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2022届高考英语语法复习:定语从句(THEATTRIBUTIVE LAUSE)讲义(实用,必备!)

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2022届高考英语语法复习:定语从句(THEATTRIBUTIVELAUSE)讲义一、关系代词引导的定语从句1.关系代词(relativepronoun)用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词关系代词分类表功能用于限制性从句或非限制性从句通常用于限制性从句作用代替人代替物代替人或物主语whowhichthat宾语whomwhichthatwhosewhose定语(=ofwhom)(=ofwhich)Heisamanwho/thatmeanswhathesays.他是一个说话算数的人。(指人,作主语)Thepeoplewhom/thatyoumetinthecampusyesterdayarefromEngland.你昨天在校园里碰到的那些人是从英国来的。(指人,作宾语)Isthereanyoneinyourdepartmentwhosefatherisapainter?你们系里有谁的父亲是画家吗?(指人,作定语)TheyoungmanwithwhomItraveledcouldspeakEnglish.同我一起旅行的那个年轻人会说英语。(指人,作宾语)Anythingthatthatladydoeslookspretty.那位女士不论做什么都很好看。(指物,作宾语)Thebicyclethebrakeofwhichwasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。(指物,作主语)2.使用要点1关系代词的省略(1)作直接宾语时可以省略。例如:Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?我能为您效劳吗?Whowasthewoman(that)youweretalkingwith?你刚才同她谈话的妇女是谁?Theman(whom)yousawjustnowisourmanager.你刚才见到的那个人是我们的经理。(2)在“there+be”结构的从句中作主语的关系代词可以省略。例如:Thisistheonlybus(that)thereistothatpark.这是开往那个公园的唯一的一路公共汽车。Hewouldratherplacehismoneyinthebestinvestment(that)thereis.他宁愿把钱用于最可靠的投资。Theoldprofessormadefulluseofthetime(that)therewaslefttohimtocontinuehisresearchin第37页共37页,thefieldofelectronics.这位老教授充分利用余年,继续他在电子学方面的研究。(3)Thatis+先行词,Itis+先行词,Thereis+先行词,Hereis+先行词,其后定语从句的主语that或who常可省略。例如:Thatistheman(that/who)exposedtheillicitfinancialdealings.那就是揭露非法金融交易的人。That'sall(that)isthematterwithhim.他的问题就是这些。Thisistheman(that/who)fixedmycar.这就是帮我修车的人。It'sathing(that)happensfromtimetotime.这种事情偶尔会发生。Thereissomebody(who)wantstoseeyou.有人想见你。Thereissomething(that)makeshimfrightened.有什么东西使他害怕。Therewasneveranywar(that)broughtworsedisastertotheworld.从来没有任何战争给世界带来这么大灾难的。【提示】①关系代词放在介词后作宾语时,不能省略。但介词位于句尾时,关系代词可以省略。例如:Thisisthegirlwithwhomheworked.(whom不可省)Thisisthegirl(whom)heworkedwith.这就是同他一起工作的女孩。ThisistheroominwhichChurchillwasborn.(which不可省)Thisistheroom(which)Churchillwasbornin.这就是丘吉尔出生的房间。2who或whom的先行词有时可省略,相当于onewho/whom,anyone/who/whom,thosewho。例如:Whoknowsmostsaysleast.大智若愚。(=Hewho,anyonewho)Whoworksnotshallnoteat.不劳无获。Whoeatsmustpay.吃了就得付钱。Whomthegodslovedieyoung.天妒奇才常命短。Thisiswrittentowhomitmayconcern.致相关者。(=anypersonwhom)Whomarriesabeautymarriestrouble.娶了美人就要了麻烦。(=Thosewho)Whoarethirstydrinkinsilence.口渴的人会静静地饮水。2格言、谚语、警句中的定语从句指人主语通常是类指,一般用that,偶尔也用whoHeislifelessthatisfaultless.只要活着,总有过错。Hethatrespectsnotisnotrespected.你不敬人,人不敬你。Hethatwouldeatthefruitmustclimbthetree.想吃果子就得爬树。Hethatmischiefhatches.mischiefcatches.害人必害己。Helaughsbestthat/wholaughslast.笑在最后的,笑得最开心。第37页共37页,Heavendoesnotletdowntheonethathasawill.苍天不负有心人。Itisagoodwifethatnevergrumbles.再好的妻子也会唠叨。It'seasytokickamanthatisdown.虎落平原被犬欺。Hewholosescouragelosesall.一个人失去了生活的勇气就失去了一切。Hewhoknowsmostknowsbesthowlittleheknows.知识越多的人越最清楚自己知道的东西太少。3定语从句为thatbe,thatis,thatitis,thatthereis,以be为谓语,从句主语通常用thatHe'snotthemanthathewas.他已不是从前的他了。Thedecisionsareinthehandsofthepowersthatbe.决定权在当局者手中。Itisnotthebeautifullakethatitwas.它已不再是从前那个美丽的湖了。Mrs.Johnsonthatistobewillhaveeverythingawomancouldwishfor.这位未来的约翰逊夫人将拥有一个女人所想要的一切。Theoldladywasawaybackinthefullandhappylifethathadbeen.老太太完全沉浸在对过去充实而幸福的生活的回忆中。That'sall(that)thereistoit.如此而已。Thatistheonlyone(that)thereis.这是仅有的一个。Theyhaveeatenallthefood(that)thereistobehad.他们把所有的食物都吃完了。Itistheonlybook(that)thereisontheAntarcticexploration.这是唯一一本关于南极探险的书。4先行词是who,whom,which,what时,限制性定语从句一般用that引导,以避免wh-语音的重复Whothathadseenthesightcouldeverforget?见到这种景象,谁会忘记呢?Whatmanistherethathasnoworryinlife?生活中谁没有不顺心的事呢?Icouldn'ttellyouwhoitwasthatrevealedthesecret.我不能告诉你是谁透露了那个秘密。Pleasetellmewhoitwasthatyoutalkedabout.请告诉我你们刚才谈的是谁。SheshowedwhichpictureitwasthatshetookinScotland.她给我看哪张是她在苏格兰拍的照片。Whothatyouhaveeverseencandobetter?你看见过谁能做得更好?5先行词为that时,定语从句通常用which引导What'sthatwhichheaskedfor?他要的是什么?Shehasfoundthatwhichhelosttheotherday.他前天丢的东西她找到了。Thatwhichpurifiesusistrial,andtrialisbywhatiscontrary.致我们纯洁者是考验,而考验则必借相反的事物。6在限制性定语从句中,作表语的关系代词通常用thatThetownisnotthetouristattractionthatitoncewas.这座小城不再是从前那样的旅游胜地了。Thishigh-rankingofficialwasstillatheartthegreedymerchantthathehadbeen.这名高官骨子里依然是从前那个贪婪的商人。7先行词为those,关系代词通常用whoChancefavoursonlythosewhoknowhowtocourther.机会只青睐那些知道如何去追求她的人。第37页共37页,Greatmenarethosewhoprofitthemostfromthefewestmistakes.伟大人物都能从最少的错误中吸取最多的教益。8如果关系代词紧跟在介词后面,不能用who或that,只能用which或whomThisisthequestionaboutwhich(不用that)theyhavehadsomuchdiscussioninthepastfewweeks.这就是几周来他们反复讨论的那个问题。Thepeoplewithwhom(不用that)heworkedthoughthewasabitstrange.同他一起工作的人都觉得他有点怪。Theysatdownbythenorthwindowoutsidewhichtherewasaflowergarden.他们在北窗边坐了下来,窗外有一个花园。HeisafamousstatesmanthanwhomnoneismoreinfluentialinChina.他是一位著名的政治家,在中国,没有人比他更有影响力了。9如果先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none,few等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which(但something,everything或anything后,偶尔也用which)That'sall(that)Icoulddoatthattime.这就是我当时所能做的一切。I'mkeepingthefewthatwillbesenttoMarynextmonth.我正收藏着下个月寄给玛丽的那几个。Therewasn作者的情况请都告诉我。Innersunshinewarmsnotonlytheheartoftheowner,butofallthatcomeincontactwithit.内心的欢乐不仅温暖了欢乐者自己的心,也温暖了所有与之接触者的心。Thereislittlethatcanbebelievedaboutit.几无可信之处。Shehasnothingthatisgoodtosay.她没有什么好说的。Shehateseverythingthatismodern.所有现代的东西她都不喜欢。【提示】在“Itis+名词+定语从句+定语从句”结构中,后一定语从句要用that。例如:Itisonlyamanwhohasseenmuchoftheworldthatcanbealeader.只有阅历丰富的人才能当领导。Itisalwaysthemouthwhichtalkstoomuchthatarousestroubles.言多必失。Itisamanwhoishonestthatcandothework.只有诚实的人才能做这项工作。10如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,little,much,no,some,very等词修饰,引导限制性定语从句常用关系代词that,不用which,who或whomHeistheonlypersonthatwaspresentatthetime.他是当时唯一在场的人。ThisisthebestTVsetthatismadeinChina.这是中国生产的最好的电视机。ThelittleinformationthatIcouldgetaboutthemwaslargelycontradictory.我能得到的有关他们的少量信息大部分是自相矛盾的。Theveryambulancethatwasavailablebrokedownonthe第37页共37页,way.仅能找到的救护车也在路上抛了锚。Whichwasthefirstbattleshipthatcrossedthestrait?渡过海峡的第一艘战舰是哪一艘?Itisthefastestsportscarthathaseverbeenmade.这是已制造出的最快的赛车。Whichisthenextroadthatwillbewidened?下一条要拓宽的是哪条路?Nosamplethatwehavereceivedissatisfactory.我们已收到的样品没有一个令人满意。Theyarethelastpersonsthatcanbelieveallmenarebornequal.他们是最不会相信“人人生来平等”的人了。Pleasesendusanyinformationthatyouhaveaboutthesubject.有关这个专题的任何资料都请寄给我们。11在非限制性定语从句和接续性定语从句中,一般不用that,要用who或which,作宾语用的代词也不能省略TheHeavenlyLake,whichisoneoftheworldfamousscenicspots,isonTianshanMountain.天池是世界名胜之一,位于天山之上。Therearethirtystudentsintheclass,themajorityofwhomarefromthecity.这个班上有30位学生,大多数来自城市。Iwillpardonher,whodidn'tdoitonpurpose.我会原谅她,她不是有意的。ImetProfessorXu,whotoldmetheresultoftheelection.我碰见徐教授,他告诉了我选举的结果。【提示】偶尔也见到在非限制性定语从句前使用关系代词that的情况。例如:IlookedatMary'ssadface,(aface)thatIhadoncesopassionatelyloved.