首页

高中英语高考复习语法知识讲解(主从复合句)

资源预览文档简介为自动调取,内容显示的完整度及准确度或有误差,请您下载后查看完整的文档内容。

1/12

2/12

剩余10页未读,查看更多内容需下载

高考英语语法知识讲解(主从复合句)(一)宾语从句一、概述置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式,v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词(afraid,sure,glad等)之后也可以带宾语从句。二、宾语从句的特点⒈宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。⒉宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。⒊连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义,不充当句子成份,多数情况下可以省略。⒋whether和if都可引导宾语从句,但whether后可紧跟ornot;whether从句可作介词的宾语。⒌如果从句太长,可以用形式宾语it.三、宾语从句中引导词的用法在复合句中作主句的宾语,引导词有:连词:that(that常可省略),whether,if代词:who,whose,what,which副词:when,where,how,why等。⒈that引导的宾语从句(在非正式场合that可以省略)①可跟that从句做宾语的动词有:say,think,insist,wish,hope,demand,imagine,wonder,know,suppose,see,believe,agree,admit,deny,expect,explain,order,command,feel,dream,suggest,hear,mean,notice,prefer,request,require,propose,declare,report等。如:Theboybelievesthathewilltravelthroughspacetootherplanets.注意:当主句谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,expect等词,而宾语从句的意思是否定时,常把否定转移至主句表示。如:Idon'tthinkitisrightforhimtotreatyoulikethat.②在以下情况中that不能省略⑴当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时,第一个that可省,但后面的that不可省。如:Hesaid(that)youweretooyoungtounderstandthematterandthathewasaskednottotellyou.⑵ 当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时,that一般不可省。如:JustthenInoticedforthefirsttime,thatourmasterwaswearinghisfinegreencoatandhisblacksilkcap.⑶ 当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时,that不可省。如:Ican'ttellhimthathismotherdied.注意:许多带复合宾语的句子,that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部,而用it作形式宾语。如:Ifinditnecessarythatweshoulddothehomeworkontime.⒉由whether,if引导的宾语从句①由whether(if)引导的宾语从句,实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来,在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用,但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。12\n如:Iwonderwhether(if)theywillcometoourparty.② 只能用whether,不能用if引导的宾语从句⑴ 在带to的不定式前如:Wedecidedwhethertowalkthere.⑵ 在介词的后面如:I'mthinkingofwhetherweshouldgotoseethefilm.⑶ 在动词后面的宾语从句时如:Wediscussedwhetherwehadasportsmeetingnextweek.⑷ 直接与ornot连用时如:Ican'tsaywhetherornotthetcancomeontime.③ 只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句⑴if引导条件状语从句,意为“如果”如:Thestudentswillgoonapicnicifitissunny.⑵if引导否定概念的宾语从句时如:HeaskedifIdidn'tcometoschoolyesterday.⑶ 引导状语从句evenif(即使)和asif(好像)时如:Hetalksasifhehasknownallaboutit.⒊连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的,宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词有:see,say,tell,ask,answer,know,decide,show,findout,imagine, suggest,doubt,wonder,discover,understand,inform,advise等。英语中的连接代词有:who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。如:Canyoutellmewhomyouarewaitingfor?英语中的连接副词有:when,where,why,how,在句中担任状语的成分。如:Noneofusknowswherethesenewpartscanbebought.