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2022届高考英语语法复习:省略(ELLIPSIS)讲义(实用,必备!)

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2022届高考英语语法复习:省略(ELLIPSIS)讲义一、不用替代词的省略1.主语(You)Hadagoodtime,didyou?玩得挺好,是吗?(It)Seemseasy.似乎很容易。(It)Soundsfunny.听起来很滑稽。(It)Looksliketheyareokay.看上去不错。(You)Stopquarreling.别吵了。(We)Mustbebackbeforenoon.中午前必须赶回来。2.谓语Allaboard!全都上船/车/飞机!(=Allcomeaboard.)Pardon?您说什么?(=Begpardon?)A:Whathappened?出了什么事?B:Nothing(happened).没什么事。3.主语和部分谓语Welldone!干得好!(=That'swelldone!)Comingtomorrow.我明天来。(=I'mcomingtomorrow.)SeenMary?看见玛丽了吗?(=HaveyouseenMary?)(Haveyou)HeardanythingofBoblately?最近听说过鲍勃的事情吗?(Hewas)Feedingthebirds,wasn'the?他在喂鸟,是吗?(Itis)Mymistake.是我的错。(Itis)Verykindofyoutohelpme.你帮助我真是太好了。A:Doyoumindmysmokinghere?你介意我在这里抽烟吗?B:Yes.(You'd)Betternot.是的,最好不要抽。4.助动词或be动词(Do)Youunderstand?懂吗?(Have)Childrendonetheirhomework?孩子们做完作业了吗?Sam(will)bebacktoday,willhe?萨姆今天回来,是吗?Children(are)outwithAunt,arethey?孩子们同保姆出去了,对吗?5.There(be)(There's)Nothingwrong.没什么问题。(Isthere)AnythingIcandoforyou?能为你做点什么?(Isthere)Anythingyoudon'tunderstand?有什么不理解的吗?6.主语+动词+宾语第22页共22页,A:Towhomdidyoulendthebook?你把那本书借给谁了?B:ToJohn.借给约翰了。(Ilentthebook)7.名词短语的中心词Anhourinthemorningisworthtwo(hours)intheevening.一日之计在于晨。Hewasalwaysthefirst(man)tocomeandthelast(man)toleave.他总是到得最早走得最晚。8.所有格后面的名词源泥Mar's(drs)iscbeousfddrss玛丽的衣服真Hestayedinhisuncle's(house)duringthesummervacation.他在叔叔家过的暑假。9.冠词1两个名词并列时,第二个名词前的冠词常可省略Boththeoldand(the)youngtookpartinthesingingcompetition.老老少少都参加了歌咏比赛。Isthebabyaboyor(a)girl?婴儿是男是女?2名词作同位语时,其前的定冠词常可省略(The)WarheroDouglasBaderhascome.战斗英雄道格拉斯·巴德来了。TheconferencewasheldinBeijing,(the)capitalofChina.会议是在中国的首都北京开的。As(the)ownerandeditoroftheeveningpaper,hemadeitpopular.作为这家晚报的业主和编辑,他使这份报纸广受欢迎。3报刊标题(The)RestaurantFireDisaster旅馆火灾4小型广告(A)2ndflfltinmodblkcloseWestEnd,dblerecep位于西区的一个现代化街区的一套公寓,在二楼,有双会客室(AsecondfloorflatinamodernblockclosetotheWestEndwithadoublereceptionroom)5购物单Cleaner's:collectclothes干洗店:取衣服Supermarket:eggs,sugar,salt,wine超级市场:售鸡蛋、糖、盐、酒6注解(The)Causesof(the)1stWorldWar:massivere-armament...导致第一次世界大战的原因:大规模军备······7通知,告示(The)Flat(is)onsale.公寓出售。(The)Lift(is)outoforder.电梯故障。8说明、释义Cutalong(the)dottedline.沿虚线剪开。Pen:longthinobjecttowriteinink钢笔:使用墨水书写的细长物件第22页共22页,Frame车架(箭头所指)9书名(An)OutlineofAmericanHistory《美国史纲》10.并列结构中的同等句子成分你可以会前或会后把消息告诉他。Youmaytellhimthenewsbefore(themeetingbegins)orafterthemeetingbegins.Youmaytellhimthenewsbeforethemeetingbeginsorafter(themeetingbegins).Peterlikes(Mary),butJohnhatesMary.彼得喜欢玛丽,但约翰痛恨玛丽。JimcameateightbutHenry(came)atnine.吉姆8点来的,亨利9点来的。Inoticedhowtheteacheraskedthequestionsand(how)theywereanswered.我注意到老师是怎样问问题的,学生又是怎样回答的。Tosomelifeispleasure,andtoothers(lifeis)suffering.生活对一些人是乐,对另一些人是苦。Youmaygobylandor(by)water.你可以从陆路去或乘船去。Itdoesn'tmatterwhetherheisfor(theplan)oragainsttheplan.他赞同或反对这项计划都没有关系。Ihaveheard(about)andreadabouthisadventuresinthemountains.我听说过也读过他在山中的奇遇。Iamwillingtomeetherwhen(shelikes)andwhereshelikes.我愿意随时随地见她。Ifyouhavetimeand(if)youareinterestedintheexpedition,we'llletyougowithus.如果你有时间,又对探险感兴趣,我们将让你同去。Itisamatteroflifeand(of)death.那是一件生死攸关的事。Ithinkhumanbeingsmusthaveachancetolearntocherishthepast,(to)actinthepresent,and(to)leavethefuture.我想,芸芸众生必须有一个机会,学会珍惜过去,立足现在,着眼未来。Inreposeshewaslikealovelyflowermirroredinthewater;inmotion,(shewaslike)apliantwillowswayinginthewind.娴静似娇花照水,行动如弱柳扶风。Shedreamedofhimoften,andheofher.她常常梦见他,他也梦见她。Ifitclearsup,wewillgoout,ifnot,not.如果天晴,我们就出去;如果不晴,就不出去。Hefellmadlyinlovewithher,andshewithhim.他疯狂地爱上了她,她也疯狂地爱上了他。Goodwillberewardedwithgood,andevilwithevil.善有善报,恶有恶报。LittlechildrenlookforwardtothearrivaloflunarNewYear,andadultstothatofspring.小孩盼过年,大人盼开春。Somepeoplearebornclever,andothersstupid.有些人生来就聪明,而有些人生来就笨。Courageinexcessbecomesfoolhardiness.affectionweakness,andthriftavarice.