动词work，故应用副词“traditionally传统地”修饰，故填traditionally。【15题详解】考查时态。句意：然而，这一设备使用了一个热电发电机，利用温差产生能量。此处thisdevice作主语，为单数，与谓语动词use之间为主动关系，且根据后文的creates可知，此处陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时，故填uses。【16题详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：这就变成了能量，再转化成电能。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为energy，指物，定语从句中缺少主语，故应用which引导，故填which。【17题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这一设备对那些离电网很远的地区来说，是很有帮助的。此处作定语，修饰areas，areas与locate之间为被动关系，故应用过去分词作后置定语，故填located。C阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Astudyshowedhowmuchdogslovetheirowners.Intheexperiment,the-researchersfirst/measuredhowmanytears____18____(produce)bydogswhentheywerejustspendingtimeathomewiththeirowners.Theteamthenrepeatedtheexperiment,thistimewithdogsthatwerereunitedwiththeirowners____19____beingapartforfivehours.Theresultsshoweddogsonlyshedtearsduringthereunions.Theteamnowwantstofindout____20____dogshaveasimilaremotionalresponsewhenreunitedwithotherdogs.【答案】18.wereproduced19.after20.whether##if【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。一项研究显示狗狗有多爱它们的主人。在实验中，研究人员首先测量了狗狗在家里和主人在一起的时候会流出多少眼泪。然后，研究小组重复了这个实验，这次是在分别5小时后与主人团聚的狗。结果显示，狗只在团聚时流泪。研究小组现在想知道，当狗和其他狗团聚时，是否会有类似的情绪反应【18题详解】考查时态语态。句意：在实验中，研究人员首先测量了狗狗在家里和主人在一起的时候会流出多少眼泪。根据“theywere”可知，主句为一般过去时，主语tears与谓语produce为被动关系。故填wereproduced。 【19题详解】考查介词。句意：然后，研究小组重复了这个实验，这次是在分别5小时后与主人团聚的狗。根据句意可知，空处填介词after。故填after。【20题详解】考查连接词。句意：研究小组现在想知道，当狗和其他狗团聚时，是否会有类似的情绪反应。findout后接宾语从句，根据句意可知，表示“是否”，用连接词whether或者if。故填whether/if。第二部分阅读理解(共两节，38分)第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AGivealittlesunshine!TheCouncilonAging(COA)runsatelephonefriendshipprojectcalledtheSunshineCallProgram,matchingover-60swithafriendlyvolunteerforadailychatoverthephone.Theaimissimple-tohelpeasethelonelinessandrepairsocialnetworks.Sheila,77,aretiredteacher,livedalone.ShehasbeenreceivingcallsfromRianne,avolunteer,forovertwomonths.“TalkingtoRianneissomethingIreallylookforwardto—abreathoffreshair.Wetalkabouteverything—theatre,herwork,bookswe’veread…Listeningtosomeoneelse’slifeenrichesyouandgivesyousomethingpositivetofocuson.”“Atthebeginning,Ihadnoexpectationofhowthephonecallswouldgo,butit’swonderfulthatit’sledtoagenuinefriendship.Riannehelpsmealot…”Areyoureadytoaddalittlesunshinetoasenior’slife?TheSunshineCallPrograminitiallylinksavolunteerwithanisolated(独居的)seniorforadailycall.Whencomfortable,thevolunteerintroducesasecondseniortothecall.Thenanother,untiltherearefourseniorstoonevolunteeronwhatisessentiallyaconferencecall.Withouthavingtoleavethehouse,youwillhelptheseniorsmeetandmakenewfriends.Theywillthenexchangephonenumberstochatontheirownandreducetheirisolation.Whatarethevolunteerqualifications?VolunteersmusthaveaccesstotheInternetandbewillingtobetrainedontheuseofachatapp.COAwillprovideallsuppliesrequiredtomakethecalls.Besides,volunteersmustagreetoparticipateinmonthlymeetings withothervolunteersandguestspeakers.AllvolunteersmustbewillingtoprovidearecentCriminalRecordCheck,thecostofwhichwillbebornebyCOA.Andthemostimportantvolunteerqualificationisasenseofcaringandadesiretohelpseniorsinthecommunity!IfyouwishtovolunteerwithourSunshineCallprogram,neverhesitate!JustCLICKHEREtofillouttheapplicationform.21.WhydoesthepassagementionSheila’sexperience?A.ToshowherlonelinessB.Toshareasweetmemory.C.TostressthevalueofCoAD.TopraiseRianne’skindness.22.OneoftheresponsibilitiesofvolunteersisA.makingweeklycallstoseniorsB.visitingseniorsduringholidaysC.introducingnewfriendstoseniorsD.teachingseniorstousesmartphones23.Ifyouwanttobeavolunteer,whatareyourequiredtodo?A.Learntheuseofachatapp.B.Prepareacomputerbyyourself.C.Offeraletterofrecommendation.D.Haverelevantworkingexperience.24.