四、宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即:连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。如:Idon'tknowwhattheyarelookingfor.Couldyoutellmewhenthetrainwillleave?Canyouimaginewhatkindofmanheis?五、宾语从句的时态⒈主句是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。如:Theheadmasterhopeseverythinggoeswell.⒉主句是过去时态,从句须用过去时态的某种形式。如:Shewassorrythatshehadn'tfinishedherworkontime.⒊当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。如:Theteachertoldhisclassthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.(二)状语从句在复合句中,修饰主句或主句谓语的句子叫作状语从句。状语从句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、条件、方式、让步、比较和目的等九大类。一、状语从句引导词列表12\n⒈上述有些连词除了能引导状语从句外,还可引导定语从句和名词性从句。在使用的时候,要根据句子结构和句意来判别和区分不同的从句,正确使用引导词。以where为例,试比较下列多种从句的区别。如:Youaretofinditwhereyouleftit.(地点状语从句)Tellmetheaddresswherehelives.(定语从句,先行词为theaddress)Idon'tknowwherehecamefrom.(宾语从句)Wherehehasgoneisnotknownyet.(主语从句)Thisplaceiswheretheyoncehid.(表语从句)⒉ 在两个分句间要有一个且只有一个连词,千万不能按汉语习惯。如:Becausehewasill,hedidn'tcometoschool.=Hewasill,sohedidn'tcometoschool.⒊在时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句中,若从句的主语与主句的主语一致(或从句的主语为it),从句的谓语又包含动词be时,从句中的“主语+be”部分可省略。如:When(hewas)askedaboutit,hekeptsilent.Fillintheblankswitharticleswhen(theyare)necessary.If(itis)possible,I'llexplainitagainlater.Shestoodatthegateasif(shewas)waitingforsomeone.二、时间状语从句⒈when引导的时间状语从句①when引导的时间状语从句,其动词既可以是延续性动作的动词,也可以是瞬间性动作的动词,可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,或从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。如:Whenyouapplyforajob,youmustpresentyourcredentials.当你申请工作时,你必须递交你的有关证件。(同时)Whenthestudentsheardtheteacher'sfootsteps,theysoptedtalking.当学生们听到老师的脚步声时,他们都停止了讲话。(从句动作发生在前)12\n②when还可表示justthen(正在那时)的意思,此时其所引导的从句只放在主句之后。如:Wewereabouttostartwhenitbegantorain.我们正要动身,突然天下起雨来。Thegamehadhardly/scarcely/barelybegunwhenitstartedraining.比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。⒉as引导的时间状语从句as侧重表示主句和从句的动作并相发生,翻译成“一边……一边……”。如:Wewerehavingbreakfastasshewascombingherhair.她梳头时我们在吃早饭。⒊while引导的时间状语从句while或“在……期间”,所引导的从句的动作是延续性的,并表示和主句的动作同时发生。如:WhentheteacherparaphrasedthetextinEnglish,thestudentslistenedattentivelyandtook notes.当老师用英语解释课文时,学生们聚精会神地听并做着笔记。IcanlearnwhileIwork.我可以边工作边学习。⒋ before引导的时间状语从句①before“在……之前”如:I'llbebackbeforeyouhaveleft.你离开之前我就会回来。②before“……之后才”如:Itmaybemanyyearsbeforewemeetagain.可能要过许多年我们才能再见了。ItwasthreedaysbeforeIcameback.他三天后才回来。⒌assoonas/once/directly/theinstant引导的时间状语从句assoonas是最常见的表示“一……就”的从属连词,其他连词还有immediately,instantly,theinstant(that),theminute(that),themoment(that)等,它们通常都可与assoonas换用。如:Assoonaswegothome,thetelephonerang.我们一到家,电话就响了。IrecognizedherimmediatelyIsawher.我一看见她就认出她来了。Directlytheteachercameineveryonewasquiet.老师一进来,大家就静了下来。⒍hardly…when/nosooner…than引导的时间状语从句关联从属连词hardly/barely/scarcely…when和nosooner..than的意思是“刚……就”,它们所引导的从句中的谓语动词通常为过去完成时。如:Hehadnosooner(nosoonerhadhe)arrivedhomethanhewasaskedtostartonanotherjourney.他刚一到家,就又要他出另一次差。