北京市西城区2022-2023学年高一英语下学期期末试题（Word版附解析）

北京市西城区2022—2023学年度第二学期期末试卷高一英语本试卷共16页，共140分。考试时长120分钟。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第I卷(共75分)I.听力理解(共三节，22.5分)第一节：(共4小题;每小题1.5分，共6分)听下面四段对话，每段对话后有一道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。每段对话你将听一遍。1.Whatdothespeakersneedtobuy?A.Somechairs.B.Someshelves.C.Atable.2.Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?A.Ataticketoffice.B.Onabus.C.Inaclassroom.3.WhatdoesthemanfinddifficultinlearningSpanish?A.Reading.B.Listening.C.Speaking.4.Howwillthespeakersgotothecityhall?A.Bybus.B.Bytaxi.C.Bybike.第二节：(共6小题;每小题1.5分，共9分)听下面三段对话，每段对话后有两道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。每段对话你将听两遍。听第5段材料，回答第5至第6小题。5.Whenwillthemanattendtheonlinemeeting?A.Thisafternoon.B.Tonight.C.Tomorrow.6.Whatwillthewomanprobablydonext?A.Watertheflowers.B.Talkabouttheparty.C.Readsomemagazines.听第6段材料，回答第7至第8小题。7.Whatisthenewsinthenewspaper?A.PlantscanspeakEnglish.B.Plantscanrecordnoises.C.Plantscanmakesounds. 8.Whatdoesthewomanthinkofthenews?A.CheerfulB.Comforting.C.Unbelievable.听第7段材料，回答第9至第10小题。9.Whatarethetwospeakerstalkingabout?A.Atrip.B.Anewtent.C.Thegirl’sfamily.10.Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?A.Thegirl’sfatherisacarelessperson.B.Therearethreepeopleinthegirl’sfamily.C.Thegirl’smotherdrovebackhomeforthetent.第三节：(共5小题：每小题1.5分，共7.5分)听下面一段独白，根据题目要求在相应的横线上写下第11题至第15题的关键信息。每小题仅填写一个词。这段独白你将听两遍。HowtoBeatPre-performanceNervesBeprepared●11muchasyoucan◆makeyoufeel12andready13waystocalmdown●findoutwhattechniqueworksforyou◆takealongyourfavorite14◆trybreathingtechniques●makeaplantousethistechniqueTakegoodcareofyourself●getenoughsleepandeat15meals●takemoreexerciseⅡ.完形填空(共15小题;每小题1.5分，共22.5分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。Bradhadn’tseenGrandmaJoyforsixyearssincetheirfierceargument.Athisbrother’swedding,he____1____heragain.Hesawherwalkunsteadilyintothechurchandhelpedhergettotheseat.Buttheydidn’tsaymuch.Sixmonthsafterthewedding,BradhikedtheAppalachianTrail.Hefoundhimself____2____alotabouthisgrandmotherandthetimetheyhadspentatBlueRockStatePark,whichisclosetoherhouse.There,they’dlift rocksintherivertofindfish.Itpuzzledhimwhythat____3____inparticularstayedwithhim.HedecidedtocallGrandmaJoy.Itwouldbetheirfirstreal____4____inyears.Sheinvitedhimoverandhesaid“yes”.Whenthedooropened,everythinginsidelookedthesame.Buthewaslookingatawomanwhohad____5____.Theymadesmalltalk.GrandmaJoysaidthatshehadmany____6____inherlife.OneofthemwasthatexcepthertimeatBlueRockStatePark,she’dneverhadthechancetoseewhatshecalledthegreatoutdoors.Bradlefthisgrandmother’shouseandwentbacktohisroutine.Buthecouldn’thelpthinkingofGrandmaJoyandhersadnessofnotseeingmoreof____7____.Shejustlivedasimplelifethatstoppedattheedgeofthecountyline.Hethoughtitwouldbealifelongpityifhedidn’t____8____her.Thenhecameupwithanideathatevenheknewwas____9____.Hewouldtakehis85-year-oldgrandmaonacampingtriptoanationalpark.Hetoldherhiscrazyidea.Theoldlady____10____himbyasking,“Whendoweleave?”Havingarrivedthere,Bradmadeacampfire.Theysatnexttoeachother,feelingthewarmthandlookingatstars.They____11____thelockboxoftheirpast,talkingaboutfamiliesandfriends,aboutlossandpain.Theytoldeachotherthey’dwastedtoomanyyearsbeing____12____.Sotheydecidedtogoonmoretripstogether.Theyhavenowvisited62nationalparks.Theopenroadprovidedtimeforthepairto____13____theirsecrets.GrandmaJoyhighlyvaluedBrad’scompanyduringthetrips.Shesaidshewouldn’t____14____himforanybody.Now,they’renotjusttravelingpartners,notjustgrandmotherandgrandson,but____15____.1.A.missedB.calledC.praisedD.met2.A.thinkingB.readingC.askingD.expecting3.A.goalB.planC.dreamD.memory4.A.conversationB.partyC.picnicD.creation5.A.agedB.jokedC.hurriedD.succeeded6.A.worriesB.regretsC.wishesD.challenges7.A.artB.natureC.historyD.culture8.A.watchoutforB.keepupwithC.reachouttoD.stayawayfrom9.A.uselessB.incorrectC.impracticalD.unnecessary10.A.annoyedB.surprisedC.disappointedD.embarrassed11.A.lostB.changedC.borrowedD.opened12.A.differentB.distantC.busyD.polite13.A.keepB.forgetC.shareD.record14.A.tradeB.blameC.mistakeD.trouble 15.A.strangersB.competitorsC.relativesD.friends【答案】1.D2.A3.D4.A5.A6.B7.B8.C9.C10.B11.D12.B13.C14.A15.D【解析】【导语】本文是记叙文。自从Brad和奶奶激烈争吵后，Brad已经六年没见过奶奶了。一次在哥哥的婚礼上，他们见面了，开始了多年来的第一次真正的谈话，奶奶告诉Brad，除了蓝石州立公园，她从来没有机会看到过其他野外风景。于是Brad决定带着85岁的奶奶去国家公园露营。如今他们已经参观了62个国家公园，现在他们不只是旅行伙伴，祖孙，还是朋友。【1题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在他哥哥的婚礼上，他又见到了她。A.missed想念；B.called打电话；C.praised赞扬；D.met遇到。由下文“Hesawherwalkunsteadilyintothechurchandhelpedhergettotheseat.(他看见她摇摇晃晃地走进教堂，扶她坐到座位上。)”可知，Brad在哥哥的婚礼上，又见到了奶奶Joy，故选D。