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.ToinformthereadersofCOA.B.ToinviteseniorstosignupforCOAC.TointroducevolunteerworkinCOA.D.ToadvertisefornewvolunteersforCOA.【答案】21.C22.C23.A24.D【解析】【导语】本文为一篇应用文。介绍了COA建立的一个“阳光电话项目”的活动，结构的志愿者与60岁以上的老年人电话连线，为他们减轻孤独感，并宣传招募志愿者。【21题详解】推理判断题。根据表格中第三段““Atthebeginning,Ihadnoexpectationofhowthephonecallswouldgo,but it’swonderfulthatit’sledtoagenuinefriendship.Riannehelpsmealot…”(起初，我没预料到电话会打得怎么样，但它却给我带来了一段真正的友谊。Rianne帮助了我很多。)”可知，文章提到Sheila的经历是为了说明COA的志愿者帮助了她很多，故其目的在于强调COA的价值，故选C。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据文章Areyoureadytoaddalittlesunshinetoasenior’slife?部分“Withouthavingtoleavethehouse,youwillhelptheseniorsmeetandmakenewfriends.Theywillthenexchangephonenumberstochatontheirownandreducetheirisolation.(不用离开家，你就可以帮助老年人们见面，帮助他们交朋友。他们然后可以交换电话号码，自己聊天，减轻孤独感。)”可知，志愿者的职责之一就是给老年人介绍新的朋友，从而减轻他们的孤独感，故选C。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据文章Whatarethevolunteerqualifications?部分中“VolunteersmusthaveaccesstotheInternetandbewillingtobetrainedontheuseofachatapp.(志愿者必须可以使用网络，并且愿意接受关于聊天软件使用的培训。)”可知，如果你想要当志愿者，你需要学会聊天软件的使用，故选A。【24题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“IfyouwishtovolunteerwithourSunshineCallprogram,neverhesitate!JustCLICKHEREtofillouttheapplicationform.(如果你想要在我们的阳光电话项目中当志愿者，那就不要犹豫！点击此处，填写申请表。)”可推知，本篇文章的目的在于为招募志愿者做广告，故选D。BThiswasthefirstcommunicationthathadcomefromherauntinJessie’slifetime.“Ithinkyouraunthasforgivenmeatlast,”herfathersaidashepassedtheletteracrossthetable.Jessielookedfirstattheautograph(签名).Itseemedstrangetoseeherownnamethere.Therewasalikenessbetweenheraunt’sautographandherown,ahintofthesamedecisivenessandprecision.IfJessiehadbeeneducatedfiftyyearsearlier,shemighthavewrittenhernameinjustthatmanner.“You’reverylikeherinsomeways,”herfathersaid,asshestillstaredattheautograph.“IshouldthinkyoumustalmosthaveforgottenwhatAuntJessiewaslike,dear,”shesaid.“Howmanyyearsisitsinceyoulastsawher?”“Morethanforty,”herfathersaid.“Wedisagreed.Weinvariablydisagreed.Jessiealwayspridedherselfonbeingsomodern.ShereadDarwinandthingslikethat.Altogetherbeyondme,Iadmit.”“Andsoitseemsthatshewantstoseeme.”Jessiestraightenedhershouldersandliftedherhead.Shewasexcitedatthethoughtofmeetingthismythicalauntwhomshehadsooftenheardabout.Sometimesshehadwonderedifthepersonalityofthisremarkablerelativehadnotbeenafigment(虚构)ofherfather’simagination. Butthisletterofhersthatnowlayonthebreakfasttablewasadmirableincharacter.Therewassomethingofintoleranceexpressedinitstone.Itwasjustlikewhatherfatherhadtoldher.Mr.Deanecameoutofhispastmemorieswithasigh.“Yes,yes;shewantstoseeyou,mydear,”hesaid.“I’veheardshehassetupaschoolandhelpedmanyyoungsters.Ithinkyouhadbetteracceptthisinvitationtostaywithher.Ifshetookafancytoyou,youcouldgetabettereducation…”Hesighedagain,andJessieknewthatforthehundredthtimehewasregrettinghisownpastweakness...25.HowwastherelationshipbetweenJessie’sfatherandheraunt?A.Itremainedverycloseovertheyears.B.Itwasbrokenwhentheywereyoung.C.Itgottenserduetoamisunderstanding.D.Itwasuneasyfortheirfinancialdifferences.26.Fromthepassage,weknowJessiewas.A.eagertomeetheraunt.B.cautiousaboutheraunt’sinvitationC.angrywithherauntforignoringherfamily.D.puzzledbyheraunt’ssuddeninterestinher27.