Nosoonerhadthewordsbeenspokenthanherealizedthatheshouldhaveremainedsilent.这些话刚一出口,他就意识到自己应该保持沉默。⒎since引导的时间状语从句在含有since引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,从句的谓语动词通常为一般过去时,主句的谓语动词通常为现在完成时、过去完成时和一般现在时。如:We'venevermetsincewe graduatedfromthecollege.大学毕业后我们就再没见过面。Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.你走了以后,这里发生了巨大变化。⒏till/until引导的时间状语从句till和until同义,作“直到……时(为止)”解,till多口语话,until多用于句首。如:Donaldwillremainincollegeuntil(till)hefinisheshisPh.Dcourse.唐纳德将留在学校直到完成他的博士学位课程。Iwon'tgowithyouuntil(tll)Ifinishedmyhomework.等我做完作业我才和你一起去。三、地点状语从句⒈where引导的地点状语从句,从属连词where“在(或到)……的地方”如:Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者事竟成。Putitwhereyoufoundit.把它放在原来的地方。where在地点状语从句中,除指地点外,还可指处境等。12\n如:Hesaidhewashappywherehewas.他说他对自己的处境很满意。It'syourfaultthatsheiswheresheis.她今天落到这个地步都怪你。⒉wherever引导的地点状语从句wherever=nomatterwhere后者只能放句首。从属连词wherever“在(或到)……的各个地方”如:Youcangowherever(anywhere)youliketheseday.这些天你可以去你想去的地方。Where(nomatterwhere)theywenttheexpertswerewarmlywelcomed.专家每到一处,都受到热烈的欢迎。Sitdownwhereveryoulike.你喜欢坐哪儿就坐哪儿(wherever不可以换成nomatterwhere)四、原因状语从句⒈because引导的原因状语从句通常用于回答why引出的疑问句,语气最强,该从句一般位于主句后面。如:Ididn'tgoabrordwithherbecauseIcouldn'taffordit.我没有和她一起出国是因为费用太高。Don'tscampyourworkbecauseyouarepressedfortime.不要因为时间仓促而马马虎虎。⒉as引导的原因状语从句as引导的原因状语从句多位于主句之前,通常可以和since换用。如:AsIdidn'tknowtheway,laskedapoliceman.我不认识路,因而问警察。Asitissnowingweshallnotclimbthemountain.由于在下雪,我们不去爬山了。⒊since引导的原因状语从句since引导的原因状语从句多位于主句之前,通常可以和as换用。与as用法一样如:Sincetravelingbyairismuchfaster,theydecidedtotakeaplane.既然乘飞机旅行快得多,他们就决定坐飞机。Sinceyouwon'thelpme,I'llasksomeoneelse.你既然不帮我,那我就请别人帮忙。⒋now(that)引导的原因状语从句,now(that)“既然”如:Now(that)youhavepassedyourtestyoucandriveonyourown.你既已考试合格,就可以独自开车了。⒌seeing(that)引导的原因状语从句Seeing(that)“鉴于;由于”,通常用于非正式文体。如:Seeing(that)theweatherisbad,we'llstayathome.天气不好,我们还是呆在家里吧。五、结果状语从句⒈sotha引导的结果状语从句①sothat引导的结果状语从句只能位于主句之后,sothat引导什么从句根据句意来判断如:Suddenlyitbegantorainheaily,sothatitwasalmostimpossibletocarryondriving.突然下起了大雨,几乎无法继续开车。LindaphonedmeinonarrivalsothatIknowshewassafeandsound.琳达到达后给我打了电话,因而我知道她平安无事。②so…that引导的结果状语从句so…that“如此……以致”,that可以省略,so后面接形容词或副词。如:Shespokesofastthatnobodycouldcatchwhatshewassaying.她说话如此之快竟没有人听出来她在讲什么。ThereissolittletimeleftthatIhavetotellyouaboutitlatter.现在剩下的时间不多了,我只好以后再给你讲这件事。③such…that引导的结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的such…that的具体内容是:such+a/an+形容词+名词+that从句;such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that=so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句。如:Theprofessortoldussuchafunnystorythatallthestudentslaughed.12\n(=Theprofessortoldussofunnyastorythatallthestudentslaughed.)教授讲了个很有趣的故事,(以致于)所有的学生都笑了起来。六、目的状语从句⒈inorderthat导的目的状语从句inorderthat为了;以便”。多用于正式文体,通常可以与sothat换用。如:theystoppedatHangzhouinorderthattheycouldgoaroundWestLake.他们在杭州停了下来,以便游览西湖。Theexpertspokeslowlyinorderthateveryoneshouldunderstand.专家讲得很慢,以便人人听得懂。