上海市行知中学2021-2022学年高一英语下学期线上期末考试试题（Word版附解析）

上海市行知中学2021学年第二学期期末线上随堂质量检测高一英语（本试卷满分100分，考试时间90分钟）I.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】A.Shehasbeenleftbehindinherwork.B.Shekeepshermobilephoneathome.C.Shedoesfewthingswithhermobilephone.D.Shehasboughtthelatestmodelofmobilephone.【答案】C【解析】【原文】M:Howquicklytechnologychanges.Peoplenowdomanythingswiththeirmobilephones.W:IknowIfeelsobehindthetime.Q:Whatcanbelearnedaboutthewoman?2.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】A.Theyneedn’tdresssimilarly.B.Theyshouldn’tdresstooinformally.C.Thewomanhadbetteravoidjeans.D.Themanislookingforanewjacket.【答案】B【解析】【原文】W:It’sallrighttowearjeansforaclasspresentation,isn’tit?M:That’swhatI’mwearing.Butifwewearjacketstoo,maybewewon’tlooksocasual. Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?3.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】A.He’sexpectingtomeethisboss.B.Hehadafightwithhisboss.C.He’salwaysinagoodmood.D.Hereceivedagoodevaluation.【答案】D【解析】【原文】W:What’supwithDonald?I’veneverseenhimsohappy.M:Hisbossgaveperformanceevaluationsthismorning.Q:WhatcanbeleanedaboutDonald?4.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】A.Sheremainsstrictwithothers.B.Sheisself-conscious.C.Sheisnarrow-minded.D.Shehastroublecommunicating.【答案】C【解析】【原文】W:IreallylikeEmma.Nothingseemstoworryorupsether.M:Butshe’snotverygoodatacceptingnewideasoropinions,whichwouldbeabitofaproblem,workingwithsomanynewpeople.Q:WhatdoesthemansayaboutEmma?5.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】A.Hedoesn’thavetimetoread.B.Hehasnoreadingpreferences.C.Hedislikeswhatthewomanlikesreading.D.Helikestowriteessaysonsocialtopics.【答案】C【解析】【原文】W:ThereisnothingIlikemorethanagoodmysterynovelwhenI’vegotsomesparetime.M:Iliketoreadtoo.ButIprefernon-fiction:history,social,commentaryandstufflikethat. Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?6.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】A.Askafriendforthenameofahairstylist.B.Getherhaircutat12:00.C.Makeanappointmentwithsomeoneelse.D.Callanotherhairsalon.【答案】B【解析】【原文】W:Hello,couldyoufitmeinforanappointmenttoday?Ineedastylistwho’sgoodatcuttingstraighthair.M:Judyisgoodatthat.Sheistheowner.Howaboutthenoon?Q:Whatwillthewomanmostprobablydo?7.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】A.Askthemantofixherrefrigerator.B.Findarepairpersonsoon.C.Getabookonhowtomakerepairs.D.Waittoseeiftheproblemdisappears.【答案】B【解析】【原文】M:Thatnoiseinyourrefrigeratordoesn’tsoundgood.Maybeyoushouldhaveitcheckedout.W:Youareright.AndIsupposeI’veputitofflongenough.Q:Whatwillthewomanmostprobablydo?8.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】A.Sheneedsanewhatandgloves.B.Themanhadbetterputawayhiswinterclothes.C.Theweatherwillcontinuetobecold.D.Shewonderswhattheweatherwillbeliketomorrow.【答案】C【解析】【原文】M:It’snotgoingtosnowagaintomorrow,isit?Itwassupposedtobewarmallweek. W:IfyougobytheforecastthatIheard,youshouldn’tputyourcoatandhatawayquiteyet.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?9.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】A.Cancelhisappointments.B.Rescheduleoneofhisappointments.C.Keepbothmeetingsshort.D.Prepareforthemeetingatbreakfast.【答案】B【解析】【原文】M:I’vegottwodifferentappointmentsatlunchtomorrow.I’msupposedtomeetbothDavidandJim.W:Whydon’tyoumakeoneofthemabreakfastmeeting?Q:Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?10.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】A.He’dprefernottowalktoclass.B.Hedoesn’tspendenoughtimestudyingC.Hedoesn’tthinktheweatherisnice.D.Hehaslittletimeforoutdooractivities.【答案】D【解析】【原文】W:Thisspringweatherisperfectforplayingtennis.M:Unfortunately,theonlytimeIgettoenjoyitiswhenI’mwalkingtoclassortothelibrary.Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?SectionBDirections:InsectionB.youwillheartwoshortpassagesandalongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedsomequestionsonthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwicebutthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】11. A.Howshe/hepreparesapresentation.B.Whatagoodpresentationshouldbelike.C.Whyitisnecessarytogivepresentations.D.Whenshe/hemustshortenhis/herpresentation.12.A.Torespondtothequestionsinaproperway.B.Toaddsomefunintoher/hispresentation.C.Toremindherself/himselfofthekeypoints.D.Todrawtheattentionoftheaudience.13.A.Stayingbothcalmandserious.B.Smilingwhilefacingtheaudience.C.Makingsomenecessaryadjustments.D.Keepingtowhathasbeenprepared.【答案】11.A12.C13.C【解析】【原文】Igivealotofpapersatconferencestoallkindsofdifferentaudiences,withdifferentlevelsofEnglishanddifferentlevelsofexperience.Sometimestheaudiencewillallbeveryfluent,verywell-qualifiedandveryknowledgeable,othertimesthey’llbeslightlylessfamiliarwiththefield.Iusuallytalkforbetween45minutesandanhourandit’shardtokeeppeople’sattentionforthatlong,soImakesureIknowwhatI’mgoingtosaylikethebackofmyhand!Iwritethewholetalkoutonmycomputerfirst,wordforword,asI’mgoingtosayit.ThenIre-writeitontolittlepostcards,cuttingafewbitsout.Thenfinally,intherun-uptoactuallygivingthetalk,Ireadthesecardsoverandoverandoveragaintofixthethinginmymind.IstillrefertothecardswhenI’mtalking,butonlyasaguide.Knowingthetalkthiswellisthekeytoitall,really.ItmeansIcansaysomethingnotpresentedonthecardsandrespondmoretotheaudience,adaptthingsasIfeelfit.Ithinkit’sreallyimportanttotailorthingstosuittheaudience,tomakesuretheycanrelatetowhatyou’resaying.It’salsogoodtoinjectafewlaughsintothetalkifyoucan,keepitlight.Somepeopleseemtoforgetthatyoucanbeserious,butstillhavefun!Questions 1.Whatisthespeakermainlytalkingabout?2.Whydoesthespeakerpreparethepostcards?3.Accordingtothespeaker,whichofthefollowingisimportantwhilegivingapresentation?