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Jessie’sauntpromisedtoofferherbettereducation.B.Jessie’saunt’spersonalityseemedtochangealot.C.Jessieandherauntweredifferentinpersonality.D.Jessie’sfatherfeltsorryforwhathehaddone.【答案】25.B26.A27.D【解析】【导语】本文为一篇记叙文。讲述了作者的姑姑与父亲因为分歧，多年未见面。父亲收到了姑姑的来信，父亲很悔恨，并打算将作者送到姑姑那里去接受好的教育。【25题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“ThiswasthefirstcommunicationthathadcomefromherauntinJessie’slifetime.(这是Jessie生命中第一次与姑姑的联系。)”以及文章第六段““Morethanforty,”herfathersaid.“Wedisagreed.Weinvariablydisagreed.(父亲说道：“四十多年了。我们有分歧，我们总是有分歧”。)”可知，作者的父亲和姑姑已经四十多年没见面了，故他们的关系在年轻的时候就破裂了，故选B。 【26题详解】细节理解题。根据文章倒数第五段“Shewasexcitedatthethoughtofmeetingthismythicalauntwhomshehadsooftenheardabout.(一想到能见到这个她经常听说的神奇的姑姑，她就激动不已。)”可知，Jessie很渴望见到姑姑，故选A。【27题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Hesighedagain,andJessieknewthatforthehundredthtimehewasregrettinghisownpastweakness...(父亲再次叹气，dJessie知道，父亲已经为自己过去的软弱后悔了几百次了……)”可知，作者的父亲为之前的软弱感到悔恨，因此父亲是为之前的所做的事情感动后悔，故选D。CManypeoplewouldanswerthequestionofwhatmakesushumanbyinsistingthatweareculturalbeings.Thereisnodoubtthatweare.Butonedefinitionofcultureisthetotalityoftraditionsacquiredinacommunitybysociallearningfromotherindividuals,andmanyanimalspecieshavetraditions.Canwethensaythatsomeanimalsareculturalbeingstoo?Oneapproachtostudycultureinanimalsistheso-calledMethodofExclusion(排除),inwhichscientistsinvestigatebehavioralvariationsacrosspopulationsofonespecies.Inafamousstudy,scientistslearnedthatchimpanzee(黑猩猩)behaviorsweresociallypassedonastheywerepresentatsomesitesbutnotatothers,despitehavingsameecologicalsettings.Forexample,chimpanzeesinTaiNationalParkinIvoryCoastarewell-knownfortheirnut-crackingskills.ChimpanzeesinGombenationalpartinTanzania,ontheotherhand,donotcracknuts,althoughnutsexistintheirenvironmenttoo.However,whenapplyingtheMethodofExclusion,onehastobeverycareful.Thereareotherfactorsthatcouldalsoexplainthepatternofbehavioralevaluation.Forexample,someofthechimpanzeetechniquesscientistsevaluatedoccurinonlyoneofthethreesubspecies.Soit’squitepossiblethatthesebehaviorsalsohaveaninnatecomponent.Thiswouldmeanthatonechimpanzeesubspeciesusesanewtechniquenotoutofculturaltradition,butbecausethebehaviorisfixedtospecificgenes.AnotherfactorthathastobeexcludedisofcoursetheenvironmentChimpanzeesinMahaledonotfishalgae(水藻),simplybecausealgaedoesnotexistthere.Butwhenweexcludeallthevariationsthatcanbeexplainedbygenesorenvironment,westillfindthatanimalsdoshowculturalvariations.Doesthatmeanthereisnorealdifferencebetweenthemandusafterall?Notexactly:Thereisafundamentaldifferencebetweenhumanandanimalculture.Onlyhumanscanbuildculturallyonwhatgenerationsbeforeushavelearned.Thisiscalled“cumulativeculture”.Wedon’thavetokeepreinventingthewheel.Thisiscalledthe“ratchet(棘轮)effect”.Likearatchetthatcanbeturnedforwardbutnotback,people’sculturaltechniquesevolve. Itislikelythatbehaviorsweseetodayinchimpanzeeculturescouldbeinventedoverandoveragainbyindividualanimalsthemselves.Incontrast,achildborntodaywouldnotbeabletoinventacomputerwithouttheknowledgeofmanypastgenerations.28WhydoestheauthormentiontheexampleofthechimpanzeesintwoparksinParagraph2?A.Toprovethatculturedoesexistinanimals.BTojustifytheuniquenessoftheresearchmethod.C.Tocomparehowchimpanzeesbehaveindifferentparks.D.Tostresstheimportanceofenvironmentinstudyingculture.29Whatdoestheunderlinedword“innate”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Advanced.B.Inborn.C.Adaptive.D.Intelligent.30.