我望着玛丽忧伤的面容,这面容我一度那样深情地爱过。12which可以引导修饰整个主句的定语从句which可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语、定语或表语,多数情况下意思同andthis相似。例如:NewConceptEnglishisintendedforforeignstudents,whichisknowntoallofus.《新概念英语》是为外国学生编写的,这是我们大家都知道的。(which作主语)Shewasawardedagoldmedal,whichthewholefamilyconsideredagreathonor.她被授予一枚金质奖章,全家人都认为这是极大的光荣。(which作宾语)Helostthemanuscriptduringthewar,inwhichcasehehadtorewritethebook.他在战争中把手稿丢失了,既然如此,他就不得不重写那本书了。(which作定语)Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.她对孩子们非常耐心,她丈夫却很少这样。(which作表语)Somepilotsarespecializedintrialflight,whichismostdangerous.有些飞行员专门做试飞工作,这是十分危险的。Itoldhimtogotoadoctor,whichadvice第37页共37页,hetook.我告诉他去看医生,他接受了这个建议。(指代部分概念)Don'tcallbetween12o'clockand1o'clock,atwhichtimeIamusuallyhavinglunch.不要在12点和1点之间来电话,这段时间里我通常在吃午饭。Sheisstudyingeconomics,whichknowledgeisveryimportanttoday.她在学习经济学,这门知识现在非常重要。Hebelievesinself-reliance,whichideaIfullyagreeto.他相信要依靠自己,我完全赞同这种观念。Shediedthreedaysago,whichIcan'tbelieve.她三年前去世了,这我很难相信。(=whichfact,afactwhich)Jimwasseriouslyill,whichshedidnotknow.吉姆病得很重,这她并不知道。(=whichcircumstance)Theybribedtheofficials,whichpracticewascommonhere.他们赌赂官员,在这里很普遍。ThePresidentwaskilled,whichcircumstancewasveryserious.总统被杀害了,这种情况非常严重。(=whichfact)Jim'scarwaslastinthequeue,whichgaveTedenoughtimetoputhisplanofrevengeintooperation.吉姆的车是队伍中的最后一辆,这就给了泰德足够的时间将他的复仇计划付诸实施。Ileftmykeysathome,whichwasaprettysillythingtodo.我把钥匙落在家里了,干了件没脑子的事。Motherarrivedhomejustthen,whichspoiledeverything.就在这时,母亲回家来了,把一切都给搅了。Shemarriedhim,whichwasdisgraceful.她嫁给了他,真丢人。Thekitchenhadn'tbeencleanedproperlythenightbefore,whichputhiminabadmood.前一天晚上厨房没有收拾干净,这使他心情很坏。Hecyclesfromhometoofficeeveryday,whichisprettygoodforhishealth.他每天骑自行车从家去办公室,这对他的健康非常好。Thechildwasaddictedtocomputergames,whichworriedhisparentsverymuch.这孩子沉迷于玩电脑游戏,这使他父母很担心。Therainwashedawaythetrack,whichpreventedthetrainfromrunning.大雨冲走了铁轨,火车无法行驶。Hewasfuriousaboutthisandsuedtheyoungman'smotherwhichledtoatrialandimprisonmentfortwoyears.他为此大发雷霆,向这名青年的母亲提出控诉,结果,法院判她两年徒刑。Shethendecidedtoleave,whichdecisionpleasedmegreatly.她那时决定离开,这个决定使我非常高兴。IaskedhernottolendmoneytoPeter,whichsoundslikeanungratefulthingto第37页共37页,say.我叫她不要借钱给彼得,这样说听上去好像有些忘恩负义。Theplanewasbadlydelayed,whichmadethepassengersveryangry.飞机严重误点,这使乘客们非常气愤。Theyweredivorcedwithinayear,whichwasunexpected.他们结婚不到一年就离婚了,真出人意料。Themanagersaidnothing,whichmadehimstillmoretense.经理什么也没说,这使他更加紧张。Theysaidhetoldliesabouttheagreement,whichhedidn't.他们说关于那项协议他撒了谎,事实上他并没有撒谎。Thepeoplewhorisetothetopinpoliticsareusuallythemostruthless,whichyouknow.政坛巨头通常都是无情的,这你是知道的。Hegottheaddresswrong,forwhichmistakeheapologized.他把地址搞错了,为此他道了歉。Shemayhavemissedthetrain,inwhichcaseshewon'tarriveforanotherhour.她可能没有赶上火车,那样再过一个小时她也到不了。ThisIdidatnineo'clock,afterwhichIwatchedTV.这件事是我9点做的,之后我就看电视了。Shesaidshewasshortofmoney,whichwasuntrue.她说她缺钱,这不真实。Mybrotherspentfiveyearsatcollege,duringwhichtimehestudiedmedicine.我弟弟上了五年大学,学医。Hebelievesinpublicownership,whichideaIam答度rrosedo.他相信公有制,对此观念我持反对HegavemealiftbacktoNanjing,whichwasverykindofhim.他让我搭他的便车回南京,真是太好了。Hesterheavedalongdeepsigh,inwhichtheburdenofshameandanguishdepartedfromherspirit.海丝特长长地舒了一口气,重压在心头的羞辱和苦痛也随之而去。【提示】①which代表主句或其一部分时,引导的从句通常要放在主句后,但偶尔也见到which从句放在主句前的情况,指其后句子或部分的整体情况。例如:Moreover,whichyoumayhardlybelieve,themotiveforthismurderwasjealousy.而且,你可能难以相信这一点,这桩谋杀案是由妒忌引起的。Theyalsosaid,whichwasnotsurprising,thatthesexshopwasadangertopublicmorals.他们还说,性用品商店会危害社会公德,这不奇怪。Primarily,whichisverycurious,thesebirdsflybacktotheislandonthesamedayeveryyear.首先,这些鸟儿年复一年在同一天飞回到这个岛上来,这说来很奇怪。Hehungaroundforhoursand,whichwasworse,keptmefromdoingmy第37页共37页,work.他闲逛了好几个小时,更糟的是,他还不让我工作。HeburiedhimselfinstudyingEnglish.And—whichwasthepoint—itwasofnousetohimthen.他埋头学习英语,而且关键所在是,英语当时对他并没有任何用处。Anyway,theevening,whichI'lltellyoumoreaboutlater,IendedupstayingatRichard'splace.不管怎样,我那天晚上是在理查德那儿过的夜,有关的详情我晚些时候再同你讲。2注意下面两种which的用法:Heissuretocomeunless(whichisimpossible)hehassomethingurgent.除非有紧急事务,否则他一定会来的。(which从句放在括号中,表示作出某种说明)Shesaid,“I'vedonemybest.”Whichwastrue.她说:“我已经尽力了。”这是真的。(which紧跟在直接引语之后)13用作表语的关系代词(1)关系代词that可指代人或物,可用作表语,仅用于限制性定语从句中。例如:Heisnolongerthesimple-mindedmanthathewasfiveyearsago.他已不再是五年前那个头脑简单的他了。Heissaidtobeeverythingthatanhonestmanshouldbe.人们说他具备了一个正直的人应有的一切美好品质。Whathesaidanddidthereshowedthemanthathewas.他在那里的言行反映出他真实的本人。Heneverrevealedhimselfastheman(that)hewas.他从没透露过他的真实身份。(2)关系代词which可用作表语,通常指物,但也可用来指人的地位、性格和修养等。例如:Themoderncarisnolongerthecarwhichitwasin1930's.现代的汽车已不是20世纪30年代的汽车了。ShelookslikeaRussian,whichyouarenot.她看上去像个俄罗斯人,而你不像。Shediditlikeaclevergirlwhichsheundoubtedlyis.她像一个灵巧的姑娘那样做了这件事,她无疑是一位灵巧的姑娘。Theythoughthimdull,whichhewasnot.他们认为他头脑迟钝,实则不然。Thisisnotthetypeofmodernhousewhichmyownis.这不是我房子那样的现代化住宅。Mywifeiswordy,whichshewasnot.我妻子现在爱唠叨,她过去不是。Thepoliceaccusedhimofbeingamurderer,whichhewas.警方控告他是个杀人犯,他真是个杀人犯。Jackisarecklessdriverwhichhiselderbrotherisnot.杰克是个鲁莽的司机,而他哥哥则不是这样。【提示】在正式文体中,which表示人的类属、性质、特征、身份,that或who表示特定、具体的某个人。比较:第37页共37页,Dianaisanexperiencedteacherwhichherboyfriendwasnot.戴安娜是一位有经验的教师,而她的男朋友则缺乏经验。(类属)DianaisthemostexperiencedteacherthatI'veevermet.戴安娜是我遇见过的最有经验的教师。(特定)IwassurprisedtofindFrankadifferentmanfromtheonewhichIusedtoknow.我惊讶地发现弗兰克已不是我原来熟知的那种人了。(类属)IwassurprisedtofindFrankadifferentmanfromtheonethatIusedtoknow.我惊讶地发现弗兰克已不是我原来熟知的那个人了。(特定)Sheistheperfectaccountantwhichheryoungersisterisnot.她是她妹妹所不能达到的那种十全十美的会计师。(类属)Stayfaithfultothepersonthat/whoyou'remarriedto.对与你结婚的人要忠贞不渝。(具体)在口语或非正式文体中,也有用that表示类属的情况。例如:Thecountryvillageandtheurbanhousingestatebothneededthebestmenwhich/thatcanbefoundforthem.农村与城市住宅区都需要能为它们找到优秀的管理人才。HeiscommonlyregardedasaFunnyManthanastherevolutionarywhich/that,atbottom,heis.一般都把他看作滑稽人,不看作革命者,而他骨子里却是个革命者。(3)关系代词as可用作表语,引导非限制性定语从句,相当于which。例如:Thequestionisverydifficult,as/whichindeeditis.这个问题很难,的确很难。14whosemeaning和themeaningofwhich(1)whose引导定语从句,既可指人也可指物。whose在定语从句中有时同it连用,it起形式主语的作用,表示强调。例如:Theyhadasentencewhosemeaningwascompletelybeyondthem.他们有一个句子,其含义他们完全不懂。(=themeaningofwhichwas..)(注意加the)She'sbecomefamousbywritinganovelwhosepurportnobodywasquitesureof.她写了一部小说一举成名,这部小说的主旨谁也拿不准。(=thepurportofwhich...)Thisisthebuildingwhosewindowswereallpaintedgreen.这就是窗户全漆成绿色的那幢大楼。Hestarsanelderlystrangerintown,whosearrivalisfollowedbysomemysteriousdeaths.他主演的是镇上一位年迈的陌生人。自他到来之后,镇上发生了几起神秘的死亡事件。In2012shecaughtaseriousillnessfromwhoseeffectsshestillsuffers.2012年她患了重病,直到现在还没有康复。(=theeffectsofwhich)Thisisthepainterwhosehousealotofpictureswerestolenfrom.这就是那位家里有许多画被盗的画家。Ifyouhappentobethefarmeronwhoselandthelocustsarrive,thenit'saveryserious第37页共37页,problem.大量的蝗虫来到了农场主的田里,如果你碰巧就是这位农场主,那么,这便是一个非常严重的问题。Itisabookofrarevalue,manyofwhosepagesaredog-eared.这是一本珍本书,许多书页都翻得卷了角了。Itwouldmeangivingmorepowertothecourts,manyofwhosemembersarewidelybelievedtobecorrupt.