【2题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他发现自己想起了很多关于他祖母和他们在离她的房子很近的蓝石州立公园度过的时光。A.thinking思考；想起；B.reading阅读；C.asking询问；D.expecting期待。由下文“alotabouthisgrandmotherandthetimetheyhadspentatBlueRockStatePark,whichisclosetoherhouse.”可知，此处指他想起了很多关于他祖母和他们在蓝石州立公园度过的时光，故选A。【3题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他不明白为什么那段记忆特别难忘。A.goal目标；B.plan计划；C.dream梦想；D.memory记忆力。上文提到作者想起了很多关于他祖母和他们在离她的房子很近的蓝石州立公园度过的时光可知，此处指这段记忆特别难忘。故选D。【4题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这将是他们多年来第一次真正的对话。A.conversation交谈；B.party聚会；C.picnic野餐；D.creation创作。由下文“Sheinvitedhimoverandhesaid“yes”.(她邀请他过来，他答应了。)”，“Theymadesmalltalk.”和上文提到的自从他们激烈争吵后Brad已经六年没见过奶奶了可知，此处指这是Brad和奶奶多年来第一次真正的对话，故选A。【5题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：但他正看着的是一个上了年纪的女人。A.aged变老；B.joked开玩笑；C.hurried匆忙；D.succeeded成功。由上文提到的自从他们激烈争吵后Brad已经六年没见过奶奶了，和“Whenthedooropened,everythinginsidelookedthesame.”以及But可知，前后是转折关系，屋里的一切 都没变，但是奶奶变老了，故选A。【6题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：奶奶乔伊说，她生活中有许多遗憾。A.worries担忧；B.regrets后悔；C.wishes希望；D.challenges挑战。下文“OneofthemwasthatexcepthertimeatBlueRockStatePark,she’dneverhadthechancetoseewhatshecalledthegreatoutdoors.(其中之一是，除了在蓝石州立公园的时候，她从来没有机会看到她称之为的伟大野外。)”讲到除了蓝石州立公园，乔伊奶奶从来没有机会看到过其他的野外景色可知，这是她的遗憾，所以此处指她生活中有很多遗憾，故选B。【7题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是他不禁想起了奶奶乔伊，还有她因为没能多看看大自然而感到悲伤。A.art艺术；B.nature自然；C.history历史；D.culture文化。上文“OneofthemwasthatexcepthertimeatBlueRockStatePark,she’dneverhadthechancetoseewhatshecalledthegreatoutdoors.(其中之一是，除了在蓝石州立公园时候，她从来没有机会看到她所谓的伟大野外景色。)”可知，此处指奶奶因为没能多看看大自然而感到悲伤，故选B。【8题详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：他觉得如果他不帮助她会是一辈子的遗憾。A.watchoutfor当心；B.keepupwith赶得上；与……保持联系；C.reachoutto与……建立联系；帮助某人；D.stayawayfrom远离。由上文“Buthecouldn’thelpthinkingofGrandmaJoyandhersadnessofnotseeingmoreof_____7_____.”以及上文提到的除了蓝石州立公园，乔伊奶奶从来没有机会看到过野外可知，除了蓝石州立公园，奶奶没有机会看到过其他的野外景色，所以作者决定要帮助她去看看自然风光，故选C。【9题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然后他想出了一个连他自己都知道不切实际的主意。A.useless无用的；B.incorrect不正确的；C.impractical不切实际的；D.unnecessary没有必要的。由下文“Hewouldtakehis85-year-oldgrandmaonacampingtriptoanationalpark.Hetoldherhiscrazyidea.(他会带着85岁的奶奶去国家公园露营，他告诉了奶奶他的疯狂想法。)”可知，此处指他想出了一个连他自己都知道不切实际的主意——带着85岁的奶奶去国家公园露营，故选C。【10题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：老太太问他：“我们什么时候走？”，这使他很惊讶。A.annoyed使恼怒；B.surprised使惊讶；C.disappointed使失望；D.embarrassed使尴尬。由下文““Whendoweleave?””和上文提到他想出了一个连他自己都知道不切实际的主意——带着85岁的奶奶去国家公园露营可知，奶奶在听到这个主意后，竟然答应去国家公园露营，这使Brad很惊讶，故选B。【11题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们谈论过去，谈论家人和朋友，谈论失去和痛苦。A.lost丢失；B.changed改变；C.borrowed借；D.opened打开。由下文“thelockboxoftheirpast”可知，此处指他们打开过去的盒子，即谈论过去，故选D。【12题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们互相告诉对方，他们一直互相疏远，这浪费了很多年。A.different不同的；B.distant遥远的；疏远的；C.busy忙的；D.polite礼貌的。第一段提到自从他们激烈争吵后Brad已经六年没见过奶奶了可知，此处指他们过去一直很疏远，故选B。【13题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：开阔的道路为这两个人提供了分享秘密的时间。A.keep保持；B.forget忘记；C.share分享；D.record记录。上文“Theysatnexttoeachother,feelingthewarmthandlookingatstars.They___13____thelockboxoftheirpast,talkingaboutfamiliesandfriends,aboutlossandpain.”可知，此处指Brad和奶奶在参观国家公园时互相分享自己的秘密，故选C。【14题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：她说她不会拿他换任何人。A.trade用……进行交换；B.blame责备；C.mistake误解；D.trouble使忧虑。由上文“GrandmaJoyhighlyvaluedBrad’scompanyduringthetrips.”可知，奶奶很重视Brad的陪伴，所以说她不会拿他换任何人，故选A。【15题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们不只是旅行伙伴，祖孙，还是朋友。A.strangers陌生人；B.competitors竞争者；C.relatives亲戚；D.friends朋友。由上文“they’renotjusttravelingpartners,notjustgrandmotherandgrandson”和上文提到他们互相分享自己的秘密可知，Brad和奶奶不仅仅是旅行伙伴，祖孙，还是朋友，故选D。Ⅲ.阅读理解(共15小题;每小题2分，共30分)阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。AOften,thereisafalseideathatonemustbe“in-the-know”totrulyappreciateartworks.However,fineartopensthedoortoeveryone.Learninghowtolookatandunderstandartworksrequiresustotakethetimetoview,identifyandthink.LookattheArtAsthefirststep,it’snecessarytotakeamomenttoidentifytheartwork’sgeneralfeatures: ●Isitapainting,sculptureorcraftwork?●Doesitappearchaotic(混乱的)ororganized?