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Cumulativecultureiswhatsetshumansapartfromanimals.B.Culureinanimalsisasworthytobevaluedashumanculture.C.Animalsdon’thavetheabilitytoinventbehaviorsinacommunity.D.The“ratcheteffect”decidesifhumanscanbuildonpastexperiences.【答案】28.A29.B30.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇议论文，文章主要围绕“动物是否也像人类一样是有文化的生物”而展开论述。【28题详解】推理判断题。第二段中“Inafamousstudy,scientistslearnedthatchimpanzee(黑猩猩)behaviorsweresociallypassedonastheywerepresentatsomesitesbutnotatothers,despitehavingsameecologicalsettings.(在一项著名的研究中，科学家们发现，黑猩猩的行为在某些地方会被社会传递，而在其他地方则不会，尽管它们的生态环境相同)”提到，黑猩猩的行为在某些地方会被社会传递，接着下文“Forexample,chimpanzeesinTaiNationalParkinIvoryCoastarewell-knownfortheirnut-crackingskills.ChimpanzeesinGombenationalpartinTanzania,ontheotherhand,donotcracknuts,althoughnutsexistintheirenvironmenttoo.(例如，象牙海岸泰国家公园的黑猩猩以其破解坚果的技能而闻名。另一方面，坦桑尼亚贡贝国家地区的黑猩猩不咬坚果，尽管坚果在他们的环境中也存在)”通过举例证实上述观点，即动物中也存在文化，故选A。【29题详解】词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“Thiswouldmeanthatonechimpanzeesubspeciesusesanewtechniquenotoutofculturaltradition,butbecausethebehaviorisfixedtospecificgenes.(这意味着一个黑猩猩亚种使用一种新技 术不是出于文化传统，而是因为这种行为固定于特定的基因)”可知，黑猩猩的行为可能是由于其特定的基因，即是因为先天因素，故画线词所在句意为“所以很有可能这些行为也有先天因素”，innate意为“先天的”，故选B。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Thereisafundamentaldifferencebetweenhumanandanimalculture.Onlyhumanscanbuildculturallyonwhatgenerationsbeforeushavelearned.Thisiscalled‘cumulativeculture’.(人类文化和动物文化之间有根本的区别。只有人类才能在前人的基础上建立文化。这就是所谓的‘累积文化’)”可知，累积文化将人类与动物区分开来。故选A。DWhenElinorLobelwas16,a“smart”insulin(胰岛素)pumpwasattachedtoherbody.PoweredbyAI,ittracksherglucoselevelsandadministerstherightdoseofinsulinattherighttimetokeepherhealthy.ItisoneofthenewwaysthatdataandAIcanhelpimprovelives.Booksthatcriticizethedarksideofdataareplentiful.Theygenerallysuggestthereismuchmoretofearthanfeteinthealgorithmic(算法的)age.Buttheintellectualtidemaybeturning.OneofthemostpersuasivesupportersofamorebalancedviewisElinorLobel’smother,Orly,alawprofessor.InTheEqualityMachinesheacknowledgesAI’scapacitytoproduceharmfulresults.Butsheshowshow,intherighthands,itcanalsobeusedtofightinequalityanddiscrimination.Aprincipleofprivacyrulesis“minimization”:collectandkeepaslittleinformationaspossible,especiallyinareassuchasraceandgender.MsLobelflipsthescript,showinghowinhiring,payandthelegalsystem,knowingsuchcharacteristicsleadstofaireroutcomes.MsLobel’scalltousemore,notless,personalinformationchallengesdata-privacyorthodoxy(正统观念).Butsheinsiststhat“trackingdifferencesiskeytodetectingunfairness.”Sheadvocatesglooseningofprivacyrulestoprovidemoretransparency(透明)overalgorithmicdecisions.Theproblemswithalgorithmicformulae(公式)aretackledindepthinEscapefromModelLandbyEricaThompsonoftheSchoolofEconomics.ThesestatisticalmodelsarethebackboneofbigdataandAL.Yetaperfectmodelwillalwaysbebeyondreach.“Allmodelsarewrong,”runsawisesaying.“Someareuseful.”MsThompsonfocusesonachallengeshecallstheHawkmothEffect.InthebetterknownButterflyEffect,aserviceablemodel,Vinthepredictionofclimatechange,becomeslessreliableovertimebecauseofthecomplexityofwhatitissimulating(模拟),orbecauseofinaccuraciesintheoriginaldata.IntheHawkmothEffect,bycontrast,themodelitselfisflawed;itmightfailtotakefullaccountoftheinterplaybetweenhumidity,windandtemperature.Theauthorcallsondatageekstoimprovetheirsolutionstoreal-worldissues,notmerelyrefinetheirformulae— inotherwords,toescapefrommodelland.