这意味着给法院更大的权力,而人们广泛认为许多法官腐败。Ateacherisapersonwhosedutyistoteach.教师的职责是教书。Ateacherisapersonwhosedutyitistoteach.这两个句子意思相同,结构有所不同。whosedutyitistoteach中的it是形式主语,真正主语是不定式toteach,从强调结构itishisdutytoteach演化而来。再如:Therearemanyorganizationswhosesolepurposeitistohelpmentallyretardedchildren.有许多组织,其唯一的目的就是帮助弱智儿童。(演化自itistheirsolepurposetohelp...)(2)名词/代词/数词+of+whom和名词/代词/数词+of+which。若用定语从句表示“所属”关系,先行词指人时,用“名词/代词/数词+of+whom”结构;先行词指物时,用“名词/代词/数词+of+which”结构,of前表示部分,of后表示整体。whose指物时,可用...ofwhich代替。例如:Thecommitteeconsistsof20members,fiveofwhomarewomen.这个委员会有20名成员组成,妇女5名。Thebookcontains50poems,mostofwhichwerewritteninthe1930's.这本书中有50首诗,大部分写于20世纪30年代。Therearetwoleft,oneofwhichisalmostfinishedandtheotherofwhichisnotquite.还剩下两个,一个即将完成,另一个还远未完成。Icanlendyoutwobooks,bothofwhichareveryinteresting.我可以借给你两本书,这两本书都很有趣。(=ofwhichboth)ItwouldinvolveallRomeinafearfulstrife,theendofwhichnomancouldforesee.这会使整个罗马卷入一场可怕的战争,其结局没有人能预料。下面三句意思相同:这条两岸树木葱郁的河流向大海。Theriverwhosebanksarecoveredwithtreesflowstothesea.Theriverofwhichthebanksarecoveredwithtreesflowstothesea.Theriverthebanksofwhicharecoveredwithtreesflowstothesea.下面三句表述相同的含义:这个班上有20名学生,背景各不相同。Thereareinthisclasstwentystudents,whosebackgroundsaredifferent.第37页共37页,Thereareinthisclasstwentystudents,thebackgroundsofwhomaredifferent.Thereareinthisclasstwentystudents,ofwhomthebackgroundsaredifferent.但是,..ofwhich所修饰的词若是数词、不定代词或另有其他限定词(the除外),不可改为“whose...”结构。例如:Therearesixpossibilities,everyoneofwhichinvolvesdifficulty.有六种可能,其中每一个都有困难。Theyofferedastrongopposition,ofthelikeofwhichhehadneverdreamed.他们进行了有力的抵抗,他做梦都没想到会遇到这样的抵抗。Anaircraftengineconsistsofthousandsofparts,eachofwhichhasitsimportance.航空发动机有数千个零件,每个零件都有其重要作用。Henowhas20,000hectaresofland,morethantwo-thirdsofwhichareundercultivation.他现在有两万公顷土地,超过三分之二都在耕种。(不可说whosemorethantwo-thirds..)注意下面一句:Lindahadjustbeendeliveredoftwinboysofwhich,bytheway,Markseemstohavebeenthefather.琳达刚生了一对双胞胎男孩,马克好像是孩子的父亲。(婴儿常被当作中性的事物看待)15先行词是集体名词用who还是用which如果作先行词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;如果指集体中的各个成员,则用who。比较:Thebasketballteam,whichisplayingverywell,willcomeoutfirst.这个篮球队打得很好,将会得第一名。Thebasketballteam,whoarehavingarest,willbeginanothermatchintwentyminutes.这个篮球队的队员们正在休息,将于20分钟后开始另一场比赛。16如果先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,应用who或whom,不用whichIsthereanyoneherewhocanspeakFrench?这里有谁会说法语吗?Hesawthemanagertalkingwithsomebodywhomhedidn'tknow.他看见经理在同一个他不认识的人谈话。17如果有两个或两个以上先行词,兼指人或物,应用thatThefamouswriterandhisworksthattheradiobroadcasthavearousedgreatinterestamongthestudents.广播中播出的那位著名作家及其作品在学生中间引起了极大的兴趣。Theyspokehighlyofthediplomatandhisbrilliantsuccessthattheyreadaboutinthenewspaper.他们高度赞扬在报上读到的那位外交家和他的辉煌业绩。Hewaswatchingthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledthecar.他看着把车子塞得满满的孩子和包裹。第37页共37页,Avictimisaperson,animalorthingthatsufferspain,death,harm,etc.受害者是遭受痛苦、死亡、伤害等的人、动物或东西。Shewroteabookaboutthepeopleandthingsthatimpressedhermostdeeplyduringhervisitthere.她把在那里访问期间给她印象最深的人和事写成了一本书。Theoldmanandthedogthatwerecrossingtheroadwereseriouslyinjured.正在过马路的老人和狗伤得很厉害。18不可以说afilmaboutthatItoldyou关系代词that前不能用介词,须把介词移至句尾。参阅上下文。比较:你看过我告诉你的电影吗?HaveyouseenthefilmaboutthatItoldyou?[×]HaveyouseenthefilmthatItoldyouabout?[√]17世纪是科学和哲学取得重大发展的世纪。Theseventeenthcenturywasoneinthatmanysignificantadvancesweremadeinbothscienceandphilosophy.[×]Theseventeenthcenturywasoneinwhichmanysignificantadvancesweremadeinbothscienceandphilosophy.[v]19agirlwithwhomtowork还是agirlwhomtoworkwith关系代词whom和which可以同不定式和介词连用,其结构为:介词+whom/which+不定式(whom/which省略)不定式+介词要注意的是,介词在前时,whom和which不可省略,介词在句尾时,whom和which必须省略。比较:她是个共事令人愉快的姑娘。Sheisapleasantgirlwithwhomtowork.[v]Sheisapleasantgirltoworkwith.[V]Sheisapleasantgirlwhomtoworkwith.[X]他还没到达到适婚年龄。Hehasnotreachedtheproperageatwhichtomarry.[v]Hehasnotreachedtheproperagetomarryat.[v]Hehasnotreachedtheproperagewhichtomarryat.[X]注意下面一句:Whothatyouhaveeverseencandobetter?你曾见过谁能做得更好?(这里只能用that,避免与who重复)20“介词+关系代词”结构问题“介词+关系代词(whom,which)”引导定语从句的要点如下:(1)“介词+关系代词”结构可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。(2)“介词+关系代词”结构中的介词可以是in,on,about,from,for,through,with,to,at,against,第37页共37页,during,without,bymeansof,becauseof,byvirtueof等,关系代词可用whom或which。(3)“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选用或根据上下文要表达的具体意思,或根据先行词的习惯搭配,或根据定语从句中某些词或短语的习惯搭配,有时候,这个介词可能就是作定语从句谓语的短语动词的一个固定介词(如sailfor中的for,choosefrom中的from等)。(4)“介词+关系代词”结构在定语从句中可以作状语或定语,并可修饰别的名词一同作状语。(5)which在定语从句中可以单独作定语,而whom却不可。参阅上文。Thisistheringonwhichshespent1,000dollars.这就是她花1000美元买的戒指。(习惯搭配,状语)Theeconomistwithwhomallofusarefamiliarwillvisitourcompany.我们大家都熟悉的那位经济学家将要访问我们公司。(习惯搭配,表语)Ican'tremembertheageatwhichhewontheprize.我记不起他获奖的年龄了。(习惯搭配,状语)(attheage在······岁时)Soundisatoolbymeansofwhichpeoplecommunicatewitheachother.声音是人们互相交流的工具。(状语)Hewasfounddisappointedathisfailure,becauseofwhichhewascriticized.发现他因失败而灰心丧气,他因此受到了批评。(状语)Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance,inwhichcaseIwouldbutstandthere,noddingandwaving.我激动得说不出话来,在那种情况下,我只能站在那里点着头,挥着手。(定语)Tenyearsofhardworkchangedhergreatly,forwhichreasonhecouldhardlyrecognizeheratfirstsight.10年的辛劳使她变化很大,你一见之下很难认出她来了。(定语)Waterboilsat100℃,atwhichtemperatureitchangestogas.水在100摄氏度沸腾,在这个温度上就变成了气体。(定语)Icalledherbythewrongname,forwhichmistakeIapologize.我叫错了她的名字,我为这个错误而道歉。ThisisanenormousfieldofwhichIcanheretouchonlythefringe.这是一个很广阔的领域,我在这里只能谈个大概。There'sonlyoneproblemaboutwhichtheydisagree.只有一个问题他们没能达成一致。Thiswasanundoubtedsocialevilagainstwhichmanyvoicesweretoberaised.这无疑是一种社会邪恶,势必遭到人们的强烈反对。Atelegramofwhichhalf/halfofwhichwasfalsedeceivedthem.一个半真半假的电报欺骗了他们。Therearefewthingsofwhichhestandsinmoreawethanthestarryskyoverhead.几乎没有什么比头上的星空更让他敬畏的了。Itwasaveryagreeableplacelocatedwithintwosmallhills,inthemidstofwhichflowedagreatriver.那个地方位于两山之间,景色宜人,一条大河穿流而过。Theholidayvillahadlargewindowsoneverysidefromwhichonecouldenjoythelakesidescenery,asenchantingasfairyland.度假别墅轩窗四围,满目湖光山色,真如仙境。第37页共37页,Afriendissomeonewhodrawsoutyourbestqualities,withwhomyousparkleandbecomemoreknowledgeable.朋友就是能使你表现出你自己最佳品质的人,与他在一起你就会精神焕发,更有见识。Julietappearedaboveatawindow,throughwhichherexceedingbeautyseemedtobreaklikethelightofthesunintheeast.朱丽叶在上面一扇窗口露面了,她那绝色美貌宛如东方的太阳光芒初放。Thepapersforwhichhewassearchinghavebeenrecovered.他刚才在搜寻的那些文件已经找回来了。Thebridgeonwhichtheywerestandingcollapsed.他们站在上面的那座桥倒塌了。Samspentsixyearsincollege,duringwhichtimehestudiedeconomics.萨姆上了六年大学,其间他学习经济学。Shecametothecityin1995,inwhichyeartherewasnocollegehereyet.她1995年来到这座城市,那时这里还没有一所大学。(=atwhichtime)【提示】①指具体明确的关系时,介词多置于句末,也可置于关系代词之前;指抽象或隐含关系时,介词要置于关系代词之前。例如:他正站在上面的那个梯子开始滑动。Theladderwhich/thathewasstandingonbegantoslip.[v]Theladderonwhichhewasstandingbegantoslip.[v]是驾驶员的疏忽造成了飞机被毁。Itwasthepilot'scarelessnessthroughwhichtheplanewasdestroyed.