听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】14.A.1973.B.36,500.C.20.D.300,000.15.A.Workers’wagesincreaselargelyeveryyear.B.Moremoneyisspentoncitizenswelfare.C.Foreigninvestmentisfavoured.D.Businessactivityisregulated.16.A.Ireland’seconomicgrowth.B.Ireland’sfuturedevelopment.C.Ireland’samazinghistory.D.Ireland’straditionalvalues.【答案】14.B15.C16.A【解析】【原文】AccordingtoarecentsurveycarriedoutbyTheEconomistmagazine,Irelandisbyfarandawaythebestcountryintheworldtolivein.OnceIrelandjoinedtheEUin1973,thefoundationsforeconomicgrowthstartedtobeputintoplace.The1990ssawtheeconomicmiraclefinallyarrive—atotaltransformationinIreland’seconomicfortuneswasborn.Thecountryexperiencedyear-on-yeargrowthofalmosttenpercentandnowhasthefourth-highestGDPperheadintheworld—amassive36.5thousanddollarsperperson.Coupledwiththishasbeenahugedropinunemploymentfrom20percent15yearsagotoaroundfourpercenttoday,allofwhichhasmeantDublin’snewspapersnowcomewithever-expandingjobsectionsandthecountryislookingtoimportupto300thousandnewworkersinthenextfewyears.Inmanyways,IrelandistheperfectadvertisementforthepoliciesoftheIMFandtheWorldBankasitisoneofthefeweconomiesthathasopeneditselfuptofreetrade,foreigninvestmentandunregulatedbusinessactivity,cutwelfarespendingandcheckedwageincreasesandyetstillmanagedtoboom.Itisthis,coupledwiththetraditionalvaluesoffamilyandcommunitylife,whichhavepulledsomanypeoplebacktotheoldcountry. Questions1.Accordingtothepassage,whatisIreland’sGDPperhead?2.WhichofthefollowingistrueconcerningthepolicyadoptedinIreland?3.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】17.A.Runningacoffeeshop.B.Managingconferences.C.Writingarticlesforamagazine.D.Workingforarestaurant.18.A.Toapplyforabankloan.B.Toinvestinhisbusiness.C.Tofindaplaceforhiscafeteria.D.Toenjoyamusicconcertwithhim.19.A.£25,000.B.£12,500.C.£10,000.D.£50,000.20.A.HaveatalkwithRob.B.Lookatthebusinessplan.C.Learnhowtosetupabusiness.D.CalculatetheprofitRobhasmade.【答案】17.C18.B19.D20.B【解析】【原文】W:So,howdidtheconferencego?Didtheylikeyourtalk?M:Er,yes,Ithinkso.Nobodywalkedout,anyway.W:Well,that’sgood.So,urn,yousaidthatyouhadsomethinginterestingtotellme.M:Er,yeah.IhaddinnerwithRoblastnight.W:Yes,yousaid.How’shedoing?M:Well,he’sself-employednow—amagazinecolumnist,thatsortofthing.ButRobtoldmethathewasplanningtosetuphisownbusiness.W:Really?Whatkindofbusiness?M:Hewantstoopenacoffeeshop.Youknow,withsofas,newspapers,goodmusic,healthyfood,Wi-Fi—somewhereyoucanreallyrelax.W:Oh,right.M:Andhere’sthething.RobaskedmeifIwantedtogointobusinesswithhim. W:Sowhydoesheneedyou?M:He’slookingforsomeonetoinvestinthebusiness.HesaidhecouldraisehalfofthemoneyandhewantedtoknowwhetherIcouldcomeupwiththeotherhalf.W:Howmuchexactly?M:Twenty-fivethousandpounds.W:What?!Whereoneartharewegoingtogetthatkindofmoney?M:Well,we’vegottenthousandsavedup,andwecould,urn,takeoutabankloanfortherest.W:I’mnotsure.It’sahugerisk.M:Well,Iaskedhowlongitwouldtakeforthebusinesstomakeaprofit.Hethoughtaboutsixmonths,maybeless.W:DoesRobknowanythingaboutsettingupabusiness?M:Ithinkso.Look,he’sgivenmeacopyofhisbusinessplan.Wecangothroughittogetherthisevening,ifyoulike.Questions1.WhatisRobdoingtomakealiving?2.WhatdoesRobinvitethemantodo?3.HowmuchdoesRobneedinalltobeginhisownbusiness?4.Whatdoesthemansuggestheandthewomandotonight?II.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Ifcitieswerepeople,Chengduwouldbea“happydrifter(流浪汉)____21____ambition”.That’saccordingtopopularChineseonlinewriterMurongXuecun.It’stheleisurelyandslow-pacedlifestyle____22____putthecapitalcityofSichuanonthelistofthe21must-gotouristdestinationsof2017byUStravelmagazineNationalGeographic.OneofthegreatestpleasuresinChengduisitsfood.Famousfortheuseofthetongue-numbingSichuanesepeppercornandhotchilliesChengdudishesareanobsessionforlocals.“____23____is moreimportanttoChengdupeoplethanfood,”DuLi,aprofessorattheSichuanHigherInstituteofCuisine,toldtheGuardian.“Theydesire____24____(search)outsmallrestaurantsinout-of-the-wayplaces____25____(specialize)injustacoupleofdishes.”Infact,accordingtoWangXudong,editor-in-chiefofSichuanCuisinemagazine,Chengduhasthehighestdensityofrestaurantsofanycityintheworld-therearearound40,000.NowonderitbecamethefirstAsiancitythat____26____(name)asacityofGastronomy(美食)byUNESCOin2010.Anotherimportantpartofdailylifeisthecity’steahouses,____27____localsdomuchmorethanjustdrinktea.Theyarealsoaplacetodobusiness,meetwithfriends,showoffpetbirds,listentoChuanjuorSichuanopera,and____28____(importantly),playmahjong.Asalocalsayinggoes,“Ifyoucan’tfindsomeone,heorsheis____29____playingmahjong,oronthewaytoplaymahjong.”“Feet_____30_____(stretch)outinarattanchairwithaglassofteaatthemahjongtable,theirlivesareafleetingdusk.”TheTelegraphnoted.【答案】21.without22.that23.Nothing24.tosearch25.specializing26.wasnamed27.where28.mostimportantly29.either30.stretched【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了成都悠闲、慢节奏的生活方式，以及成都的美食和茶馆。