“Wedonotneedtohavethebestpossibleanswer,”shewrites,“onlyareasonableone.”Boththesebooksexhibitahealthyrealismaboutdata,algorithmsandtheirlimitations.Bothrecognizethatmakingprogressinvolvesacceptinglimitations,whetherinlaworcoding.AsMsLobelputsit:“It’salwaysbettertolightacandlethantocursethedarkness.”31.MsLobelintendstoconveythatAminimisationisagoodprivacyruletogobyBalgorithmsarecurrentlychallengedbydataprivacyC.employingmorepersonaldatashouldbeencouragedD.identifyingalgorithms’problemsleadstobetteroutcomes32.Whatcanwelearnabout“HawkmothEffect”?A.ItdevelopsfromButterflyEffect.B.Itemphasizesaccuracyoforiginaldata.C.Itenjoyspopularityinclimateresearchfield.D.Itismentionedtoshowthemodelcanbefaulty.33.Whichofthefollowingdoesthewriterprobablyagree?A.Usingalgorithmstodetectdifferencesishard.B.Theapplicationofdataandalgorithmsislimited.C.Thereliabilityofdatashouldbeattachedimportanceto.D.Improvingalgorithmsinvolvesacceptingitsimperfection.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.TheAlgorithm’sProspectB.TheAlgorithm’sMercyC.TheAlgorithm’sComplexityD.TheAlgorithm’sRecognition【答案】31.C32.D33.D34.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在这个数据时代，人们总是对算法存有恐惧，但是科学家们却持有不同的观点。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第五段“MsLobel’scalltousemore,notless,personalinformationchallengesdata-privacyorthodoxy(正统观念).Butsheinsiststhat“trackingdifferencesiskeytodetectingunfairness.”Sheadvocatesg looseningofprivacyrulestoprovidemoretransparency(透明)overalgorithmicdecisions.(Lobel女士呼吁更多而不是更少地使用个人信息，这挑战了数据隐私的正统观念。但她坚持认为，“追踪差异是发现不公平的关键。”她主张放松隐私规则，为算法决策提供更多的透明度。)”可知，她想表达的是鼓励更多地使用个人信息。故选C。【32题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第七段“MsThompsonfocusesonachallengeshecallstheHawkmothEffect.InthebetterknownButterflyEffect,aserviceablemodel,Vinthepredictionofclimatechange,becomeslessreliableovertimebecauseofthecomplexityofwhatitissimulating(模拟),orbecauseofinaccuraciesintheoriginaldata.IntheHawkmothEffect,bycontrast,themodelitselfisflawed;itmightfailtotakefullaccountoftheinterplaybetweenhumidity,windandtemperature.(汤普森女士专注于一个她称之为“霍克蛾效应”的挑战。在更广为人知的蝴蝶效应中，一个可用的气候变化预测模型随着时间的推移变得不那么可靠，因为它所模拟的内容很复杂，或者因为原始数据不准确。相比之下，在“霍克蛾效应”中，模型本身就有缺陷；它可能没有充分考虑到湿度、风和温度之间的相互作用。)”可知，文中提到“霍克蛾效应”是为了表明模型本身是有缺陷的。故选D。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Boththesebooksexhibitahealthyrealismaboutdata,algorithmsandtheirlimitations.Bothrecognizethatmakingprogressinvolvesacceptinglimitations,whetherinlaworcoding.(这两本书都展示了关于数据、算法及其局限性的健康现实主义。双方都认识到，取得进步需要接受限制，无论是在法律上还是在编码上。)”可知，两人都赞同想要改进算法就得接受其不完美的方面。故选D。【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Booksthatcriticizethedarksideofdataareplentiful.Theygenerallysuggestthereismuchmoretofearthanfeteinthealgorithmic(算法的)age.(批评数据阴暗面的书籍比比皆是。他们普遍认为，在算法时代，恐惧远比狂欢更可怕。)”可知，人们对于算法还是带有恐惧心理；而根据第三段“Buttheintellectualtidemaybeturning.OneofthemostpersuasivesupportersofamorebalancedviewisElinorLobel’smother,Orly,alawprofessor.InTheEqualityMachinesheacknowledgesAI’scapacitytoproduceharmfulresults.Butsheshowshow,intherighthands,itcanalsobeusedtofightinequalityanddiscrimination.(但思想潮流可能正在转变。更平衡的观点最有说服力的支持者之一是埃莉诺·洛贝尔的母亲Orly，她是一名法学教授。在《平等机器》一书中，她承认人工智能有能力产生有害的结果。但她展示了它在正确的人手中如何用来对抗不平等和歧视。)”