不说:Itwasthepilot'scarelessnesswhich/thattheplanewasdestroyedthrough.简是那么一位妇女,年龄对她来说算不了什么。Janewasawomanwithwhomagedidn'tcount.不说:Janewasawomanwhom/thatagedidn'tcountwith.这项决定是在我瞌睡不断的那次会议上作出的。ThedecisionwasmadeatthemeetingduringwhichIkeptfallingasleep.不说:Thedecisionwasmadeatthemeetingwhich/thatIkeptfallingasleepduring.2fromwhere中的where为关系代词,可以引导定语从句。例如:Shestoodnearthenorthwindow,fromwhereshecouldseethewholegarden.她靠近北窗站着,从那里她能看见整个公园。(=throughwhich)Heclimbeduptothetopofthetemple,fromwherehecouldseenothingbuttrees.他攀上塔顶,举目四望都是树。(=andfromthetopofthetemple/fromonthetopofwhich,但不可用fromwhich)That'stheplacefromwheretheriverbranchesout.这就是河流分叉的地方。Fromwheredidhecome?他来自何处?(where是疑问代词)Wheredidyoubuythebook?你从哪里买的书。(where是疑问副词)比较:Chinaisthebirthplaceofkites,fromwherekitesflvingspreadtoJapan,Koreaand第37页共37页,India.中国是风筝的故乡,从那里风筝传到日本、朝鲜和印度。(fromwhere引导非限制性定语从句)ThecarstoppedsuddenlyonlyafewinchesfromwhereIstood.小汽车就在我站的地方几英寸处突然停了下来。(fromwhere引导状语从句)③两个词或三个词构成的固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词分开放在关系代词前,如:listento,lookat,dependon,payattentionto,takecareof等。例如:Pleasetellmewhatyouarelisteningto.请告诉我你在听什么?(不说..towhatyouarelistening)Thisisthegirlwhomhewilltakecareof.这就是他将照料的女孩。(不说..ofwhomhewilltakecare)21是定语从句还是宾语从句who,whom和which等引导的从句,可以是宾语从句,也可以是定语从句,应加以区别。例如:Heisthewriterwhowrotethebook.他就是写这部书的作家。(只能是定语从句)PleasetellProfessorWangwhowrotethebook.请告诉写这本书的王教授。(定语从句)请告诉王教授,这本书是谁写的。(宾语从句)Wouldyouaskthewomanwhoissingingintheroom?你去问问正在房间里唱歌的那位妇女好吗?(定语从句)你去问问那位妇女,谁在房间里唱歌,好吗?(宾语从句)22“介词+which”后接不定式短语作后置定语,相当于一个定语从句Allowmehalfanhourinwhichtowashtheclothes.留给我半个小时洗衣服。Hehadnopretextonwhichtobreakhispromise.他没有违背诺言的借口。Hehasaknifewithwhichtodefendhimself.他有一把自卫的刀。Shehassavedanotherthousanddollarswithwhichtosupportherfamily.她又省下了1000美元,用以接济家庭。23that有时相当于forwhich或inwhich有时候,that相当于forwhich或inwhich,表示原因或方式。参阅下文。Heapologizedtoherfortheveryreasonthathehadwrongedher.他向她道歉,只是因为他冤枉了她。(that=forwhich)Iwishyouwouldseethingsinthelightthatweseethem.我希望你能以我们的方式看待事物。(that=inwhich)24that引导从句可以表示让步、评论、感叹等,这时要用倒装结构(参阅有关章节)Simple-mindedmanthathewas,hecouldseethroughherlies.他虽然头脑简单,但也能识破她的谎言。第37页共37页,Ten-year-oldchildthatheis,heknowswhat'sgoodforhim.他虽然只是个10岁的孩子,但也知道好歹。Youbulliedthathonestman,rascalthatyouare.你欺侮那个诚实的人,真是个无赖!Beastthathewas,tokilltheinnocentchildren.他杀害了那些无辜的儿童,真是禽兽不如!二、关系副词引导的定语从句1.关系副词(relativeadverb)引导的定语从句在从句中表示时间、地点或原因等1关系副词的意思相当于“介词+which结构”(其用法分类列表如下)关系副词被替代的先行词在从句中的作用when(=at,in,on,duringwhich)表示时间的名词时间状语where(=in,atwhich)表示地点的名词地点状语why(forwhich)只有reason原因状语Hewillalwaysrememberthedaywhen/onwhichhisfatherreturnedfromAmerica.他将永远记着父亲从美国返回的那一天。Thiswasthetimewhen/atwhichsheleftforBeijing.这就是她动身去北京的时间。Thebookstorewhere/inwhichhissisterworksisthelargestoneinNanjing.他妹妹工作的那家书店是南京最大的。Idon'tknowthereasonwhy/forwhichhedidn'tcometothemeetingyesterdaymorning.我不知道他为什么没参加昨天上午的会议。2关系副词引导定语从句时只起状语作用,既不能作动词的宾语,也不能作介词的宾语那人据说来自一个无人知晓的小城。Themanissaidtocomefromatownwherenobodyknew.[×]Themanissaidtocomefromatownwhichnobodyknew.[v]这是人们安居乐业的时代。Thatistheageinwhenpeopleliveinpeaceandhappiness.[X]Thatistheageinwhichpeopleliveinpeaceandhappiness.[v]你知道她做那件事的原因吗?Doyouknowthereasonwhyshediditfor?[X]Doyouknowthereasonwhyshedidit?[√]【提示】1地点名词后当然可以接where从句,但其他如case,point,conditions,job等表示“情况,方面”等的名词后亦可接where从句,这种用法的where相当于underwhich,fromwhich等,意为“在这种情况下,从……中”等。例如:Therearesomecaseswherethisruledoesnotholdgood.在某些情况下,这条规则不适用。Therearemanyinstanceswhereheiscool-headed.他在许多情况下都是冷静的。Hehadtofacetheconditionswherepressurewasheavy.他必须面对压力很大的情况。第37页共37页,Theyareinadifficultsituationwherealleffortsseemfutile.他们的处境艰难,似乎一切努力都是徒劳。Iwillshowyouthepointwhereyoufail.我将指出你的失败所在。Thisisajobwhereyoucanlearnsomething.从这项工作中你能学到一些东西。2where和inwhich均可引导定语从句,有时可以换用,但含义并不完全相同。比较:那就是她在那里长大的城市。Thatisthecitywhereshegrewup.(仅指一个地点,thecity可省)Thatisthecityinwhichshegrewup.(强调“在····…之内”,thecity不可省)但在下面的句子中,只可用inwhich,不可用where:Shehadonlythelongnightsinwhichtostudy.她只有在漫漫长夜里才能读书学习。(inwhich表示时间)Theyhiredtwoboatsinwhichtheycameuptothesourceoftheriver.他们租了两条船,乘船来到了那条河的源头。(inwhich表示乘船)3when可作介词宾语,意为“那时”。例如:Helefthishometownin2012andsincewhenhehasnevercomeback.他2012年离开了家,再也没有回来。(=sincethen)2.that有时可以代替关系副词when,where,why,how引导定语从句,也可代替as,inwhich,atwhich等引导定语从句,表示时间、地点或原因that用作关系副词,其先行词通常是time,day,year,reason,direction,way,distance等。例如:Thisistheuniversitythathestudiedat20vearsago.这就是他20年前求学的那所大学。(注意:本句用关系副词where时,后不可用at)Doyoustillrememberthedaythat/whenhearrived?你还记得他到达的那一天吗?Thisisthesecondweekthat/duringwhichhehasn'tcomeforclass.这是他第二周没来上课了。Hediedonthedaythat/whenhisseconddaughterwasborn.他在他二女儿出生的那天去世了。Thenightthat/whensheleftwasrainy.她离开的那天晚上下着雨。Sheknowstheplacethat/wherehestays.她知道他待在哪里。Thespeedthat/atwhichheisdrivingis100milesanhour.他以每小时100英里的速度行车。Thatisthemannerthat/howhedeceivedher.他就是那样欺骗她的。Idon'tlikethewaythat/inwhichhedidit.我不喜欢他做这件事的方式。I'vealteredtheway/that/inwhichIteachscience.我改变了自己教授理科的方式。Shecookedpotatoesinthesamemannerthat/ashermotherdid.她用和母亲同样的方式烧土豆。Hedoesnotseethismatterinthesamelightthat/aswedo.对于这个问题,他和我们的看法不用。That'stheplacethat/wherethecontesttakesplaceeverytwoyears.那就是赛事每两年举行一次的地方。第37页共37页,Iadmiretheway/that/inwhichhemanagestoseebothsidesofthequestion.我赞赏他从两个方面看问题那种思想方法。Thereasonthat/whyhemissedthetrainisthathegotuplate.他误了火车的原因是他起床迟了。【提示】①先行词time,moment,day等后的定语从句用when引导时,先行词为句子重点所在,为未知的新信息,是要引起注意的中心,先行词多为主语、宾语或表语,这时的when不可换成that。例如:Therearetimeswhensuchthingsarenecessary.有些时候,这些东西是必需的。It'sasortofdaywhenyou'dliketostayinbed.要是赶上那种天气,你喜欢躺着不起床。TherearemomentswhenIforgetallaboutit.有些时候,我把它完全忘了。Therewasatimewhenmanatethingsraw.过去有个时期,人类生吃东西。Itwasoneofthosecoolmoonliteveningswhenwewalkedhandinhandalongthelake.就是在那样一个月朗风轻的夜晚,我们手挽着手在湖边散步。Itwasamomentwhenhemustmakethefinaldecision.那是他必须做出最后决定的时刻。She'slookingforwardtothedaywhenherdaughterwinsthechampionship.她盼望着女儿获得冠军的那一天。Istillrememberthemorningwhenhelefthome.我还记得他离开家的那个早晨。2先行词thetime,theday,thenight,themoment等后的定语从句用that引导时,先行词并非句子重点所在,而是确定的、已知的时间。这种用法的先行词多为介词短语中的宾语,如bythetime,或具有连词动能的固定搭配,如themoment,theinstant,theday等。例如:Bythetime(that)thepolicemenarrived,shehadbeenrobbedofallherpossessions.警察到达时,她已被抢去了所有财物。OnthedaythatIfinishwritingthebook,Ishallgoforamonth'sholidayattheseaside.我写完这本书的那天,我将去海滨度一个月的假。Themomentthathehadsaiditheknewwhatamistakehehadmade.那话他一说出口,就知道自己犯了个大错。Shewenthome,thesameeveningthatsheheardthenews.听到那个消息的当晚她就回家了。FrederickwastheonlyfriendImadeduringthefouryearsthatIwasatcollege.弗雷德里克是我大学四年期间结交的唯一一个朋友。Hecalledhertheinstant(that)heheardit.他一听到那个消息就给她打了电话。Ithappenedthedaythatthemarriagetookplace.事情就发生在举行婚礼的那天。③在It'stimethat,Itisabouttimethat,Itishightimethat,Thatwasthedaythat,Pleasetellmetheexacttime/datethat等结构中,要用that引导定语从句。例如:It'sabouttime(that)hegothimselfaproperjob.他该给自己找一份合适的工作了。