勇敢过度,即成蛮勇;感情过度,即成溺爱;俭约过度,即成贪婪。第22页共22页,Attwentyyearsofage,thewillreigns;atthirty,thewit;andatforty,thejudgement.20岁时,受意志支配;30岁时,受智慧支配;40岁时,受判断支配。Ittakesfivehundredyears'religiousdevotionforpeopletoacquireachanceofsharingaboatandonethousandyears'(religiousdevotionforpeopletoacquireachance)ofsharingamarriagebed.五百年修得同船渡,一千年修得共枕眠。IsaidwhatIthought,justlikealways—andwouldaboutaman.我心口如一,从来如是,谈到男人也一样。Thereweretearsinhereyes,terrorinmine.她眼里含着泪水,而我眼里全是恐惧。It'llbeniceifTheMorningStarhappens.Butifnot,not.Lifegoeson.最好《晨星》如期上演,不能的话,就算了罢。日子照过。(Ifitdoesnothappen,itdoesnothappen.)但:Doesheprefertravellingbynightorbyday?他喜欢夜间游历还是白天游历?(by不可省,表示的是对照,两个不同的时间)11.关系代词或关系副词1作主语的省略(1)在以it起首的强调句中。例如:Itwasn'tI(that)toldherthenews.不是我把消息告诉她的。Itwasn'tshe(that)madethemistake.不是她出的错。Itishehimself(that)ishunteddown.被捉住的是他自己。(2)在“anybody+that从句”结构中,作主语的that可以省略。例如:Anybody(that)can'tdoitwellcan'tjointheexpeditionteam.任何连这个都做不了的人不能参加探险队。下面一句中,不是省略从句主语,而是省略主句主语(who也可看作缩合连接代词):(He)Whobreaks,pays.谁打破的谁赔。(3)在以what,who等起首的疑问句中。例如:Whoisit(that)tookawaymypen?是谁拿走了我的钢笔?Whatistheblackspot(that)movesaboutonthewall?墙上那个移动的黑点是什么?(4)在以wehave起首的句子中。例如:Wehave20essays(that,which)shouldbereadduringthevacation.我们假期中有20篇散文要读。Wehaveonlyabout200hundreddollars(that,which)canbeputtouse.我们只有大约200美元可用。(5)主句以thatis,thatwas起首,其后定语从句中作主语的关系代词常可省略。例如:That'sthething(that,which)mighthappentoanyman.这种事情谁都可能发生。第22页共22页,Wasthatsomeone(that)tookmyumbrella?是有人拿了我的雨伞了吗?We'reacquaintances,andthat'sall(that)there'stoit.我们认识,就是这样。(6)主句以therebe,herebe起首,其后定语从句中作主语的关系代词常可省略。例如:Thereissomething(that)keepsworryingme.有些事情使我忧心。Thereisayoungman(that)runsafterher.有个年轻人在追求她。Therewasagirl(who,that)wantedtoseeyou.有一个女孩想见你。Herearethestudents(that,who)calledonheryesterday.这些就是昨天来看她的那些学生。Hereistheprofessor(who)comesfromHarvardUniversity.这位是从哈佛大学来的教授。Thereisayoungmanhere(that)cancarrytheluggageforyou.这里有一位年轻人可以为你搬行李。(7)在形容词最高级或“only/last/first+名词+that(+ever)”结构中。例如:Heisthegreatestscientist(that)everbreathed.他是有史以来最伟大的科学家。Sheistheonlygirl(that)everpassedthetest.她是唯一通过考试的女孩。Hewasthefirstman(thatwas)eversavedduringthedisaster.他是在灾难中救出的第一人。He'sthenoblestman(that,thathas)everbreathed.他是最高尚的人。Jillwasthelastname(that)occurredme.我当时想到别的什么名字也不会想到吉尔的名字。(8)在Ithink,Iadmit,Ibelieve,Ifeel,Iknow,heguesses等插入语前作主语的关系代词。例如:Theytalkedabouttheplan(that)Ibelieveisnotpractical.他们所谈的方案我认为难以施行。Shewouldlookupthings(that)shethoughtwouldtakeherinterest.她常常找寻她认为使她感兴趣的东西。Manyofthesequalities(that)wethinkaretypicaloftheChinese.这些品质中,我们认为有许多是中国人所特有的。Themanaskedforsomething(that)Iknewcouldn'tbeprovided.那人所要求的,我知道是无法提供的。He'sworkedoutaplan(that)Ibelieveisimpractical.他制订了个计划,我认为不可行。Itisnogoodtotryforsomething(that)youknowatthestartiswildlyoutofyourreach.若开始就知道某个目标根本达不到却硬要去实现,那不会有任何好处。(9)几个that关系从句修饰同一个先行词时,只需保留一个关系代词,其余的均可省略。例如:Itissaidthatweusehardlyonehundred-thousandthoftheheatthatthereisincoaland(that)couldbeextractedfromit.据说,煤中含有并可提取的热能我们利用不到十万分之一。Thevilla(that)heboughtin2008andthathesoldin2011isnowagainonsale.他2008年购买并于2011年出售的那幢别墅现在又在出售了。Thedictionary(that)hecompiledin1993and(that)herevisedlastyearisverypopularamongcollege第22页共22页,students.他于1993年编写并于去年修订的那部词典深得大学生喜爱。(有时关系代词均可省略)2作宾语和表语的省略that,whom,which作宾语和表语时一般都可省。例如:Ihavegivenhimanything(that)heaskedfor.他要的我都给了。Sheisnotthegirl(that)sheusedtobe.她不再是从前那个女孩了。Shesaidhewasanything(that)amanshouldbe.她说他是个十全十美的男人。Thefearofillexceedstheill(that)wefear.怕祸害比祸害本身更可怕。Heissaidtobeeverything(that)anhonestmanshouldbe.据说,他具备了一个诚实的人的一切素质。3作状语的省略Helikedtheplacefortheveryreason(that)sheeverlivedthere.他喜欢那个地方就是因为她曾在那里住过。Ilikedtheway(that)shedidit.我喜欢她做事的方式。Thisistheplace(that)theyswamacrosstheriver.这就是他们游过河的地方。Thoseweretheyears(that)hewasintrouble.那些是他遭难的岁月。Thisisthefactory(where)heworkedmanyyearsago.这就是他很多年前工作过的工厂。