可知，文章主要介绍的是算法给人类带来的好的一面。所以“TheAlgorithm’sMercy(算法的仁慈)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。Expressivewritingorjournalingisonewaytohelpyouhealfromtrauma(创伤).___35___.Itcanhelpyouprocesswhatyou’vebeenthroughandassistyouasyouenvisionapathforward.Whydoesawritinginterventionwork?___36___Infact,narratingthestoryofanongoinganxiety“freesup”cognitiveresources.Whenyouwritedowntheemotionsassociatedwithatraumaticexperience,youmaybechangingthewayitisorganizedinthebrain.Youarethenabletodetachfromtheemotion,makingiteasierforyoutotalkaboutandprocesstheevent.However,formostpeople,thethoughtofacknowledgingemotionsandadmittingthatthere’ssomethingwrongwithusisdifficult.Thisisbecauseexpressingemotionscanbringupfeelingsofguiltandshame.___37___Thatiswhatsetsjournalingapart.Thisisbetweenyouandyourjournal—youdon’thavetoshareitwithanyoneunless,ofcourse,youchooseto.Ifyou’reinterestedintryingoutwritingasatoolforhealing,startyourwritingbysettingatimerfortenminutes.___38___Thinkofoneobjectinyourhomethatsignifiesamomentforyou.Seeitinfullcolor.Feeltheweightofit.Useallyoursenses.Now,writeaboutthatobjectandseehowlargeitsmeaningcanbecome.___39___Howyouhealfromtraumacanbedifferentfrompersontopersonaswell.Italldependsonwhatworksbestforyou.Remember,onesizedoesnotfitall.Writingmaynotworkforeveryone,butyouwon’tknowifyoudon’ttry.A.Despitethat,expressivewritingremainsanaccessibletool.B.Ofcourse,expressivewritingishardlyapanacea(灵丹妙药).C.Also,seekinghelpforemotionalstressisoftenseenasasignofweakness.D.Itmayseemabnormalthatwritingaboutnegativeexperienceshasapositiveeffect.E.Onceyouhaveabetterhandleonyourproblems,youcanmoveforwardandgetonwithlife.F.Itiswritingfromyourheartandmindandabouttheemotionassociatedwithacertainevent.G.Letyourmindgotothedetailed,specificmomentstogettothefeelingsandtruthofyourexperience.【答案】35.F36.D37.C38.G39.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了一个能帮助人们从创伤中愈合的方法——表达性写作。【35题详解】上文“Expressivewritingorjournalingisonewaytohelpyouhealfromtrauma(创伤).(表达性写作或日志是帮助你从创伤中愈合的一种方法)”提到表达性写作，F项“ 这是发自内心的写作，是关于与某一事件相关的情感”进一步解释表达性写作，符合语境，故选F。【36题详解】下文“Infact,narratingthestoryofanongoinganxiety‘freesup’cognitiveresources.(事实上，讲述一个持续焦虑的故事可以‘释放’认知资源)”是解释为什么写下消极的经历能带来积极的效果，故D项“把消极的经历写下来会有积极的效果，这似乎不正常”符合语境，下文是对D项中看似不正常的现象进行解释。故选D。【37题详解】上文“Thisisbecauseexpressingemotionscanbringupfeelingsofguiltandshame.(这是因为表达情绪会带来内疚和羞耻感)”是解释人们很难承认情绪有问题的原因，结合选项，C项“此外，为情绪压力寻求帮助通常被视为软弱的表现”和上文是并列关系，也是描述其原因，故选C。【38题详解】上文“Ifyou’reinterestedintryingoutwritingasatoolforhealing,startyourwritingbysettingatimerfortenminutes.(如果你想把写作作为疗伤的工具，那就设置一个十分钟的计时器开始写作吧)”建议开始写作，G项“让你的思绪回到细节、具体的时刻，去感受你的感受和你经历的真相”是描述方法，即如何开始写作，符合语境，G项中的“thedetailed,specificmomentstogettothefeelings”与下文“Thinkofoneobjectinyourhomethatsignifiesamomentforyou.Seeitinfullcolor.Feeltheweightofit.(想想你家里的一件对你来说意味着某个时刻的物品。带着满满的趣味去看它。感受它的重量)”呼应。故选G。【39题详解】根据本段中“Howyouhealfromtraumacanbedifferentfrompersontopersonaswell.(如何从创伤中痊愈也因人而异)”及“Writingmaynotworkforeveryone(写作可能不适合所有人)”可知，本段主要讲述写作不是万能的，不是所有人都适合，B项“当然，表达性写作不是灵丹妙药”符合语境，故选B。第三部分书面表达(共两节，32分)第一节(共4小题;第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分)阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。