⒉so(that)导的目的状语从句sothat“为了;以便”。sothat通常可以与inorderthat换用,它所引导的目的状语从句总是放在主句之后,在非正式文体中,常省略that。如:Speakclearlysothattheymayunderstandyou.你要讲得清楚,他们才听得懂。Shewantedteareadyatsevensoshecouldbeoutbyeight.她要七点钟备好茶点,这样她八点以前就可以出门了。⒊incase/forfear(that)引导的目的状语从句incaseforfear(that)这俩个从属连词都表示否定目的,意思是“以免”,“以防”。incase它所引导的从句中的谓语动词可以是陈述语气形式,也可以是虚拟语气形式;forfear(that)引导的从句中的谓语带有may,might,should等情态动词。如:Takeyourumbrellaincaseitrains.带上你的伞,以防下雨。Hetookanumbrellawithhimforfearthatitmightrain.他带了一把伞,以防下雨。七、条件状语从句⒈if引导的条件状语从句,翻译成“如果”如:IfIwereabird,lwouldfly.如果他说了那样的话,他不可能是说实话。⒉unless引导的条件状语从句unless引导的是否定条件状语从句,在意义上相当于if..not,而且语气较强,一般不用于虚拟语气。如:You'llbelateunlessyouhurry.你会迟到的,如果不赶快的话。⒊ifonly引导的条件状语从句ifonly在引导条件状语从句时意为“只要;如果”。如:I'llletyouusethecarifonlyyoukeepitingoodcondition.只要你把车保养好,我就让你用。⒋as/solongas引导的条件状语从句,as/solongas意为“只要;如果”。如:Aslongasitdoesn'train,wecanplay.只要不下雨我们就能玩。⒌provided(that)/providing(that)引导的条件状语从句,provided(that)/providing(that)意为“如果;只要”。如:Iwillareetogoproviding(thatmyexpensearepaid.)假如为我负担费用,我就同意去。八、比较状语从句⒈as…as引导的比较状语从句as…as表示同级比较,主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式,从句常常为省略句。如:Wewereasfortunateasthem(theywere).我们和他们一样幸运。Ihopeshewillmakeasmuchprogressasyou(havedone).我希望她将取得和你同样的进步。⒉notso/as..as引导的比较状语从句notso/as..as表示同级比较,主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式,从句常常为省略句。如:That'snotso/assimpleasitsounds.那件事情不像听起来那么简单。九、方式状语从句12\n⒈as引导的方式状语从句as在引导方式状语从句时意为“以……方式;如同……那样”,从句有时是省略句。如:DoasIsay.要照我说的做。Ididjustasyoutoldme.我正是照你说的办的。Airistomanaswateristofish.空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。⒉asif/asthougl导的方式状语从句asif和asthough的用法相同,都作“好像,仿佛”;二者引导的状语从句往往用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反。如:Theylookedatmeasif/asthoughIweremad.他们瞧着我好像我发疯了似的。Theylookasif/asthoughtheyknoweachother.他们看来好像互相认识。让步状语从句⒈although/though引导的让步状语从句although和though,都作“虽然;尽管”,通常可以换用.如:Althoughtheyhavebeentalking,foralongtime,hecannotmakeherbelievehim.虽然和她谈了半天,他还是不能让她信任自己。⒉evenif引导的让步状语从句evenif“即使,纵然”,从句表示的是尚未发生的动作或存在的情况。如:EvenifIfailedagain,Iwillnotgiveuptheexperiment.即使我再次失败,我也决不会放弃实验。⒊eventhough导的让步状语从句eventhough“虽然,尽管”,通常可以和although/though换用。如:EventhoughIdidn'tunderstandawork,Ikeptsmiling.即使我一个字也不懂,我还是保持微笑。Eventhoughyousaysoldonotbelieveit.即使你这样说,我也不信。⒋while引导的让步状语从句,while“虽然,尽管”如:WhileIunderstandyourpointofview,I donotshareit.我虽了解你的观点,但不敢苟同。⒌whatever/nomatterwhat引导的让步状语从句Whatever=nomatterwhat都作“无论什么”如:Whatever/Nomatterwhathesays,don'tgo.不管他说什么,你都不要走。Wearedeterminedtofulfillthetaskwhatever/nomatterwhathappens.不管发生什么了,我们决心完成任务。⒍whichever/nomatterwhich引导的让步状语从句Whichever=nomatterwhich都作“无论哪个”如:Whichever/Nomatterwhichyoubuy,thereisasix-monthguarantee.不论你买哪个,都有六个月的保修期。Whichever/Nomatterwhichofthetwomenhadstolenherpurse,Barbarawasdeterminedtofindthem.不管这两个人是谁偷了她的钱包,芭芭拉决心找到他们。⒎whoever/nomatterwho引导的让步状语从句Whoever=nomatterwho都作“无论谁”如:Youcan'tcomein,whoeveryouare.不管你是谁,都不能进来。