【提示】在“关系代词+be/have+come”结构中,关系代词可连同be,have一起省略。例如:Itisadream(thathas)cometrue.这是一个圆了的梦。Herearethefriends(whohave)cometoseeyou.朋友们看你来了。12.物主代词在某些词组短语中,物主代词可以省略。例如:Helost(his)patience.他不耐烦了。Ifeltat(my)ease.我感到舒适。Shetook(her)leavesoonafterwards.她不久后就离开了。【提示】有时候,用不用物主代词含义不同。比较:Ishallrememberherforlife.我将永远记着她。(=forever)Ishallrememberherformylife.她救了我的命,我将永远记着她。(=whichshehassaved)13.as..as结构中的省略这种省略通常有两种情况:①从句中与主句中重复的词可省;②在把两个时间、地点等相比较时,第一个as可省。例如:Hehandlesgreatthingsaseasilyas(hehandles)smallthings.他举重若轻。Heisnowasdiligentas(hewas)whenhewasinmiddleschool.他现在如同在中学时一样勤奋。dos他和暖迎我解快乐pyinhandinesasingoodHeis(as)optimisticnowasbefore.他像从前一样乐观。Hegaveherasmuchas(hegave)me.他给她的同给我的一样多。Shelookedaftertheorphansascarefullyas(shelooked)afterherown第22页共22页,children.她照顾孤儿如同照顾自己的孩子一样细心。【提示】在下面的句子中,主要动词被省略:HeobeysJudyasasonshould(obey)amother.他顺从朱迪就像顺从母亲一样。Shefondledthecatasamotherwould(fondle)herchild.她逗那只猫就像母亲逗孩子一样。Heletthemangoasacatmight(let)amouse(go).他让那人走了,就像猫放走了耗子。Hedidhishomeworkcarefullyashissisterhad(done)hers.他做家庭作业很认真,就像他姐姐一样。14.全句省略某些表示愿望或假设的复合句常可将主句或从句省略。例如:IfIcouldseeheragain(howhappyIshouldbe)!但愿我能再见她一面!(Itispity)Thatsuchagreatmanshoulddie!这样的伟人竟然会死!Imighthavebeenarichman(ifIhadtakenheradvice).我可能已经成为富豪了。二、用替代词的省略在某些情况下,当我们省略掉某个词、词组或句子时,还需要用某个替代词。常用的替代词有do/doesso,not,to,neither,nor,doso,dothat,doit,one/ones,thesame等。1.do/doesdo可以用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。例如:HespeaksEnglishmorefluentlythanyoudo.他说英语比你流利。(=speakEnglish)“Didyouseethefilm?”“Yes,Idid.”“你看电影了吗?”“是的,我看了。”(=sawthefilm)MarkhopedthattheywouldalldotheirdutytothecountryasEnglishmenshoulddo.马克希望他们都能像英国人应该做的那样为国尽责。(=shoulddotheirdutytothecountry)Henryneverreallysucceededinhisambitions.Hemighthavedone,onefelt,haditnotbeenfortherestlessnessofhisnature.亨利从没有真正实现自己的抱负,人们觉得要不是性格焦躁,他本可能实现的。(=succeededinhisambitions)Shewasalwaysmeaningtotellhimthefact,butneverdid.她总是想把事实真相告诉他,但从没这么做。Theseplantsrequiremoistsoilatalltimes.Thoseplantsdotoo.这些植物需要随时保持潮湿的土壤,那些植物也是一样。【提示】替代词do/does有时可带有宾语。例如:Thedriveraskedmetofastenmyseatbelt,whichIdid.司机要我系上安全带,我就系上了。Emmalikeschocolatebetterthanshedoescandy.埃玛喜欢吃巧克力胜过吃糖。2.so和notso可以代替单词(形容词,副词)、词组或句子,常同call,expect,hope,do,fear,hear,imagine,remain,behave,become,suppose,speak,say,tell,think,believe,see,notice,appear,fancy,guess,第22页共22页,presume,reckon,seem,suspect,trust,understand等连用。not代替否定的句子,用法与so相似可放在surely,certainly,possibly,perhaps,probably,absolutely等副词后。beafraid后可用so或not。例如:Pricesatpresentarereasonablystable,andwillprobablyremainso.目前价格很稳定,并且可能还要保持下去。(=stable)BillisverypopularandTedisevenmoreso.比尔非常受欢迎,而特德更是如此。(=popular)Andrewoftenbehavedprudently,buthedidnotalwaysbehaveso.安德鲁做事常常是谨慎的,但并不总是这样。(=prudently)shoulddo.(=shoulddotheirdutytothecountry)Herworkisnotyetconsistentinstyles,butwillnodoubtbecomeso.她的作品还没有形成自己的风格,但将来肯定会的。(=consistent)Thesoldierssearchedthebigroomcarefully,butthesmallroomlessso.士兵们仔细搜查了大房间,但没那么仔细搜查小房间。(=carefully)Thenewspapersclaimshekilledhiminself-defencebutthatjustisn'tso.报纸宣称,她出于自卫杀了他,但事实并非如此。“Willitraintomorrow?”“Ihopenot.”“明天要下雨吗?”“我希望不下。”“Isheangry?”“Itseemsnot.”“他生气了吗?”“似乎没有。”“Doyouthinkthey'rehappy?”“Iwouldn'tsayso.”“你认为他们幸福吗?”“我可不这么说。”“Didyoubreakhercamera?”“Certainlynot.”“你把她的相机弄坏了吗?”“当然没有。”“DoyouthinkIdareaskher?"“Perhapsnot.”“你认为我敢问她吗?”“也许不敢。”“Doyouthinkshe'llreturntoworkafterthebaby?”“Probablynot.”“你认为她生完孩子后会再回来工作吗?”“很可能不会。”“Hemustbeaworker.”“Iimagineso.”“他一定是个工人。”“我想是的。”(=thatheisaworker)“Hasshefinishedreadingthebook?”“Ihopeso.”“她读完那本书了吗?”“我希望读完了。”(=thatshehasfinishedreadingthebook)Shewasnotangryatfirst,butbecamesoafterawhile.她起初没有生气,但过了一会儿生气了。(angry)HeisagreatfriendofmineandIhopehewillalwaysremainso.他是我的好朋友,希望他永远是。(agreatfriendofmine)Ishethebeststudentintheclass?他是班上最好的学生吗?Ithinkso.我想是的。(=thatheis..)Ithinknot.我想不是的。