【21题详解】考查介词。句意：如果把城市比作人，成都就是一个“快乐而没有抱负的流浪者”。后跟名词作宾语，表示“没有”应用介词without。故填without。【22题详解】考查强调句。句意：正是这种悠闲、慢节奏的生活方式，让四川省省会成都被美国旅游杂志《国家地理》评选为2017年21大必去旅游目的地之一。去掉itis和设空处句子依然完整，由此可知此处为强调句“itbe+被强调部分+that(强调人可用who)+其他”，被强调部分为“the leisurelyandslow-pacedlifestyle”应用that。故填that。【23题详解】考查代词。句意：四川高等烹饪学院教授杜丽在接受《卫报》采访时表示：“对成都人来说，没有什么比食物更重要了。”此处为“否定代词+比较级”表示最高级含义，表示“没有什么”应用nothing，句首单词首字母要大写。故填Nothing。【24题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：“他们希望在偏僻的地方找到专营几道菜的小餐馆。”此处为短语desiretodosth.表示“希望做某事”。故填tosearch。【25题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：“他们希望在偏僻的地方找到专营几道菜的小餐馆。”分析句子结构可知specialize在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语restaurants构成主动关系，故用现在分词作定语。故填specializing。【26题详解】考查固定短语和时态。句意：难怪2010年它成为第一个被联合国教科文组织命名为“美食之都”的亚洲城市。空处为定于从句的谓语动词，结合上文itbecame可知为一般过去时，先行词thefirstAsiancity与name之间是被动关系，且谓语动词的数与先行词保持一致，用单数。故填wasnanmed。【27题详解】考查定语从句。句意：茶馆是成都日常生活的另一个重要组成部分，在那里，当地人不仅仅是喝茶。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词teahouses，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where引导。故填where。【28题详解】考查固定短语。句意：它们也是做生意、会友、炫耀宠物鸟、听川剧、最重要的是打麻将的地方。作状语，表示“最重要的是”短语为mostimportantly。故填mostimportantly。【29题详解】考查代词。句意：当地有句俗话说：“如果找不到人，他或她不是在打麻将，就是在打麻将的路上。”结合句意表示“要么……要么……”短语为either…or…。故填either。【30题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：“两脚伸在藤椅上，在麻将桌边喝着一杯茶，时间不知不觉就到了黄昏。”《每日电讯报》说。分析句子结构可知stretch在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑 主语feet构成被动关系，故用过去分词作状语。故填stretched。SectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.mechanicalB.frustrationC.matchD.representE.coupledF.expressionsG.flexibleH.dramaticI.interactionJ.constructedK.sculpturesThefieldofroboticsisfast-growing.Robotscannowperformcomplicatedmovementswithelegance-back-flipping,practicingparkourmoves,even“carving”classical____31____.Thenthere’sSophia,arobotwhosewidespreadappealliesnotinbig,____32____actions,butratheranunsettlinghuman-likeappearance,____33____withthecomplexabilitytoexpressemotions.“We’renotfullythereyet,butSophiacan____34____anumberofemotionalstates,andshecanalsoseeemotionalexpressionsonahumanfaceaswell,”explainsDavidHanson,thefounderofHansonRobotics.AccordingtoHanson,Sophianowhassimulationsofeverymajormuscleinthehumanface,allowinghertogenerateexpressionsofjoy,grief,curiosity,confusion,____35____,contemplation,sorrow,amongotherfeelings.“Insomeoftheworkwe’redoing,shewillseeyourexpressionsandsortof____36____alittlebitandalsotrytounderstandinherownway,whatitisyoumightbefeeling,”saysHanson.Besidesdeeplearningandapre-programmedsetofexpressions,Sophia’sfaceis____37____usingthelatestdevelopmentsinmaterialtechnology,meaningitappearssofter,more____38____andtherefore,morerealistic.Thelabalsostudiestheneurobiology(神经生物学)andbiologyofhumanfacialexpressionstohelpinformhow____39____onescanbehave.“Sheisatoolforscienceinstudyinghumantohuman_____40_____,andshe’snowaplatformforallowingAItoexpressnatural-likehumanemotionalstates,whichissomethingwe’redeveloping.TrueemotiveAI,”saysHanson.【答案】31.K32.H33.E34.D35.B36.C 37.J38.G39.A40.I【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一款机器人，它拥有和人类相似的外观，并且能够表达人类的情感。【31题详解】考查名词。句意：机器人现在可以完成复杂的动作，优雅地翻转背部，练习跑酷动作，甚至“雕刻”古典雕塑。根据句意和句中“carving”可知，应该是“雕刻”古典雕塑，“sculpture”意为“雕塑品”，为可数名词，句中“雕刻”的不止一个古典雕塑，故应用“sculpture”的复数形式“sculptures”。故选K项。【32题详解】考查形容词。句意：还有索菲亚，一个机器人，其广泛的吸引力不在于大和引人注目的动作，而是一个令人不安的人类般的外观，连同表达情感的复杂能力。分析句子可知，“actions”为名词，前面应用形容词修饰，根据句意可知，应该是“引人注目的”动作，“dramatic”意为“引人注目的”，形容词词性，作定语，符合语境。故选H项。【33题详解】考查固定短语。句意：还有索菲亚，一个机器人，其广泛的吸引力不在于大和引人注目的动作，而是一个令人不安的人类般的外观，连同表达情感的复杂能力。根据句意可知，句中涉及固定短语“becoupledwith…”，意为“连同……”，句中有谓语动词“lies”，故空格处应用非谓语动词，“appearance”和“couple”为逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用“couple”的过去分词“coupled”。故选E项。【34题详解】考查动词。句意：汉森机器人公司的创始人大卫·汉森解释说：“我们还没有完全做到这一点，但索菲亚可以展现许多情绪状态，她还可以看到人脸上的情绪表情。”分析句子可知，空格处应用动词，作谓语，根据句意可知，应该是“展现”许多情绪状态，“represent”意为“展现”，动词词性，“can”为情态动词，后接动词原形，故空格处应填“represent”。故选D项。【35题详解】考查名词。句意：据汉森说，索菲亚现在模拟了人类面部的每一块主要肌肉，使她能够产生喜悦、悲伤、好奇、困惑、沮丧、沉思、悲伤等情感的表达。分析句子可知，空格处应用名 词，作介词“of”的宾语，根据句意可知，空格处应填人类的某种情感，“frustration”意为“沮丧”，为不可数名词，符合语境。故选B项。【36题详解】考查名词。句意：汉森说：“在我们正在做的一些工作中，她会看到你的表情和某种程度上的匹配，并试图以她自己的方式理解你可能的感受。”分析句子可知，空格处应用名词，作介词“of”的宾语，根据句意可知，句中指某种程度上的“匹配”，“match”意为“相配的人（或物）”，名词词性，符合语境。故选C项。【37题详解】考查动词和被动语态。句意：除了机器学习和预先编程的表情外，索菲亚的脸是利用材料技术的最新发展创建的，这意味着它看起来更柔软、更灵活，因此更逼真。根据句意可知，句中指索菲亚的脸是利用材料技术的最新发展“创建”的，“construct”意为“创建”，动词词性，句中“face”和“construct”为被动关系，故应用一般现在时的被动语态，空格处应用“construct”的过去分词“constructed”。故选J项。【38题详解】考查形容词。句意：除了机器学习和预先编程的表情外，索菲亚的脸是利用材料技术的最新发展创建的，这意味着它看起来更柔软、更灵活，因此更逼真。分析句子可知，“appear”为系动词，空格处应用形容词，作表语，根据句意可知，应该是“更灵活”，“flexible”意为“灵活的”，形容词词性。故选G项。【39题详解】考查形容词。句意：该实验室还研究了人类面部表情的神经生物学和生物学，以帮助了解机械表情的行为方式。分析句子可知，空格处应用形容词，作定语，根据句意可知，应该是“机械的”表情，指机器人展现的表情，“mechanical”意为“机械的”，形容词词性。故选A项。【40题详解】考查名词。句意：汉森说：“她是研究人与人之间交互的科学工具，现在她是一个平台，允许人工智能表达像人类一样自然的情感状态，这是我们正在开发的。真正的有情感的人工智能。”分析句子可知，空格处应用名词，作宾语，根据句意可知，句中指人与人之间“交互”的科学工具，“interaction”意为“交互作用（影响）”，为不可数名词。故选I项。