●Arethecolorsbrightorsoft?IdentifytheArtandArtistKnowingwhenorhowtheartworkwasmadeandlearningsomethingabouttheartistcanrevealmorecontext.WeallknowthefamouspaintingGuernicaisamasterpiececreatedbyPicassoin1937.However,ifwecanfindoutPicassocomposedthepaintingtoreflectabombingduringtheSpanishCivilWar,we’llknowmoreaboutitsanti-warmeaning.Evenifthehistoricalcontextofanartworkisnotobvious,knowingtheyearofitscreationoffersmorecontext.ThinkAbouttheMeaningUsewhatyouobservedinthefirsttwostepstothinkaboutmeaningstheartworkcouldhave.Considerwhatthetitle,thesubjects,orthesymbolsmeanttotheartistwhenheorshecreatedtheartwork.Whatdothecolorssayabouttheartist,andhowdotheyapplytothesubjectsintheart?Forexample,theowlsinLebo’sworksrepresentwisdom,butwhyaretheysobrightlycolored?Inaddition,askhowtheartmakesyoufeel.Manyartistshavespecificmeaningsbehindtheirart,butalsoencourageviewerstocomeupwiththeirownexplanations.Still,everyexplanationisnotautomaticallycorrect,whichiswhythetechniquesdescribedabovearehelpfulinfindingclues.Thenexttimeyou’readmiringaworkofart,keepthesetechniquesinmind,anditsmeaningmayunfoldbeforeyoureyes.16.Whatisthefirststepwhenviewingart?A.Doingsomeresearchontheartist.B.Being“in-the-know”abouttheworkC.Identifyingthework’sgeneralfeaturesD.Knowingtheyearofanartwork’screation17.Whenthinkingaboutthemeaningofanartwork,youshould________.A.explainitfreelyB.chooseatitleforitC.describeittotheviewersD.askhowitmakesyoufeel18.Thepassageisprobablywrittenfor________.A.museumstaffB.galleryvisitorsC.professionalartistsD.exhibitionorganizers【答案】16.C17.D18.B【解析】 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要说明了一些欣赏艺术品的步骤和方法。【16题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Asthefirststep,it’snecessarytotakeamomenttoidentifytheartwork’sgeneralfeatures(作为第一步，有必要花点时间来确定美术作品的一般特征)”可知，看艺术品的第一步是确定作品的一般特征。故选C。【17题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Inaddition,askhowtheartmakesyoufeel.(此外，询问美术作品给你的感觉如何)”可知，在思考一件艺术品的意义时，你应该问问它给你带来了什么感觉。故选D。【18题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Often,thereisafalseideathatonemustbe“in-the-know”totrulyappreciateartworks.However,fineartopensthedoortoeveryone.Learninghowtolookatandunderstandartworksrequiresustotakethetimetoview,identifyandthink.(通常，有一种错误的想法，认为一个人必须“懂行”才能真正欣赏艺术品。然而，美术向每个人敞开了大门。学习如何看待和理解艺术作品需要我们花时间去观看、识别和思考)”以及最后一段“Thenexttimeyou’readmiringaworkofart,keepthesetechniquesinmind,anditsmeaningmayunfoldbeforeyoureyes.(下次当你欣赏一件艺术品时，记住这些技巧，它的意义就会在你眼前展现出来)”结合文章主要说明了一些欣赏艺术品的步骤和方法。可推知，这篇文章可能是为参观画廊的人写的。故选B。BAnuarAbdullahhasalwayshadaspecialfeelingfortheocean.Inthe1980s,hesettledinPerhentianasadivinginstructorandfellinlovewithcorals.Twicedaily,hewentouttosea,stayingunderwaterforaslongashisoxygensupplyallowed.Helearnedtheshapesandtextures(纹理)ofcoralreefslongbeforeheknewtheirLatinnames.Hestudiedthelivingconditions—thewatertemperature,thesunshine,thediversity(多样性)ofoceanlife—andsawhowjustoneofthosefactorscouldbringaboutlarge-scaledeath.Abdullahspenttwodecadesexperimentingwithhowtogrowcoralreefsintheocean.Hedidn’thaveadegreeinmarine(海洋的)biologyoraresearchlab,buthehadhisownways.Almostallthematerialsheusedtogrowcoralscamedirectlyfromtheocean.Hedidn’tusesteelpipesorbricks—whichhecouldn’tafford—instead,hegatheredrocksfromtheseafloor,pilingthemsotheywouldn’tbeknockeddownbytidalwaves.Whileothersmightdependonalabtobreaklivecoralintopiecesthatwereinturnusedforgrowing,hesearchedforbrokenpiecesofcoralinexistingreefsandfixedthemtotherocksusinganimal-friendlyglue.Whenheneededothermaterials,hestartedbysearchingthebeachforwaste.Everyday,thelocalssawhimonhiskneesexaminingcoralsintheocean.Sometimes,hepickeduparockto whichhehadfixedapieceofcoralseveralweeksearlier,andsaidveryquietly,“Mylittleacropora(鹿角大珊瑚),howareyoudoingtoday?”Thelocalswhisperedabouthowhe’dspentdaysinthewaterspeakingtocoralsasiftheywerepeople.“EveryonethoughtIwasstupid,”saidAbdullah,“ButIknewIwasdoingthemostimportantthingintheworld.”Actually,Abdullahwasright.Now,inaworldrapidlylosingitscoralreefstoclimatechangeandenvironmentaldamage,hehasbecomeanincreasinglyinfluentialexpertonhowtobringthembacktolife.ThousandshavetraveledfromaroundtheworldtolearnfromAbdullahhowtogrowcorals,withsomeeventuallyleavingtheirjobstojoinhisprojectsfulltime.Withhis700activevolunteers,hehasalreadysavedabout125acresofcoralreefs.19.Abdullahwentouttoseatwicedailyto________.A.studycoralreefsB.havedivingtrainingC.checkhisoxygensupplyD.sharehisfeelingsforthesea20.Abdullah’swayofgrowingcoralsis________.A.eco-friendlyandpracticalB.traditionalandindirectC.high-techandaffordableD.scientificandexpensive21.FromthepassageweknowthatAbdullah________.A.searchedforwastetomakealivingB.receivedadegreeinmarinebiologyC.talkedtoeveryoneaboutcoralreefsD.becameanexpertoncoralprotection22.Whatcanwelearnfromthestory?A.Anyonewithadreamisamazing.B.Achievementprovidestruepleasure.C.Anindividualcanmakeadifference.D.Thestrongmanisstrongestwhenalone.【答案】19.A20.A21.D22.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了AnuarAbdullah致力于研究和保护珊瑚礁工作，他创造出了环保又实用的种植珊瑚的方法，同时影响更多的人参与到保护珊瑚礁的工作中。