第37页共37页,Isitnothightimethatyougotdowntomarkingthepapers?难道不是你应该阅卷的时候了吗?Thatwasthedaythatthewholevillageturnedouttowelcomeushome.那就是全村的人都出来欢迎我们回家的那一天。Pleasetellmetheexactdate(that)theSecondWorldWarbrokeout.请告诉我第二次世界大战爆发的确切日期。④在Therecameadaywhen,Thedaywillcomewhen等结构中,要用when引导定语从句。例如:Therecameadaywhentherainfellintorrents.有那么一天,大雨倾盆。Thenthedaycamewhentheyhadtopartcompany.他们不得不分手的那一天终于到来了。3.how不能用来引导定语从句Thisisthewayhowhebehaves.[X]如果要用how,句子中就不能有先行词,可以说:Thisishowhebehaves.这就是他的行为表观。Thisisthewayhebehaves.三、as在定语从句中的用法1.引导限制性定语从句在限制性定语从句中,as多和such或thesame连用,构成such..as和thesame..as结构,可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。在thesame...as结构中,as也可以用that代替。例如:Suchpeopleaswererecommendedbyhimwerereliable.他所推荐的人是可靠的。(as作主语)SuchbooksasIhavereadareclassicalworks.我所读过的书都是些经典著作。(as作宾语)I'veneverseensuchatalentedyoungmanasheis.我从未见过像他这样才华横溢的年轻人。(as作表语)I'dliketousethesametoolas(that)isusedhere.我想使用和这里用的一样的工具。(as作主语)thesame..that虽然在结构上与thesame..as相同,但有时句意却不一样。比较:ThisisthesamebookasIreadlastweek.这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。ThisisthesamebookthatIreadlastweek.这就是我上周读的那本书。但如果先行词表示抽象概念,则没有这种区别。例如:Shetoldmethesamestoryas(that)shehadtoldyou.她给我讲的和给你讲的是同一个故事。as还可以用在so和as之后,构成so.as,as..as结构。这种结构前面的so或as是副词,后面的as是代词。例如:Inthecity,IsawsograndaNationalDaycelebrationasIneverdreamtof.在那个城市里,我看到了连做梦也不会想到的如此宏大的国庆庆祝活动。Heisasgreatapainteraseverlived.他是一个伟大的画家。(oneofthegreatest)2.引导非限制性定语从句第37页共37页,在非限制性定语从句中,as作为关系代词代替整个主句,这时,as引导的从句位置较灵活,可以位于主句前面、中间或后面,一般用逗号与主句隔开,通常译为“对···…如·……一样,对·……像·……一样”等。as和which在这种用法上的区别是:which作为关系代词也可以指前面的一个句子或词组所包含的内容,但which指的通常是前面提到过的情况或事实。which引导的从句一般放在主句之后,偶尔也可放在所指代的句子或部分之前。as既可指前面已经提到的情况(这一事实,那一情况),也可指后面将要提到的情况。另外,as后若为“be+过去分词”构成的被动语态,be常省略。which后的be在同样情况下则不可省略。as引导从句时,有“为人所熟知,显然”的含义,which则没有这层意思。as引导的从句往往表示一种附加说明,which引导的从句则为较重要的评说。例如:As(不用which)mightbeexpected,Johnwasadmittedtotheuniversity.约翰被大学录取了,这是可以预料到的。(as代替后面的句子,在从句中作主语)MoreAmericantroopsarebeingsenttotheMiddleEast,as(可用which)Ihavelearntfromthenewspaper.我从报纸上得知,更多的美国部队正在被派往中东。(as代替前面的句子,在从句中作主语)Thematerialiselastic,as(不用which或is)showninthefigure.如图所示,这种材料富有弹性。Anotherrecessionissettingin,asisalreadyoccutring,forinstance,withthecarindustry.又一次衰退正在到来,比如,在汽车工业中已经出现了这种情况。Sheusuallytakesfortywinksafterlunch,asisherhabit.她午饭后通常小睡一会儿,这是她的习惯。Heisabitoutofhismind,asallthosewhoknowhimcansee.他精神有点不大正常,这一点所有认识他的人都看得出来。Asisreported,aforeigndelegationwillvisitourfactory.正如报道所说,一个外国代表团将访问我们厂。(不可说Asitisreported)IvotedLabour,asdidmyhusband.我投了工党的票,我丈夫也是。Anne'sverytall,asishermother.安妮个子很高,她妈妈个子也高。Heisateacher,aswashiswifebeforetheymovedtoShanghai.他是教师,他们家搬到上海之前他妻子也是教师。Themanwasascholar,aswasevidentfromhiswayofwalking.那人是一位学者,这从他的走路姿态明显看得出。MotherNatureisprotestingatthepollutionwe'vebeencreatingforthelastcentury,aswemightnotrealize.大自然在对我们过去一个世纪一直在制造的污染表示抗议,我们自己可能没有意识到。Asshehoped,shewonthechampionship.她如愿以偿获得了冠军。Whyhadn'theacceptedtheofferof9,000,ashefelttobereasonable?他觉得9000美元的报价是合理的,却为什么没有接受呢?第37页共37页,Asisverynatural,thefilmwascriticizedforitssexandviolence.这部影片因充斥着性行为和暴力镜头而受到批评,这很自然。Heisnoscholar,ashisfatheris.他根本不是他父亲那样的名副其实的学者。Heseemedlackinginenthusiasm,asindeedhewas.他看样子缺乏热情,实际真是这样。Davidisdiligent,asisallhisclassmates.戴维很勤奋,他的同学都是这样。Shethinkshimnarrow-minded,asitprobablyis.她认为他心胸狭窄,他可能真是这样。Asapoetpointsout,lifeisbutadream.正如一位诗人指出的,人生只不过是一场梦。(不可说Asapoetpointsitout,as引导从句同时作宾语)Iadvisedmysister,aswasmyduty.我劝了我妹妹,这是我的责任。Shebecameangry,asmanycouldsee.她生气了,许多人都看得出来。Theresult,asmaybeexpected,isbad.正如所预料的那样,结果很糟糕。Children,asisalwaysthecase,lovetheirmother.儿童通常总是喜爱母亲。但下面两句用it都是正确的,因为it代表一个单词或短语,在习惯用语asweknow后作宾语(as是连词):Money,asweknowit,istherootofallevils.我们都知道,金钱是万恶之源。CambridgeUniversity,asweknowit,isoneoftheoldestuniversitiesintheworld.众所周知,剑桥大学是世界上最古老的大学之一。比较:Hewentbankrupt,asIpredicted.正如我所料,他破产了。Hewentbankrupt,whichiswhatIpredicted.他破产了,这正是我所预料到的。Thecontractwascanceled,asweexactlywanted.正如我们所希望的那样,那项合同被废止了。Thecontractwascanceled,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.那项合同被废止了,这正是我们所希望的。Hedidn'thaveanyhopeofsuccess,assheknew.正如她所知道的,他没有任何成功的希望。(as为关系代词,引导定语从句,亦可放在句首)Hedidn'thaveanyhopeofsuccess,asshethought.他没有任何成功的希望,而她却认为他有。(as为连接词,相当于but或yet,原句意为:Hedidn'thaveanyhopeofsuccess,butshethoughthehad.asshethought不可放在句首,可视为表示转折或让步的状语从句)下面是常见的as引导的结构,一般位于句首,有时也位于句中或句尾:asiswellknown众所周知asisoftenthecase情况常常如此asmaybeimagined可以想象得出asoftenhappens这种情况常常发生第37页共37页,ashasbeensaidbefore如前所述ashasbeenpointedout正如已经指出的aswillbeshownin...将在······中指出asishoped正如所希望的asisusual(withsb.)(某人)经常如此asisnatural很自然asissupposed如所料想的asisanticipated如所预料的asisthecustomwith习惯如此【提示】1as从句可以表达比例。例如:Aspricesrise,(so)thedemandforhigherwageswillincrease.物价上涨了,人们要求工资也增长。Aswegetolder,webecomelesswillingtochangeourideas.人老了,便会不愿意改变观念了。②as从句可以表示评论。例如:Thehall,asoftenhappens,becameverycrowded.这个大厅时常人满为患。Aseveryoneknows,runningwaterdoesnotgetstale.众所周知,流水不腐。③as从句表示两个动作、行为相比较。例如:Shescoldedhim,asshehadscoldedherson.她责骂了他,正如责骂她儿子一样。Hefailedtokeephispromise,asIthoughthewould.他没有遵守诺言,而我以为他会的。④as引导原因状语从句时,主句不可以that'swhy开始。例如:我知道你对古典音乐感兴趣,所以我想邀请你来听音乐会。AsIknowyouareinterestedinclassicalmusic,that'swhyIwanttoinviteyoutotheconcert.[×]AsIknowyouareinterestedinclassicalmusic,Iwanttoinviteyoutotheconcert.[√]Iknowyouareinterestedinclassicalmusic,andthat'swhyIwanttoinviteyoutotheconcert.[√]5表示某一类别事物的举例,要用suchas或like,不用as。例如:他喜欢吃新鲜的东西,如西红柿和黄瓜。Hepreferseatingfreshthingsastomatoesandcucumbers.[×]Hepreferseatingfreshthingssuchastomatoesandcucumbers.[V]Hepreferseatingfreshthingsliketomatoesandcucumbers.[v]⑥表示某人、某事起什么作用,充当什么角色,以什么资格。例如:Sheworkedasasecretary.她任秘书。HeservedastheBritishambassadortoChina.他任英国驻华大使。考察下面一个歧义句:Asamanagerofthecompany,Igiveyouthiswarning.⑦as后可跟名词短语、介词短语、形容词和过去分词。例如:第37页共37页,Asinpreviouselections,helostthesupportofthemajority.如在前一次选举中一样,他失去了大多数人的支持。Theydescribedhimasverydangerous.他们描述他很危险/脾气很坏/伤得很重。Theydescribedhimashavingahottemper.他们描述他很危险/脾气很坏/伤得很重。Theydescribedhimasseriouslywounded.他们描述他很危险/脾气很坏/伤得很重。8连词as可以表示一种情况也适用于另外一人、一事或一群人,这种用法中,as后的句子要倒装。例如:Ifearsnakes,asdomostpeople.我怕蛇,大多数人都怕蛇。Hesufferedalot,asweremanypeopleinthoseyears.他受了许多苦,就像那些年月里许多人一样。HeisanorthodoxJew,aswereallhisfamily.他是个正统的犹太教徒,同他全家一样。9结构asishoped,asisusualwithsb.,asisnatural,asissupposed,asisanticipated,asisthecustomwithsb..asisoftenthecase等中的as既可视为关系代词,相当于which,引导定语从句,也可视为连词,后省略了it,引导状语从句。例如:Hestayedlateintothenight,asisoftenthecase.他待到深夜,经常是这样。(=whichisoftenthecase,=asitisoftenthecase)⑩在某些习惯用法中,用as而不用which。例如:ProfessorSmith,asweknow,haswrittenanewbookonthesubject.我们知道,史密斯教授写了一本有关这个专题的新书。Shehasgoneoutforawalk,asmaybeimagined.可以想象,她出去散步了。①as引导的从句在意义上应同主句保持和谐一致,即相辅相成关系,如果不一致,则要用which。例如:Hegotupearly,as/whichwasusualwithhim.他起得早,已成为习惯了。Shewasnotsick,as/whichsomeofherclassmateswere.她没有晕车,而她的一些同学晕车了。