III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:Foreachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrases markedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Peopleoftensaythat“failureisthemotherofsuccess”.Thisclichémighthavesometruthtoitbutit____41____tellsushowtoactuallyturnalossintoawin,saysEmmanuelManalo,aprofessorofeducationalpsychologyatKyotoUniversityinJapan.Asaresult,hesays,“Weknowweshouldn’tgiveupwhenwefail-but____42____wedo.”ManaloandManuKapur,aprofessoroflearningsciencesattheSwissFederalInstituteofTechnologyZurich,puttogetheraspecialissueofthejournalThinkingSkillsandCreativitylastDecemberon____43____failure.Theissue’s15studiesprovideteachersandeducationalresearcherswithaguidefor____44____success.Onestudyreported,forexample,thatthesoonerandmoreoftenstudentsfailatatasksuchasbuildingarobot,thesoonertheycan____45____andimprove.Anotherconfirmedthatfeedbackonfailuresismost____46____whenthegivercomesacrossascaring,andthereceiverispreparedtoweathernegativeemotions.Manaloandhisco-authorsalsocontributedtheirownstudyfocusedonovercomingonefundamental,everydayformoffailure:not____47____atask.Theyasked131undergraduatestowriteanessayabouttheirschoolexperiences.Halfofthestudentsreceived____48____forstructuringtheirwriting,andhalfwerelefttotheirowndevices.All,however,were____49____beforefinishing.Afterward,theresearchersfoundthatthoseinthestructuredgroupweremoremotivatedtocompletetheiressays,comparedwiththosewholackedguidance-evenifthelatterwere____50____tobeingdone.Knowinghowtofinish,____51____,wasmoreimportantthanbeingclosetofinishing.Theresearchersnamedthisfinding“theHemingwayeffect”fortheauthor’sself-reported____52____tostopwritingonlywhenheknewwhatwouldhappennextinthestory-soastoavoidwriter’sblockwhenhereturnedtothepage.Manalobelievesthatleaninghowtofailtemporarilycanhelppeopleavoidbecoming____53____failuresatmanytasks,suchascompletingadissertation,learningalanguageorinventinganewtechnology.Demystifyingfailureandteachingstudentsnotto____54____itmakegoalsmoreattainable,saysStephanieCouch,executivedirectoroftheLemelson-MITProgram,anonprofitorganizationdedicatedtodevelopingandsupportinginventors.Couch,whoseworkwasalsofeaturedinthespecialissue,____55____thatwe“shouldreallybethinkingoffailureaspartofaprocessofiteratingtowardsuccess.” 41.A.hardlyB.vividlyC.undoubtedlyD.intentionally42.A.bycontrastB.inrealityC.withquestionD.afterall43.A.benefitingfromB.accountingforC.contributingtoD.runninginto44.A.celebratingB.evaluatingC.achievingD.predicting45.A.dashbackwardB.standbyC.runawayD.moveforward46.A.instantB.constructiveC.informalD.sincere47.A.completingB.reportingC.handlingD.assigning48.A.instructionsB.approvalC.grantsD.training49.A.stoppedB.examinedC.signaledD.guided50.A.closerB.subjectC.devotedD.crucial51.A.neverthelessB.moreoverC.inotherwordsD.inparticular52.A.reluctanceB.eagernessC.tendencyD.ability53.A.inevitableB.permanentC.worthwhileD.perceived54.A.comprehendB.fearC.overcomeD.pursue55.A.doubtsB.recallsC.addsD.challenges【答案】41.A42.B43.A44.C45.D46.B47.A48.A49.A50.A51.C52.C53.B54.B55.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于如何将失败转变为成功的研究。【41题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：日本京都大学教育心理学教授伊曼纽尔·马纳洛(EmmanuelManalo)说，这个陈词滥调可能有些道理，但它几乎不能告诉我们如何真正地把失败变成胜利。A.hardly几乎不；B.vividly生动地；C.undoubtedly无疑地；D.intentionally故意地。根据上文“Thisclichémighthavesometruthtoitbut(这个陈词滥调可能有些道理，但是)”可知，此处与上文是转折关系，所以此处用hardly表示“几乎不”能告诉我们如何把失败变成胜利，符合语境。故选A项。 【42题详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：因此，他说，“我们知道失败时不应该放弃——但实际上我们确实放弃了。”A.bycontrast相比之下；B.inreality事实上；C.withquestion带着疑问；D.afterall毕竟。分析句意再根据空格前的but可知，此处与上文是转折关系，所以用inreality表示“事实上”我们确实放弃了，符合语境。故选B项。【43题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：去年12月，马纳洛和瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院(SwissFederalInstituteofTechnologyZurich)的学习科学教授马努·卡普尔(ManuKapur)在《思维技能与创造力》(ThinkingSkillsandCreativity)杂志上合编了一期从失败中获益的特刊。A.benefitingfrom受益于；B.accountingfor解释、占比；C.contributingto有助于；D.runninginto撞上、遭遇。根据下文“Theissue’s15studiesprovideteachersandeducationalresearcherswithaguide(该问题的15项研究为教师和教育研究人员提供了指南)”可知，这个特刊是从失败中“受益”的特刊，所以此处在介词on后用benefitingfrom表示“受益于”符合语境。故选A项。【44题详解】考查动名词词义辨析。句意：该问题的15项研究为教师和教育研究人员获得成功提供了指南。A.celebrating庆祝；B.evaluating评估；C.achieving实现；D.predicting预测。根据空格前的guide和空格后的success可知，介词for后面用achieving表示“实现”成功，符合语境。故选C项。【45题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：例如，一项研究报告称，学生在制造机器人等任务中失败得越快、次数越频繁，他们就能越早进步和提高。A.dashbackward落后；B.standby袖手旁观；C.runaway跑开、逃走；D.moveforward前进、进步。此处用moveforward表“进步”与and后面的improve构成并列关系。故选D项。【46题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：另一项研究证实，对于失败的反馈，当给予者表现出关怀，接受者准备好承受负面情绪时，是最有建设性的。A.instant立刻的；B.constructive建设性的；C.informal非正式的；D.sincere诚挚的。根据下文的“whenthegivercomesacrossascaring,andthereceiverispreparedtoweathernegativeemotions.(当给予者表现出关怀，接受者准备好经受负面情绪)”可知，这种情况下是最佳状态，即是有建设性意义的。故选B项。【47题详解】 考查动名词词义辨析。句意：Manalo和他的合著者也贡献了他们自己的研究，专注于克服一种基本的、日常形式的失败：没有完成任务。A.completing完成；B.reporting报告；C.handling处理；D.assigning分配。根据上文的everydayformoffailure可知，这是一种失败，所以此处用completing与前面的not连用表示“没有完成”任务，符合语境。故选A项。【48题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：其中一半的学生接受了关于写作结构的指导，另一半则由他们自己决定。A.instructions指导、说明；B.approval赞同；C.grants津贴；D.training培训。根据下文的“structuringtheirwriting(构建他们的写作)”可知，此处应该是指导构建写作，所以此处用instructions表示接受“指导”符合语境。故选A项。【49题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，所有这些在完成之前都被叫停了。A.stopped停止；B.examined检查；C.signaled发信号；D.guided指导。根据上文的however可知，此处是表转折，所以此处用stopped表示“被叫停”符合语境。故选A项。