【19题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Twicedaily,hewentouttosea,stayingunderwaterforaslongashisoxygensupplyallowed.Helearnedtheshapesandtextures(纹理)ofcoralreefslongbeforeheknewtheirLatinnames.(他每天两次出海，只要氧气供应允许，他就呆在水下。早在他知道珊瑚礁的拉丁名字之前，他就了解了珊瑚礁的形状和结构)”可知，阿卜杜拉每天两次出海研究珊瑚礁。故选A。【20题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Almostallthematerialsheusedtogrowcoralscamedirectlyfromtheocean.Hedidn’tusesteelpipesorbricks—whichhecouldn’tafford—instead,hegatheredrocksfromtheseafloor,pilingthemsotheywouldn’tbeknockeddownbytidalwaves.(他用来种植珊瑚的几乎所有材料都直接来自海洋。他没有使用钢管或砖块——因为他负担不起——相反，他从海底收集岩石，把它们堆起来，这样它们就不会被潮汐击倒)”可知，阿卜杜拉种植珊瑚的方法既环保又实用。故选A。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Now,inaworldrapidlylosingitscoralreefstoclimatechangeandenvironmentaldamage,hehasbecomeanincreasinglyinfluentialexpertonhowtobringthembacktolife.(如今，由于气候变化和环境破坏，世界上的珊瑚礁正在迅速消失，在如何让珊瑚礁起死回生方面，他已经成为一名越来越有影响力的专家)”可知，阿卜杜拉成为了珊瑚保护方面的专家。故选D。【22题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“ThousandshavetraveledfromaroundtheworldtolearnfromAbdullahhowtogrowcorals,withsomeeventuallyleavingtheirjobstojoinhisprojectsfulltime.Withhis700activevolunteers,hehasalreadysavedabout125acresofcoralreefs.(成千上万的人从世界各地来到这里，向阿卜杜拉学习如何种植珊瑚，其中一些人最终辞去了工作，全职加入他的项目。与他的700名志愿者一起，他已经拯救了大约125英亩的珊瑚礁)”结合文章主要说明了AnuarAbdullah致力于研究和保护珊瑚礁工作，他创造出了环保又实用的种植珊瑚的方法，同时影响更多的人参与到保护珊瑚礁的工作中。可知，故事告诉我们个人可以有所作为。故选C。CHaveyoueverwishedyoucouldbebetterorganizedormoresociable?Perhapsyou’reaconstantworrier,andyou’dprefertobealittlemorecarefree?Actuallyatleast2/3ofpeoplewouldliketochangesomeelementsoftheirpersonality.Inthepast,suchdesiresappearedtobefruitless.One’spersonalitywasthoughttobeformedinchildhoodandtoremainfixedthroughouthisentirelife.RecentresearchfrompsychologyprofessorNathanHudsonandhiscolleagues,however,challengesthisexpectationofafixedpersonality.Withtherightpsychologicalstrategiesandenougheffort,theysay,manypeoplecansuccessfullyshapetheirdesiredpersonality.Theirinterventions(干预)typicallyinvolverecommendingregularactivitiesthatreflectthepersonalitytraits(特征)peoplewishtoadopt.Introvertswhowishtobemoreoutgoing,forexample,mighthavethegoalofintroducingthemselvestoastrangeronceaweek,ormakingsmalltalkwiththecashierinthesupermarket.Someonewhowishestobemoreorganizedanddisciplinedmightbeaskedtocarefullydouble-checkanemailbeforesendingit,ortowriteato-dolistbeforegoingtobed. Whilethesetasksmayseeminsignificant,theaimisforthethinkingpatternsandbehaviorstheyproducetobecomehabitual.Andtheevidencesofarsuggestsitworksremarkablywell.Inone15-weektrialof400people,participantsacceptedanaverageoftwochallengeseachweek.Aftertheycompletedthosetasks,theirtraitsshiftedinthedesireddirection,accordingtoapersonalityquestionnaire(调查问卷).Theunexpectedpersonalitychangeshouldbegoodnewsforanyonewhowishestheywereabitmoresociable,organized,orhappy-go-lucky.Anotherpotentialbenefitisthatawarenessofthisresearchcouldhelpimprovementalhealth.Peoplealwaysbelievenegativefeelingsarejustpartofwhotheyareandthereislittletheycandotochangethem.Butwhatifeducatingpeopleabouttheirpotentialforpersonalitychangecouldplacethemonamorepositivetrack?Totestthisidea,Harvardprofessorofpsychology,JohnWeisz,andhispartnerselectedagroupof100teenagerswhohadpreviouslyshownsignsofanxietyordepression.Theytookacomputerizedcoursethatexplainedthescienceofbrainplasticity(可塑性),andwerethengivenworksheetstostrengthenwhattheyhadlearned.WhenWeiszcheckedinontheteens’mentalhealthninemonthslater,thestudentsreportedasignificantdecreaseintheiranxietyanddepressioncomparedwiththosewhohadinsteadtakenpartinacourseon“emotionalexpression”.Whetheryouarestrugglingwithseriousissuesorsimplywanttopolishoffyourrougheredges,rememberthatcharacteriswithinyourownhandsandyouhavethepowertobecomewhatyouwanttobe.23.Accordingtothepassage,anoldbeliefaboutpersonalityisthat________.A.mostpeoplearesatisfiedwiththeirpersonalityB.sociableororganizedpeoplearemorepopularC.childhoodhasnothingtodowithpersonalityD.peoplecan’tchangetheirpersonalitytraits24.InNathanHudson’sresearch,participants________.A.becamemoreawareoftheirmentalhealthB.formednewthinkingpatternsandbehaviorsC.reportedtheircompletedtasksinthequestionnaireD.wereadvisedtoworkascashiersinthesupermarket25.JohnWeisz’sstudyismentionedto________Hudson’sresearch.A.questiontheresultofB.makeacomparisonwith C.explainthemethodusedinD.showanadditionalbenefitof26.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.MentalIssues:MorethanMeetstheEyeB.Personality:ItIsNotSetinStoneC.YourPersonalityShapesYourFutureD.AGreatCureforMentalProblems【答案】23.D24.B25.D26.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现，该研究表明通过正确的心理策略和足够的努力，许多人可以成功地塑造他们想要的个性。