(=thatheisnot..Idon'tthinkheis...Perhapsnot)Hewillreturnattheweekend.他将在周末返回。Iamafraidnot.恐怕不会。(=thathewillnotreturnattheweekend)A:Isitsnowing?在下雪吗?第22页共22页,B:I'mafraidso.恐怕是的。要注意的是,so作替代词一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用,口气比较婉转,不表示肯定,也不表示否定,因此,在表示肯定或怀疑的答句中不可用so。例如:A:Aretheycomingtotheparty?他们来参加聚会吗?B:I'msureofit.[√]我敢肯定。B:Idoubtit.[V]很难说。B:I'msureso.[×]B:Idoubtso.[×]同样,在ask和know之后不可用so。例如:他知道那个。Heknowsthat.[V]Heknowsso.[×]你为什么问那个?Whydoyouaskthat?[√]Whydoyouaskso?[X]另外,not不可用于个别表示说话的动词之后,但主语是非特指的人称时除外。例如:她这样说的。Shesaidso.[/]Shesaidnot.[X]约翰这样告诉我的。Johntoldmeso.[v]Johntoldmenot.[X]但可以说:Theysaynot,Itseems/appearsnot,Itsaysnot等。【提示】1so可以用less,more,somuch,toomuch等修饰。例如:Heisveryskilledasapianist,butsheisevenmoreso.他是个技巧娴熟的钢琴家,她更是技高一筹。Jerryisveryhonest,maybetoomuchso.杰里很诚实,但也许太过头了。Althoughhewasexhausted,hewaslesssothanyoufeared.虽然他没有力气了,但还没有像你担心的那样精疲力竭。2so可以放在句首或句尾,但若谓语动词是see,notice或hear,则只能放在句首。例如:我相信是这样。/我说是这样。/我认为是这样。Ibelieve/say/thinkso.=SoIbelieve/say/think.我明白了。/我听到的就是这样。/我看到的就是这样。SoIsee/hear/notice.[/]第22页共22页,Isee/hear/noticeso.[×]3下面句中的notshe相当于“no,shedidn't”,语气较强:A:Didshepayyouthemoney?她付你钱了吗?B:Notshe.没有。④“not+状语”也是一种常见的省略。例如:A:Willyougooutforawallk?你想出去散步吗?B:Notthisevening.今晚不出去。(=No,Iwon'tgooutforawalkthisevening.)A:Iwanttotalkwithsomeoneaboutit.我想同谁谈谈这件事。B:Notwiththem.不要同他们谈。(=Idon'twantyoutotalkwiththemaboutit.)⑤notthat结构有时意为Idon'tmeanthat...或Idon'tsaythat...,有时意为notbecause。例如:Whydidn'tyoucomelastnight?NotthatIcare,ofcourse.你昨晚为什么没有来?当然,我并不介意。Ifyouneedmoney,Icanlendyousome—notthatIamrich,ofcourse.如果你需要钱,我可以借给你一些,当然,我并不是说我很富。Shewenttobedearly.Notthatshewasill,butthatshewastired.她早早就上床睡了,不是因为她病了,而是因为她累了。3.toto代替不定式,常同refuse,want,seem,intend,mean,expect,hope,like,beafraid,prefer,care,oblige,forget,wish,try等连用。例如:Iaskedhimtoseethefilm,buthedidn'twantto(seethefilm).我要他去看电影,但他不想去。Somepeoplesuggestedthatshereconsiderthematter,butsherefusedto(reconsiderthematter).有些人建议她重新考虑这件事,但她拒绝了。【提示】1动词hope,think,fear,wish,beafraid和so,to连用的比较。so可以代替单词、词组和句子,而to则只代替动词不定式。例如:A:Willyoustayforlunch?你留下来吃午饭吗?B:我希望留下来。B:Ihopeso.(=Iwillstayforlunch.)B:Ihopeto.(=stayforlunch)2如果省略的不定式结构中含有be,have或havebeen,一般要保留be,have或havebeen。例如:A:Areyouonholiday?你在度假吗?B:No,butI'dliketobe.不,但我想去度假。A:Shehasn'tdoneityet.她还没有完成呢。B:Sheoughttohave.她应该完成的。4.复合替代词doso,dothat和doit第22页共22页,1doso常用来表示同一主语的同一动作,可以替代动词加宾语,也可以替代动词加状语Shesaidshewouldgowithme,butshedidn'tdoso.她说她要同我一起去,但她并没有去。(=gowithme)Hetriedhardtokeepastraightfacebutcouldnotdoso.他拼命忍住笑,但做不到。(=keepastraightface)Theyplannedtoreachthetopofthemountain,butnobodyknewiftheydidso.他们计划到达山顶,但没有人知道他们是否真的到了。(=reachthetopofthemountain)“Haveyoucheckedoverthepaper?"“Iwilldosointheevening."“这篇论文你仔细检查过了吗?”“我今天晚上检查。”Justfinishoffwateringtheflowers.Andletmeknowwhenyou'vedoneso.把花都浇一下,浇完了跟我说一声。(=finishedoffwateringtheflowers)2doso替代动词加宾语结构时,so可以用it或that取代,用it指具体事物,用that表示较重的口气Henryisgoingtomaketheexperimentandhewantedmetodoit,too.亨利打算做那项实验,他要我也做一下。TheyplayedcardsaftersupperandIwatchedthemdothat.他们晚饭后玩了牌,我看他们玩的。3doso/dothat/doit一般只用于替代动态动词,而不适合替代静态动词,而do则可以Hefeltinsultedbyherwords,andshedidn'tknowhedid.她的话使他感到受了侮辱,而她竟没有察觉。(不用doso,doit,dothat)SamlikesChinesefood,andhealwayshas(done).萨姆喜欢吃中国菜,而且一直喜欢吃。(不用doso,doit,dothat)比较:Shefeelsbettertoday.她今天感觉好些了。Ithinkshedoes.[v]我想是的。Yes,soshedoes.[√]是的,她好些了。Ithinkshedoesso.[×]Yes,shedoesthat.[×]Yes,shedoesit.[×]【提示】①在believe,know,hope,doubt等动词后可以用that表示附和别人的看法或说法,但不用于回答问题。例如:Heisaverycapableman.他很能干。Ibelievethat.我相信。(=so)Itisagoodfilm.这部电影很好。Iknowthat.我知道。(不可用so)②that可以替代可数名词或不可数名词,只指物,不指人,其后要跟修饰语。例如:Nobreadeatenissosweetasthatearnedbyone'sownlabour.自己的劳动果实吃起来最香甜。第22页共22页,③有时候,do和doso可换用,并可用助动词do表示强调。例如:Hesaidhecrossedthedesertinfourdays,butIdoubtifhedid/didso/diddoso.他说他4天之内横穿了沙漠,但是我怀疑他是否真的做到了。④doso,doit和dothat有时可换用,只是doit和dothat更为强调。