50题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：之后，研究人员发现，与缺乏指导的人相比，结构化组的人更有动力完成他们的论文——即使后者更接近完成。A.closer靠近的；B.subject主题；C.devoted热衷的；D.crucial至关重要的。根据evenif可知，即使后者更“接近”完成。故选A项。【51题详解】考查副词和连词辨析。句意：换句话说，知道如何完成比接近完成更重要。A.nevertheless然而、不过；B.moreover此外、而且；C.inotherwords换句话说；D.inparticular尤其、特别。分析句式结构可知，此处是插入语，再分析句意，此处用inotherwords表示“换句话说”符合语境。故选C项。【52题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员将这一发现命名为“海明威效应”，因为作者自我报告称，只有当他知道故事接下来会发生什么时，他才会有停止写作的倾向，从而避免当他回到页面时出现写作障碍。A.reluctance不情愿、勉强；B.eagerness渴望、热心；C.tendency趋势、倾向；D.ability能力。根据下文“whenheknewwhatwouldhappennextinthestory(当他知道故事接下来会发生什么时)”可知，此处指发展趋势和倾向，所以用tendency表示停止写作的“倾向”，符合语境。故选C项。【53题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：马纳洛认为，学习如何暂时失败可以帮助人们避免在许多任务中成为永久性的失败，比如完成论文、学习一门语言或发明一项新技术。A.inevitable不可避免的；B.permanent永久的；C.worthwhile值得做的；D.perceived感知到的。根据下文“failuresatmanytasks,suchascompletingadissertation,learningalanguageorinventinganewtechnology.(在许多任务上的失败，比如完成论文、学习一门语言或发明一项新技术)”可知，这些是永久性的失败，所以此处用permanent表示“永久的”符合语境，故选B项。【54题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：勒梅尔森-麻省理工项目(Lemelson-MITProgram)的执行董事斯蒂芬妮·库奇(StephanieCouch)说，揭开失败的神秘面纱，教学生不要害怕失败，可以让目标更容易实现。勒梅尔森-麻省理工项目是一个致力于开发和支持发明家的非营利组织。A.comprehend理解、领悟；B.fear害怕、畏惧；C.overcome克服；D.pursue追求。根据上文“Demystifyingfailure(解密失败)”和空格前的not可知，此处用fear与前面的not连用表示教给学生不要“害怕”失败，符合语境。故选B项。【55题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：库奇的工作也出现在特刊上，他补充说，我们“真的应该把失败视为迈向成功的迭代过程的一部分。”A.doubts怀疑；B.recalls回忆；C.adds补充说；D.challenges挑战。根据上文14题可知，库奇已经说了一句话，所以此处用add指“补充说道”。故选C项。SectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A) ThewriterMartinBaileybelievesVincentvanGoghdrewinspirationfromHokusai’sTheGreatWavewhenhepaintedoneofhismostdazzlingandcelebratedworks,StarryNight.Sidebyside,thesimilaritiesareobvious.IntheHokusai,BaileypointsoutthatthewavetowersoverthevolcanicpeakofMountFuji.IntheVanGogh:“TheswirlingmassintheskyhurtlestowardsthemoregentleslopesofLesAlpilles.”ItisknownbyarthistoriansthatVanGoghhadapassionforJapaneseartandwasakeencollectorofJapaneseprints.HeparticularlyadmiredHokusai’sTheGreatWavewhichistodayoneofthemostrecognizableandreproducedartworksofall.StarryNightwaspaintedinthesummerof1889whenVanGoghwasinasmallmentalasylumontheoutskirtsofSaint-Rémy-de-Provence.“Ididresearchontheotherpatientsintheasylumandtheywereallinaterriblestatesoitmusthavebeenvery,verydifficultforhimtoadjusthislife.Ithinkitwasartwhichkepthimsaneandgavehimareasontolive.”HepaintedStarryNightinJune,inspiredbythenightskythathelookedupatthroughthebarsofhiscellandthestunningProvencelandscapewithitswheatfields,cypresstreesandolivegroves.BaileyarguesthatVanGoghwasalsoinspired,possiblyunconsciously,byhismemoriesofTheGreatWave.“Hedidn’thavetheprintwithhimbutheobviouslyremembereditingreatdetail.Hehadaverystrongvisualmemory.”Bailey,however,insiststhatthecomparisonshouldnotbeseenasdiminishingthebrillianceofStarryNight.Thepaintingwas“aworkofimaginationwithallsortsofconsciousandunconsciouselementswhichmusthavecomeintoVincent’smindwhenhewasdoingthepainting.”“Itissurprisingnoonehasmadethiscomparisonbefore.I’veputittoanumberofHokusaiandVanGoghexpertsandtheyhaveallsaiditisaveryinterestingtheory.Itisdifficulttoprovebutmyfeelingisthatitishighlylikely.”StarryNightistodayregardedasoneofVanGogh’struemasterpiecesalthoughtheartisthimselfneverregardeditthatway.“Itisincredible,”saidBailey.“IfyougototheMuseumofModernArtinNewYorkwhereStarryNightisondisplaytherearemorepeoplewiththeircamerasoutinfrontofitthanprobablyanyoftheotherpaintingsthere.“Whowouldimaginesomeonelivinginamentalasylumwouldbeabletopaintsuchamarvelouswork?”56.WhichofthefollowingclaimsmayMartinBaileysupport? A.StarryNightisamasterpieceinspiredbyTheGreatWavetosomeextent.B.TheexistenceofTheGreatWavemakesStarryNightlessbrilliant.C.StarryNightwascreatedbasedonthegeneralideaofTheGreatWave.D.TheGreatWaveandStarryNighthavenothingincommon.57.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemainsimilaritybetweenthetwopaintings?A.BothofthemwerecreatedinmentalasylumsB.Bothofthemdepictedanaturallandscape.C.Bothofthemimpresspeoplewiththenaturalpowertheyembody.D.BothofthemdrewtheirmainelementsfromJapan.58.AccordingtoMartinBailey,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutStarryNightistrue?A.VanGoghsoldStarryNighttomakeendsmeet.B.ThepaintingwascreatedwhenVanGoghwasinthewheatfield.C.TheprintofTheGreatWavecarriedbyVanGoghinspiredhimtodrawStarryNight.DTheuniqueabilitytomemorizepaintingdetailsmighthavehelpedVanGoghcompleteStarryNight.59.Whatcanbeinferredfrom“Whowouldimaginesomeonelivinginamentalasylumwouldbeabletopaintsuchamarvelouswork?”A.Thoselivinginmentalasylumshavenochancetocreategreatworks.B.Itisastonishingthatartistsareabletocreatemasterpiecesinterriblesurroundings.C.Thenegativeinfluenceofthesurroundingsurgeartiststodrawbetter.D.Onlythosestayinginmentalasylumsareabletopaintsuchanincrediblybeautifulmasterpiece【答案】56.A57.C58.D59.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了梵高创作《星月夜》的过程及《星月夜》这幅画作可能从葛饰北斋的《神奈川冲浪里》中获得了灵感。【56题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段内容“ThewriterMartinBaileybelievesVincentvanGoghdrewinspirationfromHokusai’sTheGreatWavewhenhepaintedoneofhismostdazzlingandcelebratedworks,StarryNight.”(作家马丁·贝利认为，文森特·梵高在创作他最耀眼、最著名的作品之 一《星月夜》时，从葛饰北斋的《神奈川冲浪里》中获得了灵感。)