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Inthepast,suchdesiresappearedtobefruitless.One’spersonalitywasthoughttobeformedinchildhoodandtoremainfixedthroughouthisentirelife.(在过去，这样的愿望似乎是徒劳的。一个人的个性被认为是在童年时期形成的，并在他的一生中保持不变。)”可知，关于个性，过去人们总是认为那是在童年时期形成的，并保持不变。故选D。【24题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Whilethesetasksmayseeminsignificant,theaimisforthethinkingpatternsandbehaviorstheyproducetobecomehabitual.Andtheevidencesofarsuggestsitworksremarkablywell.Inone15-weektrialof400people,participantsacceptedanaverageoftwochallengeseachweek.Aftertheycompletedthosetasks,theirtraitsshiftedinthedesireddirection,accordingtoapersonalityquestionnaire(调查问卷).(虽然这些任务看起来微不足道，但目标是让他们产生的思维模式和行为成为习惯。迄今为止的证据表明，它的效果非常好。在一项有400人参加的为期15周的试验中，参与者平均每周接受两次挑战。根据一份性格调查问卷显示，在他们完成这些任务后，他们的性格会朝着预期的方向转变。)”可知，在Nathan的研究中，参与者形成了新的思维模式和行为。故选B。【25题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第六段“Butwhatifeducatingpeopleabouttheirpotentialforpersonalitychangecouldplacethemonamorepositivetrack?Totestthisidea,Harvardprofessorofpsychology,JohnWeisz,andhispartnerselectedagroupof100teenagerswhohadpreviouslyshownsignsofanxietyordepression.(但是，如果教育人们人格改变的潜力可以让他们走上更积极的道路呢？为了验证这一观点，哈佛大学心理学教授JohnWeisz和他的搭档选择了一组100名青少年，他们之前都有焦虑或抑郁的迹象。)”以及文章第七段“WhenWeiszcheckedinontheteens’mentalhealthninemonthslater,thestudentsreportedasignificantdecreaseintheiranxietyanddepressioncomparedwiththosewhohadinsteadtakenpartinacourseon“emotionalexpression”.(当Weisz在9个月后检查这些青少年的心理健康时，与那些参加“情绪表达” 课程的学生相比，这些学生的焦虑和抑郁明显减少。)”可知，JohnWeisz的研究显示了Hudson研究的另一个好处，也就是可以改善心理健康。故选D。【26题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“RecentresearchfrompsychologyprofessorNathanHudsonandhiscolleagues,however,challengesthisexpectationofafixedpersonality.Withtherightpsychologicalstrategiesandenougheffort,theysay,manypeoplecansuccessfullyshapetheirdesiredpersonality.(然而，心理学教授NathanHudson和他的同事最近的研究挑战了这种固定性格的预期。他们说，通过正确的心理策略和足够的努力，许多人可以成功地塑造他们想要的个性。)”以及文章最后一段“Whetheryouarestrugglingwithseriousissuesorsimplywanttopolishoffyourrougheredges,rememberthatcharacteriswithinyourownhandsandyouhavethepowertobecomewhatyouwanttobe.(无论你是在与严肃的问题作斗争，还是只是想擦亮自己的锋芒，记住，性格掌握在你自己手中，你有能力成为你想成为的人。)”可知，本文主要介绍的是个性并不是一成不变的，我们可以通过正确的心理策略和足够的努力成功地塑造我们想要的个性。故选B。DAcomerstoneofenvironmentalpolicyisthedebateoverprotectingnatureforhumans’sake(instrumentalvalues)orfornature’s(intrinsicvalues).Weproposethatfocusingonlyoninstrumentalorintrinsicvaluesmayfailtoresonate(引起共鸣)viewsonpersonalandcollectivewell-being,or“whatisright,”aboutnatureandtheenvironment.Itistimetoengageseriouslywithathirdclassofvalues,onewithdiverserootsandcurrentexpressions:relationalvalues.Bydoingso,wereframethediscussionaboutenvironmentalprotection,andopenthedoortonew,potentiallymoreproductivepolicyapproaches.Inphilosophicalterms,relationalvaluesarepreferences,principles,andvirtuesassociatedwithrelationships,bothinterpersonalandasrequiredbypoliciesandsocialnorms.Relationalvaluescanapplytointeractionswithnature.Somepeople’sidentitiesarerootedinlong-termcareandstewardship,suchasvolunteerriver-keepers,gardenersorfarmers.Otherpeopleandsocialorganizationsholdworldviewsthatvaluekinship(亲属关系)betweenpeopleandnature.Theysubscribetotheconceptsof“MotherNature,”“MotherEarth,”andsoon.Also,manypeoplebelievethattheirculturalidentityandwell-beingoriginatefromtheirrelationshipswithhumanandnonhumanbeings,connectedbyparticularplaces.Caringforandattendingtoplacescanbeextremelyimportantformaintainingculturalpracticesandcorevalues.Accordingtotheseviews,thevalueofthelandisnotindependentofhumans.Therefore,environmentalpolicyandmanagementshouldalwaysconsiderthekindsofrelationshipspeoplealreadyhavewithnature,andhowthesemightbeengagedtolessenthenegativeeffectsofhumanlifestylesonecosystemsandenhancepositiveones.Forexample,thebondbetweenparentorteacherandchildcanserveasa channelforsocialnorms,encouragingrespectandpassionfornature,throughactivitiesincludingfishingandhunting,gardening,hiking,orbird-watching.Itisalsopossibletodevelopvaluesandrelationshipsthroughlong-termandrepeatedexperienceswithpeergroups,bylaboringonthelandortakingpartinoutdooradventure.Bondingisstrengthenedthroughplay,struggling,suffering,andcelebratingtogether.Relationalvaluesarefinallyreceivingattention.Ifactivists,researchers,policymakers,andprivate-sectorleadersinternalizethismessage,perhapsenvironmentaldecisionswillbetteraccountforourrelationshipswithnatureandmanyconceptsofagoodlife.Attendingtosuchvaluesiskeytotherealinclusionofdiversegroupsinenvironmentalprotection,andtoachievingsocial-ecologicalrelationshipsthatprovidefulfillinglivesforpresentandfuturegenerations.27.Accordingtotheauthor,relationalvalues________.A.aretraditionalexpressionswithalonghistoryB.providemoreproductivephilosophicalapproachesC.helpreflectontherightviewsaboutprotectingnatureD.provetobeaneffectivewaytoimprovetheenvironment28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“stewardship”inParagraph3mean?A.Management.B.Friendship.C.Application.D.Happiness.29.