例如:Mr.Smithhastakenatriptothehills.Hehasbeendoingso/doingit/doingthateveryotherdaysincehemovedhere.史密斯先生进山游玩去了。自从家搬到这儿,他隔天就会进山一次。Heisbeatinghiswifeagain.Healwaysdoesso/doesit/doesthatwhenhe'sdrunk.他又在打他妻子了,喝醉酒后他总会这么做。⑤do不可替代非限定性动词,而doso,doit,dothat则可以。例如:HefailedtobreaktherecordandIshalltrymybesttodoso.他没能打破纪录,我要全力以赴破纪录。⑥doso的变化形式doingso可变为sodoing。例如:Janespendsagesdoingherhaitinthemornings.Andinsodoing/doingsosheisoftenlateforwork.简早上会花很长时间弄头发,这使她上班经常迟到。Indoingso/sodoingtheyonlydemonstratetheirlackofgoodfaith.他们这样做,只能表明缺乏诚信。5.one和onesone和ones具有泛指性质,常用来替代单数或复数可数名词,不能替代不可数名词;使用时要注意下面几点:①one和ones与它们所替代的名词在“数”方面可以不一致。②one和ones与其所替代的名词在句法功能上可以不一致。③one和ones与其所替代的名词在所指意义上可以不同。④one前面不带任何修饰语时,可以替代整个名词词组。⑤one前面有this或that,ones前面有these或those,或者两者前面有形成对比的形容词、最高级形容词或thenext,thelast时,one或ones可以省略;one前面的形容词带定冠词the时,one也可省略。⑥one或ones后面可以跟修饰语,可能是从句、介词短语或分词短语等。⑦所有格my,your,our,her和their被其相应的物主代词mine等代替时,不用one或ones。⑧whose和名词所有格之后不用one或ones;基数词(one等)和序数词(first等)通常不同one连用;own也不可同one或ones连用。9another和other可以单独使用,也可跟one,复数形式可用otherones或others。0which和former,latter,either,neither后可以跟one或ones,也可以不跟。第22页共22页,Hepreferstheneweditiontotheoldones.他喜欢新版,不喜欢旧版。(“数”方面不一致)Doyouseetheteachersoverthere?Theonewearingthegreycoatisherfather.你看见那边的老师了吗?穿灰色大衣的是她父亲。(句法功能不一致,teachers作宾语,one作主语)Idon'tlikethisfilm.I'dliketoseeamoreinterestingone.我不喜欢这部电影,我想看一部更有趣的。(所指对象不同)Therearetwopensonthedesk;heonlytookthecheaper.书桌上有两支钢笔,他只拿了那支便宜的。(one)Let'sfinishtheexercisesowecangoontothenext.我们把这个练习做完,这样就可以做下一个。(one)Ofallhispoems,Iliketheonesthatareconnectedwithnaturebest.在他所有的诗中,我最喜欢有关自然的诗。Thisisherbook,notyours.这是她的书,不是你的。(不能说yoursone或yourone)Iprefertousemyown.我宁愿用我自己的。(不能说myownone)Whoseisit?它是谁的。(不能说whoseone)Herbikeisbetterthanherbrother's.她的自行车比她弟弟的自行车好。(不能说brother'sone)Pleasetryanother(one).请再试一个。HehasthreeEnglishdictionaries,butIhaveseven.他有三部英语词典,但我有七部。(不能说sevenones)Thefirstfilmisbetterthanthesecond.第一部电影比第二部好。Heisthemorepessimistic(one)ofthetwo.他是两者中更为悲观的一个。Ithinkhe'sthedullest(one).我认为他是最无聊的。Iliketheblue(one).我喜欢那个蓝色的。Doyouwantthisbagorthat(one)?你要这个包还是那个包?Doyoulikethesepaintingsorthose(ones)?你喜欢这些画还是那些画?Youcantakethisdictionary,Iwillkeeptheother(one).你可以拿这本词典,另一本我保存。比较:他尝过人生的酸甜苦辣。Hehasknowngoodluckandbad(luck).[√]Hehasknowngoodluckandbadone.[×]灰布要比黑布好。Thegreyclothisbetterthantheblack(cloth)[V]Thegreyclothisbetterthantheblackone.[×]6.thesamethesame一般指物,表示是同一类的另一事物或另一些事物,也表示同一种情况;thesame可替代名词词组、形容词词组、从句或比较结构。例如:第22页共22页,Johnorderedtwofriedeggs.Iorderedthesame.约翰要了两个煎鸡蛋,我也要了两个。(=twofriedeggs.)WecantrustJane.IthinkIcouldsaythesameofherhusband.我们可以相信简,我想我可以说她丈夫也值得信赖。(=thatwecantrustherhusband)Theseapplesarejustassourasthelastoneswehad.Theytastethesame.这些苹果同我们刚才吃的一样酸,味道一个样。(=assourasthelastoneswehad)“I'dlikeacupoftea.”“(The)Sameforme,please.”“我要喝杯茶。”“我也喝茶。”“Musicallyspeaking,theconcertwasonlyaverage.”“Isaythesame.”“就音乐而言,这场音乐会只是中等水平。”“我也这么认为。”(替代从句)“HappyChristmas!"“Andthesametoyou,Ben.”“圣诞快乐!”“也祝你圣诞快乐,本。”IfeelthesametodayasIdidyesterday.我今天的感觉同昨天一样。Thedishesaredeliciousandthesoupsmellsthesame.菜肴很可口,汤闻起来味道也不错。Thesecoinsmaylookthesamebutone'saforgery.这些硬币看起来也许一样,但其中有一个是假的。“Ilostmybikelastmouth.”“Thesamehappenedotme.”“我上个月把自行车丢了。”“我也丢了一辆自行车。”【提示】表示“做同一件事”要用doso,表示“做同样的事”,用dothesame,也可用doso。例如:Hewastryingtofollowherexamplebutcouldnotdoso.他努力以她为榜样,但做不到。(不可用dothesame)Hesoldthecarbutdidn'ttellhiswifehehaddoneso.他卖了车,但并没有告诉妻子。(不可用dothesame)Sheboughthermotherabirthdaycakebutdidn'tknowthatherbrotherhaddoneso/donethesame.她为母亲买了一个生日蛋糕,但不知道弟弟也给母亲买了一个。7.one和that作替代词的区别1one可替代人或物,that只能代替物Ihaveabrother,oneinthearmy.我有一个弟弟,在部队服役。Lookattheclock,thatonthewall.看看那口钟,墙上那个。Herseatwasnexttothatofthemayor.她的座位就在市长的旁边。2one只能替代可数名词,that可替代可数名词和不可数名词Thenovelisasinterestingastheone/thatIreadlastyear.这部小说同我去年读的那部一样有趣。