可知，马丁·贝利认为，文森特·梵高的作品《星月夜》从葛饰北斋的《神奈川冲浪里》中获得了灵感，由此可知，马丁·贝利可能支持的是《星月夜》是一部在一定程度上受到了《神奈川冲浪里》启发的杰作。故选A项。【57题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段内容“Sidebyside,thesimilaritiesareobvious.IntheHokusai,BaileypointsoutthatthewavetowersoverthevolcanicpeakofMountFuji.IntheVanGogh:“TheswirlingmassintheskyhurtlestowardsthemoregentleslopesofLesAlpilles.””(比较两幅作品，相似之处显而易见。在葛饰北斋的《神奈川冲浪里》中，贝利指出，海浪高耸在富士山的火山峰上。在梵高的《星月夜》中：“天空中的漩涡冲向阿尔卑斯山更为平缓的斜坡。”)可知，这两幅画的主要相似之处是它们都体现了给人留下深刻印象的自然力量，《神奈川冲浪里》中海浪高耸在富士山的火山峰上，《星月夜》中天空中的漩涡冲向阿尔卑斯山更为平缓的斜坡，由此可知，这两幅画的主要相似之处是它们都以其所体现的自然力量给人们留下深刻印象。故选C项。【58题详解】细节理解题。根据第六段关键句“BaileyarguesthatVanGoghwasalsoinspired,possiblyunconsciously,byhismemoriesofTheGreatWave.“Hedidn’thavetheprintwithhimbutheobviouslyremembereditingreatdetail.Hehadaverystrongvisualmemory.””(贝利认为，梵高的灵感也来自于他对《神奈川冲浪里》的记忆，这可能是无意识的。“他没有带《神奈川冲浪里》的版画，但他显然记得很详细。他有很强的视觉记忆。”)可知，贝利认为，梵高拥有对绘画很强的视觉记忆，这使他记住了《神奈川冲浪里》的细节，在无意识中赋予他灵感，帮助他创造出《星月夜》，由此可知，根据马丁·贝利的说法，梵高独特的记忆绘画细节的能力可能帮助他完成了《星月夜》。故选D项。【59题详解】推理判断题。根据第五段关键句“HepaintedStarryNightinJune,inspiredbythenightskythathelookedupatthroughthebarsofhiscellandthestunningProvencelandscapewithitswheatfields,cypresstreesandolivegroves.”(他在六月画了《星月夜》，灵感来自他透过牢房的栏杆仰望的夜空，以及普罗旺斯令人惊叹的麦田、柏树和橄榄林景观。)可知，梵高创造《星月夜》时身处精神病院的牢房中，条件很艰苦，但却创造出伟大的作品，由此可知，从“Whowouldimaginesomeonelivinginamentalasylumwouldbeabletopaintsuchamarvelouswork?”(谁能想象一个 住在精神病院的人能画出这么了不起的作品？)这句话中我们可以得知，令人惊讶的是，艺术家能够在恶劣的环境中创作杰作。故选B项。(B)2019SpringEvaluationScheduleforLearnToSkateMT.KENTICECENTER*900MOONAVENUE*LEVARDCITY,RI02916(103)561-4363www.mtkent.orgWHO:SkatersofallagesandabilitiesAnyPreschool&Kindergarten-agedchildwhohasnevertakenlessonsattheMt.KentIceCenterneedstomakeanappointmenttobeevaluated.Anyonefirstgradeorabovedoesnotneedanevaluation.Theonlineregistrationfeaturedoesnotapplytotheregistrationforevaluation.EVALUATIONS:Evaluationshelptodeterminebothreadinessandclassplacement.Uponcompletionoftheevaluation,itisrecommendedthatyouregisterforclasseswithacoachintheicecenteroffice.AvarietyofdaysandtimesfortheevaluationsarealsolistedonlineandattheIceCenter.Evaluationregistrationmaybedoneinpersonorbyphoneat103-561-4363.EVALUATIONDATESANDTIMEDAYEVALUATIONDATESTIMEEVALUATIONFEESaturdayMarch9,201912:00p.m.$5.00SundayMarch10,201912:00p.m.$5.00MondayMarch11,201910:00a.m.or1:00p.m.$5.00WednesdayMarch13,201910:00a.m.or1:00p.m.$5.00ThursdayMarch14,201910:00a.m.orl:00p.m.$5.00Additionaldaysandtimesmaybeadded—tobedeterminedbyManagementREFUNDPOLICY:Refundrequestsmustbemadeaminimumof7daysbeforethescheduledappointment.Seewww.mtkent.orgfordetails. EVALUATIONREGISTRATION:Inperson—StopbytheMt.KentRecreationCenter,groundfloor,MondaythroughSaturday9:00-11:00a.m.,Sunday1:00—4:00p.m.Byphone—CalltheIceCenterat(103)561-4363toscheduleyourskatingevaluationappointmentQUESTIONS:PleasecalltheMt.KentIceCenterstaffat(103)561-4363KentALERT—AFREEnotification(通知)service(phone,text,e-mail).Intheeventofanemergencyandtoprovideyouwithupdatesaboutcancellationsandrecreationdepartmentprogramsandevents.Pleasevisitwww.mtkent.org,browseServicesatthetopofthepage.UnderInformationTechnologyOffice,clickKentALERT.Allrecreationparticipantsshouldsignup,andatminimumselectthe“Cancellationcategory.”60.Thepassageisprimarilyintendedto________.A.recommendanicecenterB.advertiseaskatingprogrammeC.introduceanevaluationscheduleD.tellreadersaboutanotificationservice61.IfMariawantstocompletetheevaluationregistrationforherson,she’dbettergototheMt.KentRecreationCenter________beforetheendoftheevaluationdates.A.at1:00p.m.onMondayB.at10:00a.m.onTuesdayC.at4:00p.m.onFridayD.at11:00a.m.onSunday62.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.Anykindergarten-agedchildmustmakeanappointmenttobeevaluated.B.Youcangotowww.mtkent.orgtocompletetheregistrationforevaluation.C.YouwillbeinformedofanycancellationsaftersigningupforKentALERT.D.Refundsshouldbeclaimedwithinsevendaysaftertheregistration.【答案】60.C61.B62.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要是一个关于滑冰选手的评估表，介绍了评估时间日期和规定等。【60题详解】推理判断题。根据标题“2019SpringEvaluationScheduleforLearnToSkate(2019年《学会滑冰》春季评估表)”并结合文章内容可知，文章是一个关于滑冰选手的评估表，介绍了评估时间日 期和规定等。由此推知，这篇文章主要是为了介绍一个评估表。故选C。【61题详解】细节理解题。根据EVALUATIONDATESANDTIME表格内容可知，A选项“周一下午一点”、C选项“周五下午四点”以及D选项“周日早上十一点”已经结束了，所以，玛丽亚如果想为儿子办理评估登记，最好在评估结束前，于周二上午10点到肯特山疗养中心。故选B。【62题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Intheeventofanemergencyandtoprovideyouwithupdatesaboutcancellationsandrecreationdepartmentprogramsandevents.(在紧急情况下，为你提供有关取消娱乐部门节目和活动的最新消息)”可知，你在注册KentALERT后，将会收到任何取消的通知。故选C。