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Outdooradventuremaydamagesocialrelationships.B.Theparent-childbondusuallyleadstonewsocialnorms.C.Thevalueofthelandisrelatedtohumaninteractionswithit.D.Humanlifestyleswillhavemorenegativeeffectsonecosystems.30.What’sthepurposeofthepassage?A.Toencourageenvironmentalprotectionthroughgroupwork.B.Toproposenewvaluesforenvironmentalpolicymaking.C.Tostresstheimportanceofabetterlivingenvironment.D.Tocomparedifferentenvironmentalprotectionvalues.【答案】27.C28.A29.C30.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“关系价值”这一概念，只关注工具价值或内在价值可能无法引起人们对个人和集体福祉的共鸣，或者对自然和环境的“正确”看法。通过关系价值，我们可以重新构建关于环境保护的讨论，并为新的、可能更有成效的政策方法打开了大门。 【27题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Itistimetoengageseriouslywithathirdclassofvalues,onewithdiverserootsandcurrentexpressions:relationalvalues.Bydoingso,wereframethediscussionaboutenvironmentalprotection,andopenthedoortonew,potentiallymoreproductivepolicyapproaches.(现在是认真对待第三类价值观的时候了，它有着不同的根源和当前的表现形式：关系价值观。通过这样做，我们重新构建了关于环境保护的讨论，并为新的、可能更有成效的政策方法打开了大门)”可知，关系价值观有助于反思保护自然的正确观点。故选C。【28题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“suchasvolunteerriver-keepers,gardenersorfarmers.”可知，列举了志愿的河流管理员、园丁或农民，说明有些人的身份根植于长期的照顾和管理，故划线词意思是“管理”。故选A。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Accordingtotheseviews,thevalueofthelandisnotindependentofhumans.(根据这些观点，土地的价值不是独立于人类的)”以及倒数第二段“Itisalsopossibletodevelopvaluesandrelationshipsthroughlong-termandrepeatedexperienceswithpeergroups,bylaboringonthelandortakingpartinoutdooradventure.Bondingisstrengthenedthroughplay,struggling,suffering,andcelebratingtogether.(通过在土地上劳动或参加户外冒险，与同伴群体长期和反复的经历，也可以发展价值观和关系。通过玩耍、挣扎、痛苦和共同庆祝，纽带得以加强)”可知，土地的价值与人类与土地的互动有关。故选C。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Relationalvaluesarefinallyreceivingattention.Ifactivists,researchers,policymakers,andprivate-sectorleadersinternalizethismessage,perhapsenvironmentaldecisionswillbetteraccountforourrelationshipswithnatureandmanyconceptsofagoodlife.(关系价值最终得到了关注。如果活动人士、研究人员、政策制定者和私营部门领导人将这一信息内化，也许环境决策将更好地解释我们与自然的关系以及许多美好生活的概念)”可推知，文章的目的是为制定环境政策提出新的价值。故选B。第Ⅱ卷(共65分)Ⅰ.选词填空(共7小题;每小题2分，共14分)用方框中单词的适当形式完成下列句子，每个单词只能用一次。firmtruebravesleepsurvivecreatefrighten31.Hewasgivenamedalforhis________inthebattle. 32.Withapaleface,Amywastoo________describethecaraccidenttothepolice.33.Idon’tthinkyouaretellingmethewhole________aboutwhathappened.34.Whenyoufirstmeetsomeone,besuretoshakehishand________andlookdirectlyintohiseyeswithasmile.35.Researcherssaythatthetreesnowhavea________rateof85%.36.InthepaintingTheStarryNight,weseea________villageandadark,lonelytreebeneaththeamazingsky.37.________inkingisveryimportantforadvertisementdesign.【答案】31.bravery32.frightened33.truth34.firmly35.survival36.sleeping37Creative【解析】【31题详解】考查名词。句意：他因在战斗中表现英勇而被授予一枚奖章。结合句意表示“英勇”可知应填名词bravery，作宾语，不可数。故填bravery。【32题详解】考查形容词。句意：埃米脸色苍白，非常害怕，向警察描述了车祸的经过。结合句意表示“害怕”可知应填-ed结尾的形容词frightened，作表语，修饰人。故填frightened。【33题详解】考查名词。句意：我认为你没有告诉我所发生事情的全部真相。结合句意表示“真相”可知应填名词truth，作宾语，由the可知，此处特指这件事的真相，应用单数。故填truth。【34题详解】考查副词。句意：当你第一次见到某人时，一定要坚定地和他握手，直视他的眼睛，面带微笑。结合句意表示“坚定地”可知应填副词firmly，作状语修饰动词shake。故填firmly。【35题详解】考查名词。句意：研究人员表示，这些树现在的存活率为85%。结合句意表示“存活”可知应填名词survival，作定语修饰rate，survivalrate意为“存活率”。故填survival。【36题详解】 考查形容词。句意：在《星夜》这幅画中，我们看到一个沉睡的村庄和一棵黑暗、孤独的树在奇妙的天空下。结合句意表示“沉睡的”可知应填形容词sleeping，作定语修饰名词village。故填sleeping。【37题详解】考查形容词。句意：创意油墨在广告设计中是非常重要的。结合句意表示“创意”可知应填形容词creative，作定语。首字母大写。故填Creative。Ⅱ.语法填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分)在未给提示词的空白处填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。38.________(hear)thisnews,Marygotextremelyexcited.(用所给词的适当形式填空)【答案】Hearing【解析】【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：听到这个消息，玛丽非常兴奋。分析句子可知，空处作句子的时间状语，是非谓语动词，hear和Mary逻辑上是主动关系，应用hear的现在分词形式hearing，且空处位于句首，hearing首字母应大写。故填Hearing。39.Whenheenteredhisoffice,hefoundthewindow________(break).(所给词的适当形式填空)【答案】broken【解析】【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：当他走进办公室时，发现窗户被打破了。此处是非谓语动词作宾语补足语，thewindow和动词break是被动关系，应用过去分词作宾语补足语，故填broken。40.Therearemany________(share)bikesattheentranceofthesubway.(所给词的适当形式填空)【答案】shared【解析】【详解】考查形容词。句意：地铁入口处有很多共享单车。根据句意，设空处应用形容词shared，意为“分享的，共有的”，作前置定语，修饰主语bikes。故填shared。