⒏however/nomatterhow引导的让步状语从句However=nomatterhow都作“无论如何……”如:Howeverhighitmaybeitcan'treachthesky.它不论有多高,也高不到天上去。⒐whenever/nomatterwhen引导的让步状语从句Whenever=nomatterwhen都作“无论何时”如:WheneverI'munhappy,hecheersmeup.每当我不高兴时,他就给我鼓劲儿。⒑as引导的让步状语从句12\nas在引导让步状语从句时作“虽然;尽管”和“即使”解,但是它不位于句首,在它前面的可以是形容词、名词、副词等。如:Strongasyoumaybe,youcannotliftit.虽然你可能很有力气,你却无法把它提起来。Lateasitwas,theycontinuedtostudy.时间尽管不早了,他们仍继续学习。(三)定语从句一、含义⒈定语从句:在主从复合句中,充当主句的定语成分,用于修饰某一名词、代词或名词短语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的词之后。⒉先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。⒊关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。在定语从句中代替先行词并充当一定的成分。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose等,在从句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语;关系副词有when,where,why等,时间、地点、原因状语。关系词的选择由先行词的意思及先行词在从句中充当的成分决定。二、定语从句的结构三、关系代词引导的定语从句⒈who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语(口语或非正式文体中,可省略)。如:Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.⒉whom指人,在定语从句中做宾语,可省略。如:LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.⒊which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。如:Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.⒋that指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。如:Heisthemanthat/wholivesnextdoor.Whereistheman(that/whom)Isawthismorning?Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.Thedress(that/which)Annboughtdoesn'tfitherverywell.⒌whose指人、物皆可,在定语从句中做定语,表“某某的”。如:Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.常用以下结构来代替:Thehousewhosewindowsarebrokenisempty.Thehousethewindowsofwhicharebrokenisempty.Wewenttoseeourteacherwhosehusbandlosthislifeintheearthquake.=Wewenttoseeourteacher,thehusbandofwhomlosthislifeintheearthquake.⒍限制性定语从句中,当先行词被such,thesame修饰时,关系代词用as,译作“像……一样的人或物”。如:HewishedtobesuchamanasLeiFengwas.I'veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.注意:thesame.…as和thesame...that结构的句意不一样。如:ThisisthesamebookasIreadlastweek.ThisisthesamebookthatIreadlastweek.12\n四、特殊用法⒈“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时,可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面,使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词,也可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间,此时,指物只能用which,指人只能用whom,关系代词是所有格时用whose。如:Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.=ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.① 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。② 介词的选择⑴ 与从句中谓语动词的搭配相关如:ThisisthebookonwhichIspent10yuan.ThisisthebookforwhichIpaid10yuan.⑵与先行词的搭配相关如:IwillneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.⑶ 与所表达的意义相关Thecolorlessgaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.③“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词,表示先行词的部分或整体。如:Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.⒉that和which在指物时一般可以互换,但在下列情况中,一般用that而不用which① 先行词本身为everything,nothing,something,anything,little,few,much,all,none,someall,theone等不定代词时如:Everythingthathesaidwastrue.