(C)Thiswebsiteisdesignedtoexplorehowtheexperience,diagnosisandtreatmentofillnesshaschangedovertime,andtoshowsomeofthemanywaysillnesshasbeenunderstoodbyhumans.Itisourhopethatyouwillleavethesitewithabroaderappreciationoftherelationshipofmedicinetoculture,andanunderstandingthatourownmedicalpracticeslookdifferentwhenseeninahistoricalcontext.Inexploringthissite,weaskyoutothinkofthisfundamentalidea:thatillness,thefeelingandexperienceofbeingsick,isitselfahistoricalobject.Illnessandmedicinearenotstatic(静止的)phenomena.Differentpeopleindifferenttimeperiodscanexperience,understandandtreatsimilargroupsofsymptomsverydifferently.Cyclesoffeversandchillsmaybeidentifiedasbeingaparticulardisease,partofageneralpatternofseasonalhealthoraninternalstruggleofopposingyetcomplementaryforces.Thesearemorethanjustdescriptions;theyinfluencetheactualexperienceofhavingillness,andstronglyinfluencethetreatment.Abodythatisoutofbalancefeelspaininmannerthatissubjectivelydifferentfromabodyfightingabattleagainstanexternalattacker.Webelievethatillnesschangesovertime.Thus,tofullyunderstandillness,weneednotjustbiologicalexplanation,butalsohistoricalexplanation.Weneedbothmedicineandthehistoryofillness.Relatedtothisideaisasecond.Thisistheconceptthatillness,andthemedicalresponsestoillness,arerelatedtoculturalworldviews.Howweseetheworldstructureshowweexperienceandshapetheworldwelivein.Whatmakesparticularresponsesseemreasonableemergesfromspecificculturalvalues.Thejudgementsaboutwhatmedicalpracticesareeffectiveandsensiblearevalue judgementsmadeinthecontextofbroaderculturalbeliefsabouthowtheworldworks,ourplaceinthatworld,andwhatismorallygoodandbad.Ouraimistohelpyouunderstandwhyblood-lettingforinstance,nowconsideredunacceptable,wasasensiblehealingactivityintheearly19thcentury.Finally,itiseasytoreadthehistoryofmedicineasoneofconstantprogressionleadingfrombarbaric(野蛮的)rootstoascientificapproachesembodiedincurrentmedicalpractice.Webelievethatthisunderstandingisproblematic.First,alackofknowledgethatwehavetodaydidnotmeanthatmedicineinothertimeperiodsandcultureswaswrong.Basedonculturalvaluesandcontemporaryknowledge,otherculturesdevelopedadvancedtreatmentsthatwereeffectiveandsensiblefortheirpeople,althoughtheymaybeconsideredbarbaricnowadays.Similarlyinacenturyortwo,ourownmedicalpracticesmayseembackwardandnonsensical,itisnotthecasethatformerpracticeshaveledsimplisticallytoourownsuperiorknowledge.63.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,thewebsiteisintendedtoshowthat________.A.manyillnesseswerewronglydiagnosedinthepastB.wehaveunrealisticexpectationsofmedicalpracticeC.medicineshouldbeexaminedinconnectionwithcultureD.changesinlivingconditionshaveledtothedevelopmentofnewillnesses64.Thewriterreferstofeversandchills(paragraph2)toillustrate________.A.weneedmoreaccuratebiologicalexplanationsofillnessesB.illnessesareinfluencedbyclimateandenvironmentC.ourbodiesareconstantlyunderattackfromillnessesD.howanillnessisinterpretedaffectshowitisexperienced65.Whatcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraph?A.Incertaincultures,thefactualbasisofillnessesisnotrecognizedB.Medicalpracticeshaveimprovedovertime.C.Illnesscaninfluenceourperceptionoftheworld.D.Wejudgepastmedicalpracticesbyinappropriateprinciples.66.Inthelastparagraph,whatassumptioniscriticized?A.Thereareconsiderabledifferencesbetweencultures.B.Illnessesarebetterunderstoodtodaythaninthepast.C.Currentmedicalpracticeswillbeseendifferentlyinthefuture. D.Littleresearchisbeingcarriedoutintothetreatmentofsomediseases.【答案】63.C64.D65.D66.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个网站，此网站旨在探索疾病的经验、诊断和治疗是如何随着时间的推移而变化的，并展示人类理解疾病的许多方式中的一些。【63题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Itisourhopethatyouwillleavethesitewithabroaderappreciationoftherelationshipofmedicinetoculture,andanunderstandingthatourownmedicalpracticeslookdifferentwhenseeninahistoricalcontext.(我们希望您在离开这里时，能对医学与文化关系有一个更广泛的认识，并了解我们自己的医疗实践在历史背景下是不同的。)”可知，该网站旨在向我们展示医学应该与文化联系起来。故选C项。【64题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Cyclesoffeversandchillsmaybeidentifiedasbeingaparticulardisease,partofageneralpatternofseasonalhealthoraninternalstruggleofopposingyetcomplementaryforces.Thesearemorethanjustdescriptions;theyinfluencetheactualexperienceofhavingillness,andstronglyinfluencethetreatment.(发烧和发冷的周期可能被认为是一种特殊的疾病，是季节性健康的一般模式的一部分，或是对立但互补力量的内部斗争。这些不仅仅是描述；它们会影响患病的实际体验，并强烈影响治疗。)”可知，作者提到发烧和发冷是为了说明如何解释一种疾病会影响到它的体验。故选D项。【65题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Ouraimistohelpyouunderstandwhyblood-lettingforinstance,nowconsideredunacceptable,wasasensiblehealingactivityintheearly19thcentury.(我们的目的是帮助你理解，为什么现在被认为不可接受的放血，在19世纪早期是一种明智的治疗活动。)”可推知，我们用不恰当的原则来评判过去的医疗实践。故选D项。【66题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Finally,itiseasytoreadthehistoryofmedicineasoneofconstantprogressionleadingfrombarbaric(野蛮的)rootstoascientificapproachesembodiedincurrentmedicalpractice.(最后，我们很容易将医学史解读为一部不断进步的历史，从原始的野蛮的根源走向体现在当前医疗实践中的科学方法。我们认为这种理解是有问题的。)”和“Similarlyinacenturyortwo,ourownmedicalpracticesmayseembackwardandnonsensical,itis notthecasethatformerpracticeshaveledsimplisticallytoourownsuperiorknowledge.(同样地，在一两个世纪后，我们自己的医疗实践可能会显得落后和荒谬，但以前的实践并不是简单地导致我们拥有卓越的知识)”可以推知，B选项“现在人们对疾病的了解比过去更多”这种假设是被批评的。故选B项。SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.Whystressandanxietyaren’talwaysbadPeoplegenerallythinkofstressandanxietyasnegativeconcepts,butwhilebothstressandanxietycanreachunhealthylevels,psychologistshavelongknownthatbothareunavoidable-andthattheyoftenplayahelpful,notharmfulroleinourdailylives,accordingtoapresentationattheannualconventionoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.“ManyAmericansnowfeelstressedaboutbeingstressedandanxiousaboutbeinganxious,”saidLisaDamour,PhD,aprivate-practicepsychologistwhopresentedatthemeeting.Stressusuallyoccurswhenpeopleoperateattheedgeoftheirabilities-whentheypushthemselvesorareforcedbycircumstancestostretchbeyondtheirfamiliarlimits,accordingtoDamour.____67____.Forinstance,beingfiredisstressfulbutsoisbringingababyhomeforthefirsttime.