HeseemedaFrenchman,as/whichinfacthewas.他像是个法国人,事实上他就是个法国人。Johnwriteswarnovels,as/whichyouknow.约翰写战争小说,这你是知道的。Shemusthavegonethroughalot,as/whichmaybeseenfromherweather-beatenface.她一定是历经磨难的,这可以从她饱经风霜的面容看得出来。他接管了政府,这是不合法的。Hetookoverthegovernment,whichwasunlawful.[v]Hetookoverthegovernment,aswasunlawful.[×]她嫁给了他,这是出人意料的。Shemarriedhim,whichwasunexpected.[v]Shemarriedhim,asisunexpected.[X]第37页共37页,Shemarriedhim,asexpected.[v]azas引导非限制性定语从句作主语时,还可用be以外的其他连系动词作谓语,如seem,become等,一般不用其他行为动词;但which引导非限制性定语从句作主语时,则可用各类动词作谓语。例如:Hedidn'tsayanythingatthemeeting,asseemedstrange.他在会上什么也没说,这似乎很奇怪。Hedidmuchbutsaidlittle,asbecamehischaracter.他做得多说得少,这符合他的性格。Shefailedintheexperiment,whichsurprisedallofus.她的实验失败了,这使我们大家都很吃惊。(不可用as)但在asitoftenhappens,asitoftenoccurs等含有it的结构中,it省去后,as则可以同行为动词连用。例如:Twobikeswerestolenlastweek,as(it)oftenhappenedintheschool.上周有两辆自行车被盗,这在这所学校经常发生。3注意下面一句的含义:Sheisdead,asIlive.她死了,正像我还活着。[×]她死了,而我还活着。[×]她的的确确是死了。[V]本句中的asIlive是一种习惯说法,意为indeed,用于强调,类似的还有:asIamhere,asthesunshines等。④asregards,asfollows,asconcerns,asseemsbest为无人称动词句,as为连词,中间不可插入it。例如:Theresultsareasfollows:FirstisChina,thenGermany,thenJapan.结果如下:第一名是中国,其次是德国,再后是日本。Asregardsthatfamily,itneverquiteregaineditsformerinfluence.至于那个家族,它再也没有恢复昔日的影响力。Ishallactasseemsbest.我将尽量办好。Asconcernsenvironmentalissues,thegovernmentwillenforceexistingregulations.关于环境问题,政府将执行现行条例。3.as构成的短语aslikelyasnot多半(withgreaterprobability)asone(man)一致地asoftenasnot常常(veryfrequently)asregards关于assoonasnot更愿(morewillingly)asconcerns关于asfaras远至(某地),就·····而言asconcerning关于asfollows如下(ascomesnext)asfaras...isconcerned关于,至于asfrom自……之日起(datingfrom)asgoodas像···一样,几乎等于as/solongas只要,在……的时候(while)assuch作为…·…的身份,……的本身第37页共37页,asmuchastosay好像是说(just)assoon宁可(rather)asyet至今,尚(untilnow)aswell也,亦(also)aswellas和(inadditionto)withoutsomuchas连……都不suchas如,像(forexample)notsuchas+动词不至于insofaras在······的范围内,就……来说asamatteroffact事实上asmany同数的,和···…一样多asagainst比……(incomparisonwith)asarule通常,照例(generally)asmanyagain多一倍asbig/largeaslife与实物一般大小,确确实实not/neversomuchas+动词连……都不(noteven)Shewillcomeaslikelyasnot.她多半会来。Duringfoggyweatherthetrainsarelateasoftenasnot.火车在雾天常常晚点。Shewouldstayathomeassoonasnot.她可太乐意待在家里了。Isheasgoodashisword?他是否言而有信?Ihaven'theardfromherasyet.我至今仍未收到她的信。Shegavealookasmuchastosay“Mindyourownbusiness!”她摆出一副好像是说“不用你管”似的面孔。Youwilllearnyourlessononlyinsofarasyouarewillingtostudythem.你的功课学得怎样,完全视你努力的情况而定。Iwouldjustassoonlivehere.我还是住在这里好。Herillnesswasnotsuchastocauseanyanxiety.她的病尚不令人担忧。Heisstandingthere,largeaslife.他明明就站在那里。【提示】比较不同的含义:Wealth,assuch,doesn'tmattermuch.财富本身算不了什么。(本身)Inthecountrysidestrangersarewelcomeassuch.在乡间,外乡人是名副其实作为外乡人受到欢迎的。(名副其实地)Therearenohotels,assuch,inthetown.这个小城里没有像样的旅馆。(像样的,真正的)Languages,suchasEnglishandFrench,arenotdifficulttolearn.语言,如英语和法语并不难学。Sherecognizedmeassoonasshesawme.她一看见我就把我认出来了。(一……就)Hedidn'tarriveassoonasIhadexpected.他来得不像我期待的那么早。(像……一样早)Iwouldjustassoonstayathomeasgo.我与其去还不如留在家里好。(与其······不如,=rather...than)Hecouldassoonwriteanepicasdriveacar.他要是会开汽车就会写叙事诗了。(要是能……的话就会)第37页共37页,Shecannotsomuchaswriteherownname.她甚至连自己的名字都不会写。(not/neversomuchas后跟动词)Sheleftwithoutsomuchassaying“Thankyou”.她连一声道谢都没说就走了。(withoutsomuchas后跟动名词)Leaveitasitis.顺其自然。(放在句尾,表示“照原样,照样”)Asitis,theyarenotsisters.事实上,她们不是姐妹。(放在句首,表示“事实上”)Theworld,asitis,isfullofnewinventions.现在的世界充满了新的发明。(放在句中,表示“现在的”)Shefelt,asitwere,inadream.她觉得仿佛在梦中。(asitwere表示“好像,仿佛”)Aslongasthereislifethereishope.有生命就有希望。(只要,=onconditionthat)YoushallneverentertheroomsolongasIliveinit.我住在这个房间的时候你永远不能进去。(当……的时候,=while)Youcanstayhereaslongasyouwant.你想在这里待多久就待多久。(像……那么久)Aslongasyouaregoing,I'llgotoo.既然你去,我也去。(既然,=since)Shehasasmanybooksasyou.她的书和你的一样多。(和……一样多)Hecanlearnasmanyas100newwordsbyheartinoneday.他一天内能背会多达100个生词。(多至,多达)Takeasmanyasyouwant.你要多少就拿多少。(多少·…多少)Hehasbeenwritingthenovelasmanyas10years.这部小说他整整写了10年。(整整)Asmanyascomearewelcome.来者都是客。(凡……都)四、but在定语从句中的用法but可用作关系代词引导定语从句,通常同具有否定意义的主句连用,其先行词可以是人,也可以是物。but在意义上等于“that..not”,“who..not”,“which..not”。but只用于限制性定语从句。例如:Therewasnotasinglestudentinmyclassbut(whodidnot)learntalotfromhim.我班上每一个学生都从他那里学到很多东西。Therewasnotonehousebut(whichwasnot)wasburntdown.所有的房子都被烧掉了。Notadaywentbybut(whichdidnot)broughtusgoodnews.没有一天不给我们带来好消息。Therearefewofthembutadmireyourachievement.他们几乎每个人都羡慕你的成就。Whatdidsheseebutwasmiserable?她所见皆凄惨不堪。(=Shesawnothingexceptwhatwasmiserable.)Thereisnothingintheworldbutisinfluencedbythesun.世界上没有任何东西不受到太阳的影响。Fewofthemwhowerepresentbutpraisedhimforhis第37页共37页,courage.在场的几乎没有人不赞扬他的勇气。Notatree,awildflower,abirdinthevalleybutrevivedmemoriesofhischildhood.山谷中没有一棵树,没有一朵野花,没有一只鸟,不唤起他对童年的回忆。Thereisnothingabouthimbutwhatistolerable.他身上没有任何东西是不可容忍的。Thereisn'tagirlbutfacesthisproblem.没有一个女孩不面临这个问题。Thereisscarcelyavisitorbutlikestheseasidetown.几乎每一个游客都喜欢这座海滨小城。再难的东西经过实践也会变得容易。Nothingissohardbutitbecomeseasybypractice.Nothingissohardthatitdoesnotbecomeeasybypractice.but结构也可以省略。例如:Norulebuthasexceptions.凡规则皆有例外。(Thereis)Fewbooksbuthaveamisprintortwo.凡书都有一两处印刷错误。(Thereare)五、what用法要点1.用作关系代词1用于whatisworse,whatisadifferentthing等结构中本结构中,what是关系代词,泛指上文或下文,意为“更·…·…,尤其·……”。这种结构通常用作插入语。例如:Heattendedthecontestandwhatwasmoresurprising,wonagoldmedal.他参加了比赛,更令人称奇的是,还赢得了金牌。Shewasborninarichfamily;whatwasbetterstill,someofherrelativeswerefamousscholars.她出生于富裕家庭,更为优越的是,她的一些亲属是著名学者。Greatmenareoftenunknown,orwhatisworse,misknown.伟大的人常常是默默无闻的,或者,更糟的是,常被误解。If,whatseldomhappens,hewouldrepent,hewouldbeagoodboy.如果他能悔过——这种可能性很少——他就会是一个好孩子。Heknowshowtowriteand,whatisadifferentthing,howtomakemoney.他会写作,而且与此不同的是,他还会赚钱。Shedecided,whatwastheonlychoice,thatshewouldkeepitasecret.她决定保守秘密,这可是唯一的选择。Theboyisnotonlyverycleverbut(whatisverylikely)honest.这男孩极其聪明,而且(极有可能)很诚实。(放在括号中作出某种说明)Hehas(whatismoreprecious)anobleheart.他有着高贵的心灵——这更为可贵。2what相当于thething(s)which或theperson(s)thatwhat既可以指人,也可以指物。指人时相当于theperson(s)that,指物时相当于thething第37页共37页,(s)which。值得注意的是,这种用法的what本身已包括先行词,前面不能再有先行词,称为缩合连接代词,参见上文。也就是说,前有先行词时,视具体情况用that,which或who,没有先行词时,就要用what。what在其所引导的从句中可以作主语、宾语和表语。例如:Whatisbeautifulisnotalwaysgood.美的东西并不总是善的。Thatisexactlywhathetoldme.那正是他告诉我的。(指物)Whathasbeendonecannotbeundone.覆水难收。(指物)Neverpretendtobewhatyouarenot.为人不可虚伪。(指人)Sheiswhatyoucallasnob.她就是那种可称为势利眼的人。(=Sheisthewomanthatyoucallasnob.)那就是我想买的家具。Thatisthefurniturewhatwewanttobuy.[×]Thatisthefurniturethat/whichwewanttobuy.[v]比较:Idon'tknowwhatyouwant.我不知道你要什么。(what是疑问代词)Thatiswhatyouwant.那就是你要的东西。(what为缩合连接代词,=thethingwhich)SheaskedmewhatIdidn'tknow.(这是一个歧义句。译为“她问我所不知道的东西”时,what为缩合连接代词,相当于thethingsthat;译为“她问我不知道什么时”,what为疑问代词。)【提示】①有时候,介词可以放在句尾,也可以放在what前。例如:Whatdidyoudoitfor?你做那件事是为了什么?Forwhatdidyoudoit?(Forwhat=Why)Whatwillyoudependon?你将依靠什么?Onwhatwillyoudepend?但在下面的短语中,介词不可放在句尾:Bywhatmeansdidtheygettheinformation?