TheweatherhereishotterthanthatinNewYork.这里的天气比纽约的天气热。Itwasabeautifulbutterflyjustliketheone/thatwehadseeninthemountaintheotherday.那是一只美丽的蝴蝶,就跟我们几天前在山中看到的那一只一样。第22页共22页,3one可以有前置或后置定语,而that只能有后置定Youranswertothequestionisbetterthanthatofhers.你对问题的回答比她的好。Pleaselookatthemap,theoneontherightwall.请看那张地图,右墙上的那张。Thisisaredpen,andIhavethreeotherblueones.这是一支红钢笔,我还有三支蓝钢笔。4one(不加定语)表示泛指,that表示特指Themusicisassweetasthatweheardyesterday.这音乐同我们昨天听的一样甜美。ApoemwrittenbyanAmericanpoetisusuallyhardertounderstandthanonebyaChinesepoet.美国诗人写的诗通常比中国诗人写的诗难懂。三、状语从句和独立结构中的省1.如果状语从句的主语与主句主语一致,而且状语从句谓语中有be动词,可以将状语从句的主语连同be动词一起省略引导这类状语从句的连词有when,while,though,if,unless,although,evenif,asif等。其结构模式一般为:(现在分词)(副词连词+介词短语+主句连词+形容词+主句名词代词[从句主句可以位于句首,即“主句+(连词+现在分词·····)”;主句也可以分开,即“主句主语+(连词+现在分词······)+主句谓语”。例如:Hemovedhislipsasif(hewanted)tospeak.他的嘴动着仿佛要说什么。Ithaslittletaste,unless(itis)hot.这菜辣一点才有味。Shelovedhimasif(hewas)herownson.她爱他如子。Themanisrollingonthegroundasif(heis)hurtbadlyintheleg.那个男的在地上打着滚,似乎他的腿伤得厉害。Thisthing,if(itis)continued,isgoingtodohergreatharm.这种事情如果继续下去,将会对她造成极大伤害。Once(itis)seen,itcanneverbeforgotten.那真是一见难忘。Ajade,evenif(itis)shattered,canneverloseitspurityandlikewiseabamboo,evenifcleaved,willremainstraight.玉可碎而不可损其白,竹可破而不可毁其节。Although(heis)lonelyinanewland,Mr.Whitewasdescribedbyhisfellowworkersascheerful,ofafriendlynature,honest,andmodest.虽然怀特先生单身一人,又生活在异乡客地,但正如他的同事所描述的那样,他性格开朗,待人友善,诚实守信,虚怀若谷。While(Iwas)readytohelpher,Ididn'tknowwhatshewanted.虽然我愿意帮她,可我不知道她的所需。第22页共22页,Imetthegirlwhile(Iwas)onavisittoNewYork.我是在纽约之游的途中遇见那位姑娘的。Thestatues,ifnotgood,aretolerable.这些塑像虽然不是很好的,但还可以。Hishairisshaggy,thoughnotaslongasthatofsome.他的头发虽不像有些人留得那样长,却乱蓬蓬的。Whenindoubt,askthechairmanhimself.有疑问时,问一下主席本人。(连词+介词短语)HecameacrossthepicturewhileonavisittoNewYork.他在游览纽约时遇见这幅画的。(连词+介词短语)Hecouldwritepoemswhenyetachild.他还是小孩子时就会写诗。(连词+名词)Ourmotherlandisstrongerthanever.我们的祖国比以往任何时候都更加强大。(连词+副词)Youmusteatitwhenfresh.你必须趁新鲜吃。(连词+形容词)Heropinion,whetherrightorwrong,deservedourattention.她的意见不论对错,都值得我们注意。(连词+形容词)他问老师问题时很有礼貌。Whenhewasaskingtheteacher,hewaspolite.Whenaskingtheteacher,hewaspolite.(连词+现在分词)虽然很害怕,他还是成功逃脱了。Althoughhewasfrightened,hemanagedtorunaway.Althoughfrightened,hemanagedtorunaway.(连词+过去分词)问到时才说话。Don'tsayanythingunlessyouareasked.Don'tsayanythingunlessasked.(连词+过去分词)如果养得好,这只鸟能活20年。Ifitistakengoodcareof,thebirdcanliveaslongastwentyyears.Iftakengoodcareof,thebirdcanliveaslongastwentyyears.(连词+过去分词)【提示】①状语从句中的名词尽管与主句的主语不同,但如果它与主句的逻辑主语相同,或根据主从句的对应关系判断,意思比较明确,同时谓语部分又含有be的某种形式,从句中的“主语+be”部分可以省略。例如:Theyexpecttolivewhere(theplaceis)notpolluted.他们期望生活在一个未受污染的地方。Therearesomesafetymeasurestofollowwhile(youare)training.有一些安全措施训练时必须遵守。②if,aslongas引导的状语从句中含有therebe的某种形式,therebe常可以省略。例如:Youshouldn'tloseheartaslongas(thereis)anyhopewithyou.只要有一线希望你就不能灰心。Correctthemistakes,if(thereare)any(mistakes)intheparagraph.如果这一段中有错,就改正。第22页共22页,③状语从句中的连词、主语和be有时可同时省略,只剩下分词短语。例如:Eventhefinestlandscape,(ifitis)seendaily,becomesmonotonous.即便是最美的风景,日日看来,也会变得单调乏味。④在省略时,要将状语从句的主语和be动词同时省略,不可只省略主语或be动词,例如:Althoughhefrightened,hemanagedtorunaway.[X]Althoughwasfrightened,hemanagedtorunaway.[X]2.在作状语的独立分词结构中,分词往往可以省略Themeeting(being)over,thedelegateswalkedoutofthehall.散会后,代表们走出了大厅。Thework(havingbeen)done,helefttheoffice.工作完成后,他离开了办公室。3.becauseill还是becauseofbeingill并非所有的状语从句都可以省略主语和be动词,由after,because,before等引导的状语从句一般要改写成介词短语等,用动名词代替be动词。例如:因为病了,他不能参加会议。Becausehewasill,hedidn'tattendthemeeting.Becauseill,hedidn'tattendthemeeting.[X]Becauseofbeingill,hedidn'tattendthemeeting.[V]Beingill,hedidn'tattendthemeeting.[v]他被杀害后扔进了海里。Afterhewaskilledhewasthrownawayintothesea.Afterkilled,hewasthrownawayintothesea.[X]Afterbeingkilled,hewasthrownawayintothesea.[V]4.在ifitispossible,whenitisnecessary等类似结构中,itis常可省Ifpossible,we'llbuildanotherrailroadinthisarea.