“It’simportantforpsychologiststoshareourknowledgeaboutstresswithbroadaudiencesthatstressisagivenindailylife,thatworkingattheedgeofourabilitiesoftenbuildsthosecapacitiesandthatmoderatelevelsofstresscanactuallyhaveaninoculating(预防的)function,whichleadstohigherthanaverageresilience(适应力)whenwearefacedwithnewdifficulties,”shesaid.____68____.“Asallpsychologistsknow,anxietyisaninternalalarmsystem,likelyhandeddownbyevolution,thatalertsustothreatsbothexternal-suchasadriverswerving(急转弯)inanearbylane-andinternal-suchasafteratoolongdelay,it’stimetogetstartedonourwork,”saidDamour.Viewinganxietyassometimeshelpfulandprotectiveallowspeopletomakegooduseofit.Forexample,Damoursaidsheoftentellstheteenagerssheworkswithinherpracticetopayattentioniftheystarttofeelanxiousatapartybecausetheirnervesmaybealertingthemtoaproblem. ____69____.Stresscanbecomeunhealthyifitischronic(allowingfornopossibilityofrecovery)orifitistraumatic(创伤的).“Inotherwords,stresscausesharmwhenitexceedsanylevelthatapersoncanreasonablyabsorborusetobuildpsychologicalstrength,”shesaid.____70____.Sometimes,peoplefeelroutinelyanxiousfornoreasonatall.Atothertimes,thealarmistotallyoutofproportiontothethreat,suchaswhenastudenthasapanicattackoveraminorquiz.”A.Anxiety,too,getssomeunnecessarilycriticism,accordingtoDamourB.Unfortunately,bythetimesomeonereachesouttoaprofessionalforhelp,stressandanxietyhavealreadybuilttounhealthylevelsC.Thatdoesn’tmeanthatstressandanxietycan’tbeharmful,saidDamourD.Anyonefeelingoverwhelmedbystressshould,ifpossible,takemeasurestoreducehisorherstressE.It’salsoimportanttounderstandthatstresscanresultfrombothbadandgoodeventsF.Likewise,anxietybecomesunhealthywhenitsalarmmakesnosense【答案】67.E68.A69.C70.F【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍压力并不一定是不好的。【67题详解】根据后文“Forinstance,beingfiredisstressfulbutsoisbringingababyhomeforthefirsttime.(例如，被解雇是有压力的，但第一次带孩子回家也是如此。)”可知，被解雇是一件压力很大的事情，第一次带小孩也是一件压力很大的事情。由此可推知，压力来源于不同的方面，由好的或坏的事情引起。故E项“同样重要的是要明白，压力可以由好的和坏的事件引起”符合语境。故选E。【68题详解】根据第一段首句“Peoplegenerallythinkofstressandanxietyasnegativeconcepts(人们通常认为压力和焦虑是消极的概念)”可知，人们普遍对压力和焦虑持有消极的态度。根据下文“Asallpsychologistsknow,anxietyisaninternalalarmsystem,likelyhandeddownbyevolution,thatalertsustothreatsbothexternal(正如所有心理学家所知，焦虑是一种内部警报系统，可能是由进化传递下来的，它提醒我们注意外部的威胁)”可知，心理学家与许多人持相反的观点，他们认为焦虑也是有好处的。A项“人们对焦虑也存在一些不必要的误解”引出下文。故选A。【69题详解】 由后文“Stresscanbecomeunhealthyifitischronic(allowingfornopossibilityofrecovery)orifitistraumatic(创伤的)”(如果压力是慢性的（不可能恢复），或者是创伤性的，那么它可能变得不健康)可知，慢性和创伤性的压力是不健康的。因此可推断出，压力也是有害的，C项“Thatdoesn’tmeanthatstressandanxietycan’tbeharmful,saidDamour(Damour说，这并不意味着压力和焦虑不会有害)”符合，引起下文。故选C。【70题详解】根据上文“Inotherwords,stresscausesharmwhenitexceedsanylevelthatapersoncanreasonablyabsorborusetobuildpsychologicalstrength(换句话说，当压力超过一个人可以合理吸收或用于建立心理力量的任何水平时，就会造成伤害)”可知，当压力超过了人们心理可承受的水平时，就会给人们带来危害。根据后文“Sometimes,peoplefeelroutinelyanxiousfornoreasonatall.(有时，人们总是无缘无故地感到焦虑。)”可知，人们有时也会无缘无故感到焦虑。由此可知，F项“同样，当焦虑的警报毫无意义时，它就会变得不健康”符合语境，和上文是顺承关系。故选F。IV.TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets.71.我相信你会在英语方面取得显著的进步。(convince)(汉译英)【答案】IamconvincedthatyouwillmakeremarkableprogressinEnglish.【解析】【分析】【详解】考查句子结构及复合句。根据句意，主句为一般现在时，that引导从句为一般将来时。动词convince“使确信”的过去分词convinced已转化为形容词，意为“确信的；相信的”，表示“我相信”（主系表结构）为Iamconvinced，后接that引导从句，（有人认为是宾语从句）；表示“你会在英语方面取得显著的进步”为youwillmakeremarkableprogressinEnglish，动词短语makeprogressinEnglish意为“在英语方面取得进步”。故翻译为IamconvincedthatyouwillmakeremarkableprogressinEnglish.72.家常菜往往成为我们跌入人生低谷时寻求的慰籍食物。（seek）（汉译英）【答案】Familydishesoftenbecomethecomfortfoodweseekatlowerpointsofourlives.【解析】【详解】考查时态和定语从句。分析句意可知，句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时， “家常菜”是familydishes，“往往成为”是oftenbecome，“慰籍食物”是thecomfortfood，“我们跌入人生低谷时寻求的”用定语从句，翻译为weseekatlowerpointsofourlives，可以省略关系代词that/which，故翻译为Familydishesoftenbecomethecomfortfoodweseekatlowerpointsofourlives.73.2015年，84岁的屠呦呦女士成为中国首位获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的科学家。（award）（汉译英）【答案】In2015,YuYouyou,an84-year-oldwoman,becamethefirstChinesescientisttobeawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine.【解析】【详解】考查不定式和时态。分析句意可知，句子描述的是过去的事情，时态用一般过去时，“2015年”是in2015，“84岁的屠呦呦女士”是YuYouyou,an84-year-oldwoman，“成为”是became，“中国首位获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的科学家”是thefirstChinesescientisttobeawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine，是不定式作后置定语，因此整句话翻译为“In2015,YuYouyou,an84-year-oldwoman,becamethefirstChinesescientisttobeawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine.”。故答案为In2015,YuYouyou,an84-year-oldwoman,becamethefirstChinesescientisttobeawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine.74.我试着深呼吸，让自己平静下来，但我还是很紧张，这让我失去了得第一名的机会。（which）（汉译英）【答案】Itriedtotakedeepbreathstocalmmyselfdown,butIwasstillverynervous,whichcostmethechancetogetthefirstprize/whichmademelosethechancetogetthefirstprize.【解析】【详解】考查时态和定语从句。分析句意可知，句子描述过去的事情，时态用一般过去时，“我试着深呼吸”是Itriedtotakedeepbreaths，“让自己平静下来”用不定式表目的，是tocalmmyselfdown，“但我还是很紧张”是butIwasstillverynervous，“这让我失去了得第一名的机会”用which引导的定语从句，可翻译为whichcostmethechancetogetthefirstprize/whichmademelosethechancetogetthefirstprize，因此整句话翻译为Itriedtotakedeepbreathstocalmmyselfdown,butIwasstillverynervous,whichcostmethechancetogetthefirstprize/whichmademelosethechancetogetthefirstprize.