他们是凭什么方式弄到情报的?Inwhatcircumstanceswilltheysignthetreaty?他们在什么情况下会签署协议?Inwhatrespectaretheirmeasuresbetter?他们的措施在哪方面更好些?Atwhattimedidhefinishwritingthelongpoem?他在什么时候写完那首长诗的?Inwhatwaywillyousettletheproblem?你用什么方式解决这个问题?②what有时可用作副词,表示“到什么程度”。例如:“Whatdoestheaffairmatter?”“Itmattersmuch.”“这件事有什么关系?”“它关系重大。”“WhatdoIcareifIfailagain?”“Icarelittle.”“我要是再次失败了会在意吗?”“我不在意。”2.whatmoney相当于allthemoneythatwhat在其所引导的从句中还可以作定语。例如:Thefathergavewhatmoneyhehadtohisson.这位父亲把所有的钱都给了儿子。(=allthemoneythat)第37页共37页,We'vedecidedtogiveyouwhathelpwecan.我们决定尽全力帮助你。(=anyhelpthat,asmuchhelpas)Hesharedwhatlittlewaterhehadwithhiscompanions.他把自己仅有的一点水分给了伙伴们。(=allthelittlewaterthat)Whatsongshehaslearnedareaboutlove.他学的歌都是关于爱情的。(=Allthesongsthat)Whatfewhehadwasstolen.他所有的不多的东西都是偷来的。(=Thefewthat)Shewasrobbedofwhatlittlemoneyshehad.她仅有的一点钱也被抢去了。3.nosensewhatever的含义whatever可作形容词,常同not,any,no,nothing,anything一起用于否定句或疑问句中,放在名词或代词之后,意为“一点也·…·”,相当于副词短语atall。例如:Ihavenodoubtwhateveraboutit.我对此一点儿也不怀疑。(=Ihavenodoubtaboutitatall.)Shehasnosensewhatever.她没有一点头脑。Iknownothingofitwhatever.我对此一无所知。4.knowwhat'swhat的含义what同其他词类结合,构成一些惯用习语,常见的有:knowwhat'swhat内行/有判断力,sowhat那又怎么样,whatif如果……怎么办,what'swhat真相/具体情况,givesb.whatfor严斥·····/痛打…,knowwhatone'sabout有头脑/会处理困难局面,what/howabout..怎么样,guesswhat告诉你一个消息,andwhatnot其他/等等,whatofit?那又怎么样?Itellyouwhat我有一个建议/我有个想法,andtrhanyoarndocss尊相当FandGodknosThisisameetingtofindoutwhat'swhat.这是一个弄清具体情况的会议。ShesaidIwasstupidandthoughtlessandIdon'tknowwhat.她说我愚笨、没头脑什么的。Guesswhat,thespywascaughtonthespot.告诉你个消息,间谍当场被捉住了。Weshouldtrytomeettheneeds,cultural,recreational,whathaveyou,ofthemembersofthecommunity.我们应当设法满足社区成员的文化、娱乐等的需求。A:Heisn'tsatisfiedwithyourplan?他对你的计划不满意。B:Well,whatofit?哟,那又怎么样?Iknowwhat.我有一个主意。(=Ihaveanidea.)Heknowswhatiswhat.他很有判断力。(=whatisusefulorimportant)I'ltellyouwhat.我给你说件事。(=something)Theysoldpens,pencils,rubbersandwhatnot.他们卖钢笔、铅笔、橡皮等。(或andwhathaveyou,andwhatall,andthelike)“Youtoldherthesecret?”“Sowhat?”“你把消息告诉她了?”“那怎么啦?”“You'vegivenuptheplan.”“Whatthen?”“你放弃了那项计划。”“那怎么样?”Whatifhefailstocome?如果他不来怎么办?(=Whatwillhappen)Whatthoughhelosesthematch?他比赛输了会怎么样?(=Whatwillhappen)第37页共37页,Whatdoyousaytotheplan?你为以这个计划怎样?(=Whatdoyouthinkof)Whatisbehindthenews?这消息背后隐藏着什么?(=Whatishiddenbehind)Whatisthepointofholdinganothermeeting?再举行一次会议有什么意义?(=Whatisthemeaning)Imustgivethemanwhatfor.我们必须惩罚那个人。(=punishment)Dr.what's-his-namesaiditwastrue.某某博士说那是真的。HeheardofitfromMisswhat-do-you-call-her.他从某某小姐那里听到的。Shehasflowntowhat's-its-name-city.她飞到某个城市去了。Pleaseshowuswhat-do-you-call-it.请给我们看看某样东西。5.whatiscalledwhatiscalled,whatwecall和whatyoucall表示“所谓的”,有时含有贬义。例如:Heiswhatiscalleda“childprodigy”.他就是所谓的“神童”。Itiswhatyoucalla“newfashion”.这就是你所谓的“新潮”。Someofwhatwecallgreatbooksarewritteninbloodandtears.我们称为伟大的书,有些是用血泪写成的。6.whatoneiswhatoneis表示“某人现在的样子,某人今日的成就,某人的人品”,whatonehas表示“某人所有的,某人的财产”;whatonewas或usedtobe表示“某人过去的样子”。例如:Iadmirehimforwhatheis,notforwhathehas.我因他的人品而羡慕他,不是因他的财富。Herpainstakingeffortsmadeherwhatsheis.她今天的成就是她勤奋努力的结果。Heisnotwhathewas.他已非从前的他了。7.what...for和forwhatwhat..for和forwhat常用于询问原因或目的,相当于why。例如:Whatdidyouleavetheschoolfor?你为什么离开那所学校?=Whydidyouleavetheschool?Forwhatwillhegoabroad?他为什么要出国?=Whywillhegoabroad?8.whatwith...andwhatwith和whatby..andwhatbywhatwith...andwhatwith意为“半因····半因”,表示原因,后一个whatwith可省;whatby...andwhatby意为“半靠……半靠”,表示方式,后一个whatby可省。这种用法的what为副词。例如:Whatwithcontinualrainand(whatwith)abadhotel,wedidn'tenjoyourholidaymuch.由于连续下雨,旅馆又不好,我们的假日过得不怎么愉快。Whatbythreats,and(whatby)entreaties,hegainedhispurpose.他软硬兼施,达到了目的。【提示】①what可用于双重疑问句中,when,who,where等也可以这样使用。例如:第37页共37页,Whatnovelwrittenbywhatwriterwasthebestinthenineteenthcentury?哪位作家写的哪部小说是19世纪最好的?Whodefeatedwhominthebattle?在那次战斗中谁打败了谁?Howlonghashelivedhereandsincewhen?他在这里住了多久并从何时开始住在这里的?Howmuchfoodiseatenbyhowmanypeopleinthiscountry?在这个国家有多少人吃多少粮食?这种含有两个疑问词的结构也可用作宾语。例如:Idon'tknowwhatisbetterthanwhathere.我不知道这里什么比什么好。Theytalkedaboutwhowasmarriedtowhom.他们谈论着谁同谁结了婚。Don'taskwhohasearnedhowmuch.不要问谁挣了多少钱。②what可用于简短的追问式疑问句中,要求把话重复一遍,以便听清楚;which,whom等也有这种用法。注意,这种用法要用陈述句语序。例如:“Heisapainter.”“Heiswhat?”“他是个画家。”“他是干什么的?”“Shelentme100dollars.”“Shelentyouhowmanydollars?”“她借给我100美元。”“她借给你多少美元?”“Helikesplayingvolleyball.”“Helikesplayingwhat?”“他喜欢打排球。”“他喜欢打什么?”“Hepreferredthispicturetothatone."“Preferwhichpicture?”“他喜爱这幅画胜过那幅画。”“喜欢哪幅画?”“SheelopedwithJohn.”“Sheelopedwithwhom?”“她同约翰私奔了。”“她同谁私奔了?”③what可用于省略疑问句中,旨在了解更多的情况,结构为“what+介词”。where,who等也有这种用法。例如:“Pleaseopenthebox.”“Whatwith?”“请打开盒子。”“用什么?”“Iwentdowntownthismorning.”“Whatfor?”“我今天上午进城了。为什么?”“Sendtheletteratonce.”“Whoto?”“快点寄掉这封信。”“寄给谁?”六、than用法要点1.than兼有连词和代词的性质在带有比较级的句子中,than可以作代词,兼有连词和代词的性质。也有学者认为这种用法的than是连词,后面省略了主语what。例如:Theboyhaseatenmorefoodthanisgoodforhishealth.那个男孩吃得太多,对身体不好。Nevergivehimmoremoneythanisnecessary.不要给他超出需用的钱。Thateveninghedrankmorebeerthanhadbeenhiscustom.那天晚上他啤酒喝得比平常多。Therearemoredemandsthancanbesatisfied.需求难以满足。Thequestionismorecomplicatedthanappearsonthesurface.问题比表面上看起来复杂得多。Hedidmorethanwasrequiredofhim.他所做的比他应该做的多。Thereismoretoitthanmeetstheeye.看见的并非全部。第37页共37页,Thehousewasmoreluxuriouslydecoratedthansuitedhistaste.那房子装饰得太豪华,不合他的审美趣味。【提示】as也有类似的用法。例如:Sheatejustasmuchaswasgoodforher.她吃得适量。2.thanwhom结构than可同whom连用,构成比较结构,引导限制性定语从句或非限制性定语从句。例如:Sheisawomanthanwhomnooneismoreselfish.没有比她更自私的女人了。HeisascientistthanwhomIcanimaginenoonegreater.我想不出一个比他更伟大的科学家了。Hereisourmanager,thanwhomamorecapablemandoesnotexist.这就是我们的经理,世上再没有比他更能干的人了。3.otherthan,elsethan和otherwisethan这三个结构表示“除了”,相当于but,except。例如:Icanthinkofnosolutionotherthanthisone.除了这种解决方法外,我想不出别的。=Icanthinkofnoothersolutionthanthisone.=Icanthinkofnosolutionbut/exceptthisone.Youcan'tgettothetopofthemountainelse/otherthanbyclimbing.除了攀登外,你没有别的办法到达山顶。Youcan'tgettothetopofthemountainexcept/butbyclimbing.Hedranknothingelsethantea.他只喝了茶。=Hedranknothingbuttea.七、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句差异的比较名称意义结构要求功能引导词译法限制性定语从句起限定作用指一般译不可省略,否则紧跟先行词关系代词、关为定语词之间一般修饰先行AttributiveClause原句句意不完整不加逗号省略)从句非限制性定语从仅作补充或说明,若省略掉,原用逗号与主修饰先行只用关系代词可译为并列分AttributiveClause的句句意也是完整句隔开词或整个或关系副词,主句一般不用that句Inabusinesssociety,wherepeoplerunaboutinpursuitofpersonalgainsattheexpenseofothers,itisreallydifficulttodoasyou第37页共37页,please.生存在功利社会.奔波劳顿,勾心斗角,若想做到随心所欲,实在很难。(非限制性)Idon'tlikepeoplewholosetheirtempereasily.我不喜欢动辄发脾气的人。(限制性)Ifyouhaveafriendwhoknowsyourheart,distancecan'tkeepyoutwoapart.海内存知己,天涯若比邻。(限制性)Boyswhoattendthisschoolhavetowearuniforms.在这所学校上学的男孩必须穿制服。(限制性)Helentmeathousanddollars,whichwasexactlytheamountIneeded.他借给我1000美元,这笔钱正好够我用。(非限制性)Acrimsonflushwasglowingonhercheek,whichhadbeenlongsopale.她苍白已久的脸颊泛起了红晕。(非限制性)Thesun,whichhadhiddenallday,nowcameoutinfullsplendor.那太阳,整天躲在云层里,现在又光芒四射了。(非限制性)ThemanuscriptwaswritteninLatin,whichlanguageIdidnotunderstand.手稿是用拉丁文写的,我看不懂。