41.Youshouldnotrisk________(lose)yourcurrentjobbytryingtogetanewone.(用所给词的适当形式填空)【答案】losing【解析】【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：你不应该冒着丢掉现有工作的风险去找一份新工作。根据“risk”可知，此处用固定短语riskdoingsth.，意为“担……的风险，冒……的风险”，空处应用lose的动名词形式losing，作risk的宾语。故填losing。42.Askingquestions________(be)theeasiestwaytopromoteactivelearning.(所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】is【解析】【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：提问是促进主动学习最简单的方法。主语是Askingquestions，为动名词作主语，看成第三人称单数，句子描述一般性事实，应用一般现在时，故填is。43.Gracewillneverforgettheday________shewasadmittedtotheuniversity.(用适当的词填空)【答案】when##onwhich【解析】【详解】考查定语从句。句意：Grace永远不会忘记被大学录取的那一天。分析句子结构，______shewasadmittedtotheuniversity.是一个定语从句，修饰先行词theday，从句缺少时间状语，应用关系副词when引导从句，或用“介词+which”，表示“在具体某天”用介词on。故填when##onwhich。44.Theconstantlyrisingsealevelisoneofthereasons________wemusttakeactiontoprotecttheenvironment.(用适当的词填空)【答案】why【解析】【详解】考查定语从句。句意：海平面的不断上升是我们必须采取行动保护环境的原因之一。定语从句修饰先行词reasons，在从句中作原因状语，应用why。故填why。45.YuanLongpingwasanadmirableagriculturalscientist,from________manyyoungpeoplehavedrawngreatinspiration.(用适当的词填空)【答案】whom【解析】【详解】考查定语从句。句意：袁隆平是一位令人钦佩的农业科学家，许多年轻人从他身上得到了很大的启发。此处为介词+关系代词结构非限制性定语从句修饰先行词YuanLongping，作介词的宾语，指人，故用whom。故填whom。46.Iwonder________Ishouldaccepttheofferornot.(用适当的词填空)【答案】whether【解析】【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：我不知道我是否应该接受这份工作。分析句子可知，空处填连词引导宾语从句，根据句意和ornot可知填whether“是否”，whether...ornot“是不是”，故填whether。47.Itiswidelybelieved________childrenwillhavebetterexamresultsinschooliftheylearntoreadearly.(用适当的词填空)【答案】that 【解析】【详解】考查主语从句。句意：人们普遍认为，如果孩子们早点学会阅读，他们在学校的考试成绩会更好。Itiswidelybelievedthat...是固定句型，意为“人们普遍认为……”，it是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句，从句句意完整，成分齐全，所以用that引导主语从句，故填that。Ⅲ.完成句子(共5小题;第63、64题每题2分，第65、66、67题每题3分，共13分)根据括号中所给提示完成下列句子。48.我们的车在回家的路上坏了。(breakdown)(汉译英)【答案】Ourcarbrokedownonthewayhome.【解析】【详解】考查动词短语，介词短语，一般过去时，副词，代词。根据所给汉语提示，“我们的车”英语表达“ourcar”，“汽车抛锚，坏掉”英语表达为“breakdown”，“在……的路上”可使用介词短语表达，即“ontheway”，此处“回家的路上”可使用介词短语+副词的结构，即“onthewayhome”，根据所给汉语提示可是，此句描述过去发生的事情，因此需要使用一般过去时。故答案为：Ourcarbrokedownonthewayhome.49.由于天气恶劣，这个航班取消了。(dueto)(汉译英)【答案】Theflightwascancelledduetobadweather.【解析】【详解】考查介词短语和时态语态。句子描述过去发生的事，应用一般过去时。“由于”为短语dueto，“天气恶劣”翻译为badweather，作介词短语dueto的宾语，“这个航班”为theflight作主语，“取消”为动词cancel，此处表示被取消，应用一般过去时的被动语态，故整句翻译为Theflightwascancelledduetobadweather.。50.世界上很多大城市都交通堵塞为患。(sufferfrom)(汉译英)【答案】Manyoftheworld’smajorcitiessufferfromtrafficjams.【解析】【详解】考查动词短语和时态。句子描述一般性事实，应用一般现在时，“世界上很多大城市”作主语，翻译为Manyoftheworld’smajorcities，“交通堵塞为患”翻译为sufferfromtrafficjams，主语是复数，谓语动词suffer应用原形，故整句翻译为Manyoftheworld’smajorcitiessufferfromtrafficjams.。51.我买不起这本书了，因为我的钱用完了。(runoutof)(汉译英)【答案】Ican’taffordthebookbecauseI’verunoutofmoney.【解析】【详解】考查固定短语和时态。“我买不起这本书了”为主句，描述一般性事实，应用一般现在时，“买 不起”为动词afford，“这本书”为thebook，主句翻译为Ican’taffordthebook，“因为我的钱用完了”为because引导的原因状语从句，“用完”为短语runoutof，“钱”为money，从句用现在完成时，翻译为becauseI’verunoutofmoney，故整句翻译为Ican’taffordthebookbecauseI’verunoutofmoney.。52.经理不在的时候，他将负责这个部门的工作。(takechargeof)(汉译英)【答案】Hewilltakechargeofthedepartmentwhenthemanagerisaway.【解析】【详解】考查时态和动词短语。“经理不在的时候”为when引导的时间状语从句，描述一般性事实，应用一般现在时，翻译为whenthemanagerisaway，“他将负责这个部门的工作”描述将来发生的事，应用一般将来时，“负责”为takechargeof，“这个部门”翻译为thedepartment，故整句翻译为Hewilltakechargeofthedepartmentwhenthemanagerisaway.。Ⅳ.阅读表达(共4小题;每小题2分，共8分)阅读下面的短文和问题，根据短文内容，在相应题号后的横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。答语要意思清楚，结构正确，书写工整。Tom’swifeusuallydoestheshopping,butshehadtheflusoTomwentinstead.Selectingthefruitsandvegetableswentfine,butwhenhegottothebreadsection,hehadtrouble,becausetherewereover60varietiestochoosefrom.Tomcompareddifferenttypesandexaminedthedifferences.After10minutesofcarefulconsideration,hepickedonethatseemedliketheperfectchoice.However,hehadtorepeattheprocessfortherestoftheshoppinglist.Bythetimehehadfinishedandpaidforeverything,hewastiredandupset.WhydidTomhavethiskindofexperience?Accordingtobehavioraleconomicsresearchalthoughhavingsomeoptionsmakesusfeelgood,oncewegetbeyondthatsmallnumber,themorechoiceswehave,thelesshappywefeel.Thecauseofourunhappinesshasitsrootinonetypicaljudgmenterrorwemake—ournaturalreactionspreferavoidinglossestomakinggains.Thisisprobablybecauseofourevolutionary(进化的)background;ourmindsevolvedforthesavanna(热带草原)environment,notforourmodemshoppingcontext.Duetothis,whenwehavelotsofoptions,wefeelanxiousaboutmakingthewrongchoiceandlosingoutonthebestone.Diggingintoresearchonfactorsthatmakeashoppingtripanunhappyexperiencehelpsusimproveourbuyingdecisions.Whenchoosingwhattobuy,thenumberonetechniqueinvolvessatisficinginsteadofmaximizing.Maximizingbehaviorreferstofindingtheperfectoptionwhenshopping.Maximizerscompareallavailableoptionstomakesurethattheygetthebestdealintermsofperformance,price,andsoon.Theyhavehigh