② 先行词被all,every,any,no,some,few,little,much,thevery(恰恰,正好),theonly等修饰时如:Thisistheverygrammarbook(that)Iwanttobuy.③ 先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时如:Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.④ 先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast修饰时如:Thisistheverybookthatbelongstohim.⑤ 先行词既有人,又有物时如:Hementionedthepeopleandthingsthathesawinhistrip.⑥ 先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词如:Whoisthegirlthatyouspoketojustnow?⑦ 主句是therebe结构,修饰其主语的定语从句用that(先行词为物)如:Thereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstomysister.⑧ 先行词在定语从句中做表语,而关系代词在从句中也做表语时。如:Sheisnolongerthesweetgirl(that)sheusedtobe.⒊that和who在指人时一般可以互换,但当先行词是he,she等人称代词,以及one,ones,anybody,anyone,all,none,those等不定代词时,一般用who,不用that。如:Thosewhowanttogotothecinemawillhavetowaitatthegateoftheschool.12\n五、关系副词引导的定语从句⒈when在定语从句中作时间状语(=in/at/on/during+which)如:I'llneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichIfirstmetyou.Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.⒉ where在定语从句中作地点状语(=in/at/on+which)。situation(情景),case(实例),point(阶段),Internet,stage(阶段)等表抽象“地点”的名词作先行词时,关系副词选择where。如:Theschoolwhere/inwhichmysonstudiesisnearapark.TheInternet,wherewecansearchforalargeamountofinformation,hasbecomean indispensablepartofmanypeople'slife.⒊why在定语从句中作原因状语(=for+which)。如:Therearemanyreasonswhy/forwhichpeopleliketraveling.六、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句如:TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.IhavebeentoHangzhou,whichisaverybeautifulcity.⒈非限制性定语从句引导词的选择(不能用that)①先行词指人,在从句中作主语,用who如:Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.② 先行词指人,在句中作宾语,用whom如:Hiswife,whomyoumetatmyhorme,wasateacher.③ 先行词指物,在句中作主语或宾语,用which如:Herhouse,whichwasbuiltahundredyearsago,stoodstillintheearthquake.④ 先行词指人或物,在句中作定语,用whose如:Thebook,whosecoverisred,ismine.⑤ 先行词在句中作时间状语,用when如:Thesportsmeetingwillbeputofftillnextmonth,whenwewillhavemadeallthepreparations.⑥ 先行词在句中作地点状语,用where如:ThenextdaywearrivedinNewYork,wherewewereinterviewedontheradio.⑦ 先行词作介词的宾语,介词+whom/which如:Thegirl,withwhomheisfamiliar,isafootballplayer.TheSecondWorldWarinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilled,endedin1945.⒉关系代词as和which引导的非限制性定语从句①as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语,代表前面整个句子(从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数)。如:Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.12\nHeishonest,as/whichwecansee.② as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后,甚至还可以分割主句,常常有“正如、正像”的含义。which引导的非限制性定语从句,先行词是整个句子时,只可放在主句之后,意为“这一点”。如:Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdon'tbelieve.⑴ 当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。如:Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.