如有可能,我们将在这个地区修建另一条铁路。Omitawordortwowherepossible.尽可能省去一两个词。We'llhavetheoldhousepulleddownwhennecessary.需要时我们将把旧屋拆掉。Youmaywriteitinpenorinpencil,asrequired.你可以按要求用铅笔或钢笔写。Don'tdoitunlessrequired.需要你做才做。Putacomma,whereneeded.在需要的地方加一个逗号。Pleasetellmewhenfinished.做完后同我说一声。Don'tdoittilltoolate.这事拖延不得。Here,aselsewhere,honestyisthebestpolicy.这里如同在别处一样,诚实才是上策。5.比较状语从句中的省略1从句中省略主语Bothroomswereascleanas(it)couldbe.两个房间都窗明几净。第22页共22页,Thesituationtherewasnotsobadas(it)hadbeenreported.那里的形势并不像报道的那样严重。Theprofitwasnotsohandsomeas(it)wasexpected.利润并不像原先期望的那样丰厚。Thereweremorecasualtiesthan(it)wasreported.伤亡人数比报告的数字要多。Don'ttakemoremoneythan(it)wasabsolutelynecessary.钱带够就行,不要多带。Don'teatmorethan(what)isgoodforyou.吃东西切勿过量。Don'tsaymorethan(what)isnecessary.说话要适可而止。Thereweremorestudentspresentthan(it)was/wereexpected.出席的学生比预料的多。Youhavegivenhimmorethan(what)isrequired.你给的超出了他想要的。Theseadswerenotsoeffectiveas(it)hadbeenhoped.这些广告的效果不如希望的好。Hegavethemasmuchmoneyas(it)wasaskedfor.他们要多少钱,他就给多少钱。Thedisastercausedbythehurricaneisworsethan(it)hasbeengenerallysupposed.飓风造成的灾害比一般设想的更为严重。2从句省略重复的谓语、助动词、情态动词或主语和谓语Heplayswithherasacat(plays)withmouse.他玩弄她就像猫玩弄耗子。ShespeaksEnglishmorefluentlythanyou(do).她说英语比你流利。Thewisemandrawsmoreadvantagefromhisenemiesthanthefool(draws)fromhisfriends.聪明人得益于对手超过蠢人得益于朋友。Theexperienceasasailorhasmoreinfluenceonhimthan(ithas)onme.当水手的经历对他的影响比对我的影响大。Iwouldjustassoonstayathomeas(Iwould)go.与其去,我倒愿意留在家里。Thebeautifulscenerycanbemoreeasilyconceivedthan(itcanbe)described.那美景只能想象,难以描述。3从句省略重复的谓语和宾语Iloveyoumorethanhe(lovesyou).我比他更爱你。JimgavehermorehelpthanI(gaveher).吉姆给她的帮助比我多。4从句省略重复的表语,或省略主语、系动词和表Heismorelearnedthan(what)helooks.他貌不惊人,但学识渊博。Charlesisabettermanthan(what)you'lleverbe!你永远也不会成为查尔斯这样的好人的!Heismoreableandenergeticthan(what)heappears.他比看上去要能干、精力充沛得多。Heisstrongerthan(hewas)whenIsawhimlast.他的身体比我上次见他时更为强壮了。Sheisfonderofcountrymusicthan(sheisfond)ofpopmusic.她喜欢乡村音乐胜过流行音乐。四、介词的省略1.在itisnouse(in)doingsth.等结构中,动名词前的in/at常可省略第22页共22页,常见的这类结构有:itisnouse(in)doingsth.做·····没有用itisnogood(in)doingsth.做·……没有用处/好thereisnohurry(in)doingsth.不急于做……bebusy/late/weary(in)doingsth.忙于/迟于/讨厌做……taketurns(in,at)doingsth.轮流做……busy/occupyoneself(in)doingsth.忙于做······belong(in)doingsth.迟迟才做…···thereisnopoint(in)doingsth.做……无意义thereisnouse/good(in)doingsth.做······无用employoneself(in)doingsth.从事于……havenobusiness(in)doingsth.无权做…·losenotime(in)doingsth.不失时机地做……haveahardtime(in)doingsth.做……很难spend/wastetime/money/energy(in)doingsth.花时间/金钱/精力做·…···havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth.做······有困难beemployed/engaged/occupied(in)doingsth.从事于……,忙碌于……Sheemploysherself(in)writing.她从事写作。Thefarmersarebusy(in)hoeingcorn.农民们忙着在玉米地里锄草。Heisengaged(in)preparingfortheeveningparty.他正忙着为晚会做准备。Hehasnobusiness(in)sayingsuchthingsaboutme.他无权对我说三道四。Shelostnotime(in)rewritingthebook.她很快就开始重写那本书了。当spendtime/money(in)doingsth.结构用于被动语态时,in通常不省略,但也有省的情况。例如:Theyspentalargesumofmoney(in)buildingthetower.他们建造这座塔花了一大笔钱。Alargesumofmoneywasspentinbuildingthetower.2.当连接代词(what,whose)、连接副词(how,when)以及whether引导从句或不定式短语时,其前面的of,about,asto等常可省略Iamnotaware(of)howhegotit.我不知道他怎样弄到它的。Shehadnoidea(asto)whattodo.她不知道该做什么。Hehesitated(about)whattosaynext.他对下面该说什么犹豫不决。3.表示一段时间或方式的短语中的for,in,by,at等常常省略;但是在否定句中或引导介词短语位于句首强调持续时间时,for一般不可省略Thesnowyweatherlasted(for)twoweeks.雪持续下了两个星期。Heremainedsingle(for)allhislife.他一辈子单身。Don'ttreather(in)thatway.不要那样待她。Theyboundhim(by)handandfoot.他们把他的手脚都捆起来了。Hedoesn'tdoit(in)thewayIdo.他没有照我的方式去做。Theycame(at)fullspeed.他们全速赶来。第22页共22页,He'sbeenoffwork(for)alongtime.他已经很久不工作了。Theyhavebeenwalking(for)agoodhalfhour.他们已步行了足有半小时。Shewasawayfromhome(for)fiveorsixdays.她离开家已经五六天了。Samwaited(for)afewmomentsandthengotonthebus.萨姆等了一小会儿,然后就上了公共汽车。We'vebeenhere(for)threedays/weeks.我们来这里已有三天/周了。