expectations,andtheyhopethattheproductwillmeettheirexpectations.It’stheoppositeforsatisficers.Theysetcertainminimalcriteria(最低标准)thatneedtobemet,thensearchforthefirstavailableproductthatmeetsthecriteria.Theylookforproductsthatare“goodenough”insteadof“perfect”.Whentheyfocuson“goodenough”,theirbrainautomaticallyhighlightsthepositives,andlowerstheexpectations.Researchshowsthatmaximizingbehaviorresultsinlesshappiness,lesssatisfaction,andmoreregretthansatisficing.Tobehappier,satisficeandlimityourchoices.Makeashortlistthatcomparesareasonablenumberofoptionsanddoesn’tincludeeveryproductavailable.Afterall,there’snosuchthingastheperfectdeal.53.WhydidTomhavetroubleselectingbread?(不多于9个单词)_______________________________________________________________________________________54.Accordingtothewriter,whatisthejudgmenterrorthatcausesourunhappiness?(不多于9个单词)_______________________________________________________________________________________55.Whatproductsdosatisficerslookfor?(不多于11个单词)_______________________________________________________________________________________56.Doyouagreethatsatisficersarehappierinlife?Whyorwhynot?(单词数不限)_______________________________________________________________________________________【答案】53.Becausetherewereover60varietiestochoosefrom.54.Ournaturalreactionspreferavoidinglossestomakinggains.55.Thefirstavailableproductthatmeetstheminimalcriteriatheyset.56.Yes,Iagreesatisfiersarehappierinlife.Becausethesatisfierslookforproductsgoodenoughinsteadofperfect,sotheirbrainhighlightsandlowerstheexpectations.【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为什么人们选择越多的时候，反而会越不快乐。53题详解】考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“Selectingthefruitsandvegetableswentfine,butwhenhegottothebreadsection,hehadtrouble,becausetherewereover60varietiestochoosefrom.(挑选水果和蔬菜很顺利，但当他走到面包区时，他遇到了麻烦，因为有60多种可供选择。)”可知，Tom选择面包的时候遇到了麻烦是因为有60多种面包可供选择。故答案为Becausetherewereover60varietiestochoosefrom。【54题详解】考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“Thecauseofourunhappinesshasitsrootinonetypicaljudgmenterrorwe make—ournaturalreactionspreferavoidinglossestomakinggains.(我们不快乐的根源在于我们犯的一个典型的判断错误——我们的自然反应是避免损失而不是获利。)”可知，作者所谓的判断错误指的是我们的自然反应是避免损失而不是获利。故答案为Ournaturalreactionspreferavoidinglossestomakinggains。【55题详解】考查推理判断。根据文章第六段“It’stheoppositeforsatisficers.Theysetcertainminimalcriteria(最低标准)thatneedtobemet,thensearchforthefirstavailableproductthatmeetsthecriteria.Theylookforproductsthatare“goodenough”insteadof“perfect”.(满足者的情况正好相反。他们设置需要满足的最小标准，然后搜索满足标准的第一个可用产品。他们寻找“足够好”而不是“完美”的产品。)”可知，满足者会设置需要满足的最小标准，然后找寻满足标准的第一个可用产品。故答案为Thefirstavailableproductthatmeetstheminimalcriteriatheyset。【56题详解】开放题。要求考生谈谈满足者是否会更快乐以及原因，考生言之有理即可。故参考答案为Becausethesatisfierslookforproductsgoodenoughinsteadofperfect,sotheirbrainhighlightsandlowerstheexpectations。Ⅴ.书面表达(20分)57.假设你是红星中学高一(1)班班长李华。你们班计划开展“创建环境友好校园（CreateanEnvironmentally-FriendlyCampus）”活动，打算邀请交换生Jim参加。请你用英文给他写一封电子邮件，内容包括：1.活动的意义；2.活动的安排。注意：1.词数不少于80；2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。DearJim,_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,LiHua【答案】DearJim,Howareyourecently?KnowinganactivityentitledCreateanEnvironmentally-FriendlyCampuswillbe organizednextweek,I’mwritingtoinviteyoutoattendit.Theactivitywilllastforawholeweekandvariousactivitieswillbeheld.Atfirst,speechesabouthowtocreateanenvironmentally-friendlycampuswillbedeliveredbystudents.Then,therewillbeacompetitioncalledWhichClassIstheCleanest.Theclassperformingthebestwillbeawardedaprize.Surely,thisactivitycancallforstudentstoprotectourcampus,thuscreatingacomfortableandcleanenvironmentwherestudentscandevotethemselvestostudying.Besides,thisactivitycanimprovestudents’awarenessofprotectingtheenvironment.Lookingforwardtoyourreply.Yours,LiHua【解析】【导语】本文是应用文。假设你是红星中学高一(1)班班长李华。你们班计划开展“创建环境友好校园（CreateanEnvironmentally-FriendlyCampus）”活动，打算邀请交换生Jim参加。请你用英文给他写一封电子邮件，内容包括：1.活动的意义；2.活动的安排。【详解】1.词汇积累各种各样的：various→avarietyof比赛：competition→contest呼吁：callfor→appealto此外：Besides→Inaddition2.句式拓展简单句变复合句原句：Then,therewillbeacompetitioncalledWhichClassIstheCleanest.拓展句：Then,therewillbeacompetitionthatiscalledWhichClassIstheCleanest.【点睛】【高分句型1】KnowinganactivityentitledCreateanEnvironmentally-FriendlyCampuswillbeorganizednextweek,I’mwritingtoinviteyoutoattendit.(运用了非谓语动词作状语和省略连接词that的宾语从句)【高分句型2】Surely,thisactivitycancallforstudentstoprotectourcampus,thuscreatingacomfortableandcleanenvironmentwherestudentscandevotethemselvestostudying.(运用了非谓语动词作状语和where引导的定语从句)