Ifyou’vespentanytimeonsocialmediasites,you’veprobablynoticedit:parentssharenews,photos,andotherinformationabouttheirchildren.Thisphenomenoniscalled“sharenting”,acombinationofthewords“sharing”and“parenting”.Muchoftheresearchonsharentingfocusesonwhyparentschoosetoshareonline.Studiesfoundthatforparentsofinfants(婴儿),sharentingcanhelpeasethesocialisolationthatcomeswiththisperiodintheirchildren’slives.Parentsofteenagersalsoshareinformationabouttheirkidsonsocialmedia.Researchhasshowntheirmotivationsincludecommunicatingtheirprideintheirchildren’saccomplishmentsandinformingfriendsandfamilyabouttheir kids’lives.However,whenparentspostabouttheirchildrenonsocialmediawithhighfrequency,thephenomenonof“oversharenting”occurs,whichcanbeagreatcauseforconcern.Forexample,ifparentssharetoomuchinformationthattheirchildrendon’twantdisclosed,itmayleadthemtowithholdinformationabouttheirlivesfromtheirparentssotheycanbettercontrolwhatcanandcan’tbepostedaboutthem.Additionally,thecutephotosorfunnyobservationsparentsshareonlineabouttheirchildrencouldbecomeaproblemwhentheirkidsgetolder.Inparticular,collegesandemployersareincreasinglycheckingapplicants’onlineactivity,andasaresult,informationpostedbyparentscouldbecomeasourceofembarrassmentoraffectapotentialcollege’soremployer’sassessmentoftheirchild.Sharinginformationhasneverbeenfasterthaninthedigitalage.Whileitcanbeveryconvenienttopostmilestonesoftheirchildren,it’simportantforparentstoensurethey’resharentingresponsibly.Afterallit’snotjustapicture,it’sthechildandtheirdigitalfootprint.40.Accordingtothepassage,whatissharenting?______________________________________________________________________41.Whydoparentsofinfantschoosetoshareonline?______________________________________________________________________42.Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement,thenunderlineitandexplainwhy.Whenparentsoversharent,theirchildrenmaymakeupinformationabouttheirlivestobettercontrolwhatcanandcan’tbepostedaboutthem.______________________________________________________________________43.Besideswhat’smentionedinthepassage,whatelsecanyoudoifyourparentsoversharent?(Inabout40words)______________________________________________________________________【答案】40.Itisaphenomenonwhereparentssharenews,photos,andotherinformationabouttheirchildren.41.Becausesharentingcanhelpeasethesocialisolationthatcomeswiththisperiodintheirchildren’slives.42.Whenparentsoversharent,theirchildrenmaymakeupinformationabouttheirlivestobettercontrolwhatcanandcan’tbepostedaboutthem.Accordingtothepassage,theirchildrenmaywithholdinformationabouttheirlivesfromtheirparentstobettercontrolwhatcanandcan’tbepostedaboutthem.43.Ifmyparentsoversharent,Icantalktothemandexpressmyconcernsabouttheinformationthey’resharingonline.Icanalsosetboundariesandaskthemtogetmypermissionbeforesharinganythingaboutme,oraskthemtolimittheaudienceoftheirposts. 【解析】【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个新生单词——“sharenting”，也就是“晒娃”。文章分析了这种现象产生的原因以及可能存在的问题。【40题详解】考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“Ifyou’vespentanytimeonsocialmediasites,you’veprobablynoticedit:parentssharenews,photos,andotherinformationabouttheirchildren.Thisphenomenoniscalled“sharenting”,acombinationofthewords“sharing”and“parenting”.(如果你花时间在社交媒体网站上，你可能已经注意到：父母分享新闻、照片和其他关于孩子的信息。这种现象被称为“晒娃”，由“分享”和“养育”两个词组合而成。)”可知，所谓的“sharenting”指的是一种父母在社交媒体分析关于孩子的新闻、照片和其他信息。故答案为Itisaphenomenonwhereparentssharenews,photos,andotherinformationabouttheirchildren.。【41题详解】考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“Studiesfoundthatforparentsofinfants(婴儿),sharentingcanhelpeasethesocialisolationthatcomeswiththisperiodintheirchildren’slives.