Theplayran(for)threemonths.那出话剧连续演了三个月。Ihavewaited(for)ages.我已等了太久了。Shedidn'tsayanythingforseveralhours.她几个小时一句话也没说。Ihaven'tspokentoherforfourweeks.我已有四个星期没同她说话了。Wehaven'tseeneachotherfortwoyears.我们俩已有两年没见面了。For300years,thetreasurelayburiedinthecave,unknown.长达300年,这些财宝埋藏在洞穴中,无人知晓。Fortwoyearshelivedaloneinawoodenhutbythelake.整整两年,他独自一人住在湖边的一个小木屋里。【提示】在表示进行意义的句子中,for通常不省略。例如:We'vebeenwalkingfortwohours.我们已步行了两个小时。I'vebeenmeaningtoaskyouforages.我早就想问你了。I'vebeencomingtoseeyouforyears.多年来,我总想来看你。Theywerekeptwaitingforoverthreehours.他们一直等了三个多小时。TheshiphasbeensailinginthePacificfortwoweeks.这艘船已在太平洋上航行了两个星期。4.at,in,of,from,by,with在某些句子结构中可以省略常见的这类结构有:What'stheuse(of)crying?哭有什么用?Therearealotoftreesonthisside(of)thehill.山的这边有很多树。Canyoupreventhim(from)smokingmore?你能让他不再吸烟好吗?Heearnedalotofmoney(by)sellingnewspapers.他靠卖报纸挣了很多钱。Hesenttheletter(by)express/airmail.他把信快递了/空邮了。Thehousewifecooked(in)theItalianstyle.这位主妇烧意大利式的菜肴。Shewasn't(at)homewhenIgotback.我回来时,她不在家。Hestood(at)thebackofthetree.他站在树的后面。Thenaughtyboystoodbeforetheteacher,(withhis)headbowed.那淘气的男孩站在老师面前,头低着。第22页共22页,【提示】near,next和opposite后的to常被省略,但当nextto作“几乎”解时,to不可省。参阅“形容词”章节。例如:Ourschoolisnext/oppositethepark.我们的学校靠近公园。(省略了to)Itisnexttoimpossible.那几乎是不可能的。(不可省略to)5.表语名词age,color等前的of可以省略当表语为age,color,weight,length,width,help,design,shape,size,thickness,height,volume,nouse等时,其前的of可以省略。例如:Thetwomachinesare(of)thesamedesign.这两台机器是同一个型号的。Theboysare(of)thesameheight.这些男孩个头一样高。Theyare(of)thesameage.他们同龄。Isthiscoat(of)anyusetoyou?这件外套对你有用吗?Haveyouseenanyfish(of)thatsize?你见过那样大小的鱼吗?(Of)Whatsizeisyourhat?你的帽子几号?(Of)Whatpriceisthispen?这支钢笔多少钱?(Of)WhatsizeshallImakethebox?我把盒子做成多大?6.两个介词短语连用时的介词省略问当insteadof或并列连词or,and,either...or,both...and,notonly..but(also)等连接两个介词短语时,如果两个介词相同,第二个介词常可省略。例如:Youmaygotherebytrainor(by)plane.你可以乘火车或乘飞机去那里。Youshouldthinknotonlyofgettingbut(of)giving.你不应只想到索取,还要想到付出。Shecametotheislandbothforworkand(for)play.她来到这座岛上,既为了工作,也为了游玩。YoumaydotheworkeitherwithJohnor(with)Mary.你可以同约翰或玛丽一起做这项工作。ShesentthemoneytoHeleninsteadof(to)Kate.她把钱寄给了海伦,而没有寄给凯特。Thatisamatteroflifeand(of)death.那是一件生死攸关的事情。但表示强烈对照时,介词不可省。例如:Aretheypaidbydayorbymonth?他们是按天付钱还是按月付钱?【提示】如果and或or连接的两个介词短语的宾语相同,通常要把第一个宾语省略,以求简洁。例如:Theyusuallystartedtoclimbthemountainbeforeorafterthesunrise.他们通常在日出前后开始爬山。Idon'tknowwhethersheisfororagainsttheplan.我不知道她是赞同还是反对这项计划。Theycarriedtheoldmanupanddownthehill.他们把那位老人抬上山,又抬下山。7.某些动词后的介词可以省略某些动词后的介词可以省略,这时,原来的不及物动词就成为及物动词。例如:Shepassed(by)mywindow.她从我窗前走过。Heruled(over)thekingdom.他统治着那个王国。第22页共22页,Hesucceeded(to)Jimintheoffice.他接替吉姆的办公室工作。Hejumped(over)thestream.他跳过小溪。世。sdeath.她哀悼他的去Hemourned(over)hisfailure.他为失败而伤心。Moonlightpenetrated(into)theroom.月光洒进了房间。Theyroamed(about,over)theworld.他们在世界各地漫游。Don'tmock(at)anyone.不要嘲笑任何人。Herepented(of)hisfolly.他后悔自己的不智。Sheowned(to)herfault.她承认了自己的错误。Shetestified(to)hishonesty.她证实他的诚实。Sheshared(in)mysorrows.她分担我的忧愁。Hetrod(on)herleftfoot.他踩了她的左脚。Heconfessed(to)stealingthemoney.他承认偷了钱。Letusdrink(to)hishealth.让我们为他的健康干杯。Theyapproached(to)thevillage.他们走近那个村庄。Heceased(from)smoking.他戒烟了。Sheadmitted(to)bribingtheboss.她承认贿赂了老板。Heattained(to)fame.他成名了。Hesought(after,for)fameandwealth.他求名求利。Shepondered(over,on)thesuggestion.她认真考虑了那个建议。Theessaytreats(of)anewproblem.这篇文章探讨一个新的问题。Theyhavefled(from)thetown.他们逃离了那座小城。五、上下文篇章中的省略现代社会的快节奏,网络信息的瞬时性,反映在语言的运用上,便是人们用词的简约、明快,能用少量词汇表达的意思决不拉长,并且在不影响理解的情况下尽量省略。省略不仅出现在同一句子中,也出现在上下文篇章中,这也是现代英语一个新的特点。例如:You'dhavetofollowrules.Myrules.你得遵守规矩,我定的规矩。Theyhadmypackettoo.Dismissedfortheft.他们收回了我的工资袋,以偷窃为由把我解雇了。Ididn'tgetoffthetube.Justwaitedforittogoback.我并没有下车,我坐等地铁往回开呢。TheonlythingIcandonowiswait.Waitforthetelephoneorthedoorbelltoring.Waitforwhoeverheis.我现在唯一能做的事是等待。等着门铃或电话铃响。等待来人,不管是谁。第22页共22页

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