⑵ 若非限制性定语从句中的谓语动词是besaid,beknown,beexpected,bereported,等结构时,不论是在句首、句中还是句末,都必须as用来引导。如:Wewonthegameasweexpected.③ 以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句常由inwhich或that引导,而且通常可以省略。如:Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.(四)主语从句一、概念在复合句中作主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。如:Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.Itisknowntoushowhebecameawriter.WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced.二、由that/whether引导的主语从句⒈由连词that引导的主语从句:引导词that无含义,在句中不做成分,不可以省。如:Thatyouwillwinthemedalseemsunlikely.Thatyouaresoindifferentbothersme.Thatshesurvivedtheaccidentisamiracle.⒉用连词whether引导的主语从句:whether有含义(是否),在句中不做成分,不可以省。如:Whethersheiscomingornotdoesn'tmattertoomuch.备注:Itdoesn'tmatterif是固定句型。三、用连接代词引导的主语从句⒈在由连接代词who,whose,whom,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever引导的名词性从句中,其连接代词在句中起名词性作用,担当一定成分,有意义。如:Whatyouneedismorepractice?WhatIwanttoknowisthis?Whateverwedoistoservethepeople.⒉whatever,whoever,whichever引导的主语从句的区分:Whatever相当于anythingthat,是what的强调形式,表示“无论什么”。如:Whatevershedoesright.Whoever相当于anyonewho,是who的强调形式,表示“无论谁,任何…的人”。如:Whoeverwalksaroundinsuchaheavyrainwillcatchacold.Whichever“无论哪个,无论哪些”,既可以指人,也可以指物,可以单独使用,可以修饰名词,也可以后跟of短语。如:Whicheverbookyouborrowdoesn'tmattertous.四、用连接副词引导的名词性从句12\n连接副词when,where,why,how引导的主语从句中,其=连接副词有含义,在句中作状语。如:Whereweshouldleaveitisaproblem.Whentheywillcomehasn’tbeenmadepubic.五、it形式主语的情况有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末,但是不能代替由what引导的主语从句。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:⑴It+be+名词+that从句   ⑵It+be+形容词+that从句⑶It+be+动词的过去分词+that从句⑷It+不及物动词+that从句另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”,常用的句型有:Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)that…Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc.)that…Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc.)that…(五)表语从句一、概念在复合句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有:be,look,remain,seem等。注意:关联词不能省略,并且从句用陈述语序。如:Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.Thatiswhyhedidn'tcometothemeeting. 二、特殊之处需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。但是reason后面的定语从句可以用why或that引导。如:Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning.三、在名词性从句中that与what的区别⒈that在名词性从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用,没有意义,不能省略(在宾语从句中能省略)。如:ThattheyaregoodatEnglishisknowntousall.Theproblemisthatwedon'thaveenoughmoney.⒉what在名词性从句中充当句子成分,起连接作用,有意义,不能省略。what可以分解成定语从句中的先行词+关系代词+that。理解为双重身份。如:Dowhathesays.What(=Thethingthat)hesaidwastrue.12

版权提示

  • 温馨提示:
  • 1. 部分包含数学公式或PPT动画的文件,查看预览时可能会显示错乱或异常,文件下载后无此问题,请放心下载。
  • 2. 本文档由用户上传,版权归属用户,莲山负责整理代发布。如果您对本文档版权有争议请及时联系客服。
  • 3. 下载前请仔细阅读文档内容,确认文档内容符合您的需求后进行下载,若出现内容与标题不符可向本站投诉处理。
  • 4. 下载文档时可能由于网络波动等原因无法下载或下载错误,付费完成后未能成功下载的用户请联系客服vx:lianshan857处理。客服热线:13123380146(工作日9:00-18:00)

文档下载

发布时间:2022-07-29 09:00:04 页数:12
价格:¥6 大小:100.50 KB
文章作者:U-2009

推荐特供

MORE