(非限制性)Hewasleftonadesolateisland,wherehestayedforaslongasthreemonths.他被抛到一个荒岛上,在那里待了三个月之久。(非限制性)比较:Hehastwosisterswhoareworkinginthecity.他有两个妹妹在这个城市里工作。(限制性,意为:有两个在这个城里工作的妹妹,言外之意是:他可能还有别的妹妹不在这个城里工作)Hehastwosisters,whoareworkinginthecity.他有两个妹妹,都在这个城市里工作。(非限制性,补充说明)Thechildrenwhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.想踢足球的那些孩子因为下雨而感到失望。(限制性,意为:只有那些想踢足球的孩子感到失望,而另一些孩子可能不在乎)Thechildren,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.那些孩子都想踢足球,因下雨而感到失望。(非限制性)Therewereveryfewpassengersthatescapedwithoutseriousinjury.没受重伤而逃出来的旅客很少。(逃出来的旅客大都受了重伤)Therewereveryfewpassengers,whoescapedwithoutseriousinjury.旅客很少,都逃出来了,没受重伤。(旅客人数少,没有受到什么重伤)Thegovernmentwhichpromisestocuttaxeswillbepopular.保证减税的政府才会得人心。(限制性,任何一个政府)Thegovernment,whichpromisestocuttaxes,willbepopular.这个政府,它保证要减税,将会是得人心的。(非限制性,现政府)第37页共37页,下面两个句子只一逗号之差,但句意却大相径庭,颇富幽默感,若能理解其意,会不禁使人捧腹,试加以分析:Hewillwearnoclotheswhichwilldistinguishhimfromhisfellowmen.Hewillwearnoclothes,whichwilldistinguishhimfromhisfellowmen.【提示】1下面两句均为限制性定语从句,用逗号把插入语隔开:Acivilization,todaycommontothewholeworld,thatallowssuchcrimestoproceeduncheckeddeservestoperish,andinevitablywill.一种对这样的罪行不予制止、任其泛滥的社会——这样的社会今天在全世界还很普遍——是应该灭亡,也必须要灭亡的。Itwasjustthesortofplace,hereflectedwhimsically,whichhisaunthadlovedtowriteaboutinherbooks.他很古怪地回想起来,这正是他姑妈爱在书里描写的那种地方。②定语从句在一定的上下文中具有状语从句的作用,可以表示条件、原因、目的、结果、让步等。例如:Hewouldbeastubbornmanwhoalwayswentitaloneandnevergaveaneartootherpeople'ssuggestions.一个人如果一意孤行,听不进别人的意见,他就是个固执的人。(条件)Henrywasclever,diligentandwillingtohelpothers,forwhichhewasoftenpraisedbytheteacher.亨利聪明、勤奋、乐于助人,经常受老师的表扬。(因果)③thatIknow,thatIremember,thatIcanthinkof,thatIcandiscover等为惯用短语,由非限制性定语从句转变而来,只能用that。例如:Nootherathletehaswonsomanymedals,thatIknow.就我所知,还没有任何别的运动员得过这么多奖牌。Thecontractwassignedwithouthisknowledge,thatIremember.在我的记忆中,那份合同是在他不知情的情况下签署的。Shehasn't,thatIcanthinkof,givenuphopeofevermarrying.按我的想法,她并没有彻底放弃结婚的希望。Hedidnot,thatIcoulddiscover,losehisheadeveninthemostseriouscrisis.就我所见,他即使在最紧要的危急关头也没有失去理智。Hetookabooksometimeswithhim,butneverreaditthatIsaw.他有时拿着一本书,可就我所看到的,那书他却从来没读过。④注意下面一个歧义句:Iaskedtheprofessorwhowouldbesentabroad.我问了这位将要被派往国外的教授。(限制性定语从句)我问了这位教授谁将要被派往国外。(宾语补足语)2.用关系代词还是用关系副词第37页共37页,正确选用关系词有时并不那么容易。同样的先行词,由于在从句中所起的作用不同,须用不同的关系词代替它。下面几点可作为选择的依据:①弄清楚代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,是主语、宾语、定语还是状语;②辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因;③判断从句是限制性的还是非限制性的。比较:Thisistheplacewherethetrafficaccidentoccurred.这就是发生交通事故的地方。(where作状语)Thisistheplacewhichtheforeignguestsaregoingtovisit.这就是外国朋友要参观的地方。(which作宾语)Thereasonwhichshegaveisunbelievable.她提出的理由是不可信的。(which作宾语)Thereasonwhyherefusedherisnotknown.他拒绝她的原因不得而知。(why作状语)Thetreewhichhasbeencutdownis300yearsold.那棵被砍倒的树已有300年的历史。(which作主语)Thetreewhoseleaveshavefallenis300yearsold.那棵落了叶的树已有300年的历史。(whose作定语)3.定语从句同先行词的隔裂1如果作主语的先行词跟有一个较长的定语从句和一个较短的谓语,为平衡句子结构,要把谓语动词放在先行词和定语从句之间,这种关系代词同先行词的隔裂为正确结构Hewon'tlivelongwhosmokesthreeorfourpacksofcigaretteseverydayformanyyears.一个在许多年里每天抽三四包烟的人寿命不会长。Hecanconquertheworldwhocanconquerhimself.能征服自己的人能征服世界。Suchabookwillsellwell,asiswritteninbloodandtears.用血泪写成的书会有很好的销路的。Whichofyoucanofferproof,thathasseentheaccident?你们谁目睹了那个事故能作证?AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouEnglish.一位新教师明天来,将教你们英语。Whodoesn'thateher,thatknowswhataheartlesswomansheis?谁人知道她是个多么无情的女人,能不恨她呢?Thetimeisnownearathandwhichmustprobablydeterminewhetherwearetobefreemenorslaves.我们能成为自由人,还是沦为奴隶,决定的时刻已迫在眉睫。Welivedinahouseinavillagethatlookedacrosstheriverandtheplaintothemountains.我们住在乡下一幢房子里,望得见隔着河流和平原的那些高山。2如果作宾语的先行词跟有一个较长的定语从句和一个较短的宾语补足语或状语,为平衡句子结构,要把补足语或状语放在先行词和定语从句之间Sheconsideredthedictionaryvaluablewhichwascompiledbyfirst-ratescholarsfromdifferentcountries.她认为那部由不同国家的一流学者编写的词典价值极高。Sheaskedtheboytostayathomewhohadbeenillforalongtime.她要求那个病了很久的男孩待在家里。第37页共37页,Iregardthemanaslostwhohaslosthisheart.我视丧失信心的人无可救药。DoyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagowhenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace?你记得十年前的一天下午我到你家借钻石项链的事吗?4.关系代词用作表语关系代词that,which和as可用作表语:①that在限制性定语从句中作表语,可省;②which在非限制性定语从句中作表语,不可省;3as可在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作表语,并可指人,一般不省。例如:Sheisnotthesweetgirl(that)shewas.她不再是从前那个甜美的女孩了。Heisall(that)amanshouldbe.他具有一个真正的人所应有的品质。貌相eisnottheman(thor)heseems他这人不可Heisafool,whichyouarenot.他傻,你不傻。Shewroteagreatnovel,whichitstillistoday.她写了一部伟大的小说,这部小说今天依然是伟大的。Helookslikeanhonestman,asheisnot.他看上去是个诚实的人,但实际上不是。Heispatientthistime,ashehasneverbeen.他这次很耐心,过去可从不这样。【提示】①在下面的句子中,that或as的先行词作另一名词或代词的同位语:Ilentherthemoney,foolthatIwas.我真傻,竟借钱给她。HesentsomeflowerstoMary,angelthatsheis.他给天使般的玛丽寄了一些花。Hedidn'tloveher,prettygirlassheis.她是个漂亮的女孩,但他不爱她。补语在下面的句子中,hot,ohich或os作实语的Heisnotthegentleman(that)peoplethoughthim.他不是人们先前认为的那样的贤德之人。Heisstilltheoptimisticmanasyouusedtofindhim.他仍然是你过去看到的那个乐天派。③一个先行词可以跟两个定语从句,可以是限制性的,也可以是非限制性的,用and,but或or连接起来。例如:ThebookwhichyouarereadingandwhichisreadbymanyyoungpeopleiswrittenbyMarkTwain.你正在读的并且被许多年轻人读的那本书是马克·吐温写的。Themanwhomyoumetyesterdayandwhosenameoftenappearsinthenewspaperisafamousscientist.你昨天遇见的其名字常在报纸上出现的那个人是一位著名科学家。4在某些句子中,第一个定语从句同先行词关系密切,表示一个统一的意思,后面再跟一个定语从句加以修饰,这两个从句之间不可加and,but或or。例如:Heistheonlymanthatisalivewhowitnessedtheaccident.他是唯一健在且目睹过那次事件的人。(who不用that替代)Thereisnotaday(that)hespentwithherthatdoesnotarousesweetmemory.他同她一起度过的每一天都会唤起甜蜜的回忆。第37页共37页,5.therebe引导的限制性定语从句thereis/are或therehaseverbeen等结构作“目前有的,曾经有过的”解时,可引导限制性定语从句,置于被修饰的名词后面,作该从句主语的关系代词that,who,which常省略。参见上文。例如:Thisistheonlyone(that)thereis.这是这儿的唯一一个。Ihavetoldyoueverythingthereistotell.我已经把要说的一切都告诉你了。Sheknowsthedifferencethereisbetweengoodandevil.她知道善恶之间的差别。Youcanseeallthereistosee.你想看什么就可以看什么。Itisthecommonestthingthereisintheworld.这是世界上最平常不过的事。Themisprintsthereareinthenovelareastounding.这本小说中的印刷错误多得惊人。Thatisallthereisandtherehasbeen.那就是现在有的和曾经有的。Henrywastheonlyperson(that)therewastowitnesstheaccident.亨利是唯一见证了那个事故的人。Thiscarisprobablyfasterthananyofitskind(that)therehaseverbeen.这部车可能比任何已有的同类车都快。6.定语从句的状语含义有些定语从句,具有状语含义,表示时间、条件、因果、目的、让步、结果等,译成汉语时,往往要添加适当的词语,如“因为,以免,结果,虽然,尽管”等,以转述出真实内在关系。例如:Shehadachancetoseethefamouswriter,whowasvisitingSuzhoulastmonth.这位著名作家上个月访问苏州时,她有机会见到了他。(时间)Onewillsurelysucceedwhoperseverestotheend.只要坚持到底,就一定会成功。(条件)Acat,whoseeyescantakeinmoreraysoflightthanoureyes,canseeclearlyinthenight.由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线,所以在夜里也能看得很清楚。(因果)Adelegationwassentthatshouldsettlethetribalconflictsthere.派了一个代表团,以便解决那里部落间的冲突。(目的)Hisgrandmother,whoisnowinhereighties,stilldoesherowncooking.他祖母虽然八十多岁了,可还是自己做饭。(让步)Thereoccurredabigfloodinthesouthlastyear,whichcausedaseveredamageofpropertyandagreatlossoflives.去年南方发大水,结果造成了重大的财产和生命损失。(结果)第37页共37页

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