(研究发现，对于有婴儿的父母来说，“晒娃”有助于缓解他们在孩子这一阶段中所面临的社会孤立。)”可知，对于有婴儿的父母而言，“晒娃”有助于缓解他们在孩子这一阶段中所面临的社会孤立。故答案为Becausesharentingcanhelpeasethesocialisolationthatcomeswiththisperiodintheirchildren’slives.。【42题详解】考查推理判断。根据文章第三段“However,whenparentspostabouttheirchildrenonsocialmediawithhighfrequency,thephenomenonof“oversharenting”occurs,whichcanbeagreatcauseforconcern.Forexample,ifparentssharetoomuchinformationthattheirchildrendon’twantdisclosed,itmayleadthemtowithholdinformationabouttheirlivesfromtheirparentssotheycanbettercontrolwhatcanandcan’tbepostedaboutthem.(然而，当父母在社交媒体上频繁地晒孩子的照片时，“过度晒娃”的现象就会出现，这可能是一个令人担忧的问题。例如，如果父母分享了太多孩子不想透露的信息，这可能会导致他们对父母隐瞒自己的生活信息，这样他们就能更好地控制哪些信息可以发布，哪些信息不可以发布。)”可知，如果父母过度晒娃，孩子可能就会对父母隐瞒自己的生活信息。因此原句中的“makeupinformationabouttheirlives”是错误的。故答案为Whenparentsoversharent,theirchildrenmaymakeupinformationabouttheirlivestobettercontrolwhatcanandcan’tbepostedaboutthem.Accordingtothepassage,theirchildrenmaywithholdinformationabouttheirlivesfromtheirparentstobettercontrolwhatcanandcan’tbepostedaboutthem.。【43题详解】开放题。要求考生以自己为例，说明如果父母过度晒出自 己的生活信息，自己会如何做，考生言之有理即可。故参考答案为Ifmyparentsoversharent,Icantalktothemandexpressmyconcernsabouttheinformationthey’resharingonline.Icanalsosetboundariesandaskthemtogetmypermissionbeforesharinganythingaboutme,oraskthemtolimittheaudienceoftheirposts.。第二节(20分)44.假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你校即将举办“中医药文化”主题活动，你打算邀请交换生Jim参加。请你用英文给他写一封电子邮件，内容包括：1.介绍活动；2.邀请参加。提示词：TraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)中医药注意：1.词数100左右;2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。DearJim,__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,LiHua【答案】DearJim,ExtremelythrilledtoknowthatyouarefascinatedbytraditionalChinesemedicine,IamwritingtoinviteyoutoparticipateinanactivitythemedtraditionalChinesemedicineculture,whichistobeheldintheschoolhall,thisSaturdayafternoon.TraditionalChinesemedicinehasbeenpasseddownforthousandsofyears.Withanextensiveandprofoundculture,itisthetreasureofChinesecivilization.Theactivityisintendedtoprovideyouwithsomebasicknowledgeofmedicaltheory,diagnosticmethods,prescriptionsandcuresconcerningtraditionalChinesemedicine.Presentattheactivity,youwillalsobeexposedtosomewide-spreadstoriespraisingtheexperiencedandnotabledoctorsinancientChina.ThisissurelyagoodchanceforyoutoknowmorewaysofpreservinggoodhealthandtohaveadeeperinsightintotraditionalChinesemedicine.Lookingforwardtoyoushowingup.【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达为一篇应用文。要求学生给交换生Jim写一封邀请信，邀请他参加学校举办的“中医药文化”活动。【详解】1.词汇积累：对……感兴趣：befascinatedby→showinterestin/beenthusiasticabout激动的：thrilled→excited目的是：beintendedtodo→beaimedatdoing/aimtodo提供：provide→offer/supply了解：haveaninsightinto→haveanunderstandingof/knowabout2.句式拓展：原句：TraditionalChinesemedicinehasbeenpasseddownforthousandsofyears.Withanextensiveandprofoundculture,itisthetreasureofChinesecivilization.拓展句：TraditionalChinesemedicinehasbeenpasseddownforthousandsofyears,whichisthetreasureofChinesecivilization,withanextensiveandprofoundculture.【点睛】【高分句型1】Presentattheactivity,youwillalsobeexposedtosomewide-spreadstoriespraisingtheexperiencedandnotabledoctorsinancientChina.（运用了形容词作状语。）【高分句型2】ExtremelythrilledtoknowthatyouarefascinatedbytraditionalChinesemedicine,IamwritingtoinviteyoutoparticipateinanactivitythemedtraditionalChinesemedicineculture,whichistobeheldintheschoolhall,thisSaturdayafternoon.（运用了形容词作状语和which引导非限制性定语从句。）