陕西省城固县2022学年高二英语上学期期中试题

陕西省城固县2022-2022学年高二英语上学期期中试题(满分：150分时间：120分钟）第Ⅰ卷第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1.WhatwillthemandothisFriday?A.Takeatest.B.Gotoabar.C.Haveafamilydinner.2.Whatistheweatherlikerightnow?A.It’sstormy.B.It’scloudy.C.It’ssunny.3.Whatisthemanwearing?A.whiteshirt.B.Abrownshirt.C.Ablacksweater.4.Whattimeofdayisit?A.Night.B.Afternoon.C.Morning.5.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?A.Theeffectsoftheflood.B.Thefightagainstaflood.C.Floodsofthepast20years.第二节（共15题；每题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或对话。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每个小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。6.Atwhattimeofdaydoesthisconversationtakeplace?A.Inthemorning.B.Intheafternoon.C.Intheevening.7.Whatwillthegirleat?A.Candy.B.Beans.C.Asandwich.-15-\n听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。8.Whatdidthemandotothewoman’shair?A.Hewashedit.B.Heblow-driedit.C.Hecutoffthesplitends.9.Howmuchdidthewomantiptheman?A.$5.B.$10.C.$20听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。10.Whatdoesthemanthinkofthewoman’sfood?A.Toosalty.B.Reallyterrible.C.Verydelicious.11.WhowasKorean?A.Thewoman’smother.B.Theman’sgrandfather.C.Thewoman’sgrandmother.12.Howmanygrandparentsdoesthemanstillhave?A.Three.B.Two.C.One.听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。13.Wherehavemostoftheflesh-eatingplantsbeenfound?A.InChina.B.InIndia.C.InSouthAmerica.14.Whatcouldtheseplantseat?A.Ahumanbeing.B.Abutterfly.C.Asmallmonkey.15.Whatdoesthemanexplainatlast?A.Thenameofaplant.B.Thenumberofaplant.C.Theshapeofaplant.16.Howdoesthewomanprobablyfeelaboutthissciencetopic?A.Veryinterested.B.Quitedisgusted.C.Alittlebored.听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。17.Whatkindofannouncementisthis?A.Anadvertisement.B.Apublicservicereport.C.Adocumentary.18.Whatisonesymptomofthedisease?A.Havingaheadache.B.Runningalowfever.C.Feelinghotandcold.-15-\n19.Whatshouldpeopledo,accordingtothespeaker?A.Eatlotsoffruit.B.Eatabalanceddiet.C.Getsomeexerciseoutdoors.20.Whoshouldtakeextracare?A.Pregnantwomen.B.Theoldandtheweak.C.Thesickandthetired.第二部分：阅读理解（共20小题，每题2分，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。ATheNationalAirandSpaceMuseuminWashingtonDChasthousandsof objectsondisplay,includingthe1903WrightFlyer,CharlesLindbergh’sSpiritofSt.Louis,theApollo11CommandModuleColumbia,andalunarrockyoucantouch.Inadditiontoourexhibitiongallery,youmaywanttovisittheAlbertEinsteinPlanetarium,LockheedMartinIMAXTheater,andthePublicObservatoryontheeastend.TherearemanythingstodoattheMuseuminDC.Weofferdailytoursandeducationalactivitiesforbothchildrenandadults.Wealsohavescheduledlecturesandeventsthroughouttheyear. HoursandAdmission:OpeneverydayexceptDecember25.Admissionisfree.RegularHours:10:00amto5:30pm ExtendedHours:10:00amto7:30pmDecember26---30,2022March30---April20,2022FridayandSaturdays,April24---May16,2022May17---September7,2022VISITINGTIPS:Limitthenumberofbags:Allvisitorsarescreenedthroughmetaldetectoruponentry.ThefeweritemsyoubringinsidetheMuseum,thefasteryourentry.Beforeyouvisit,pleasereviewthelistofprohibiteditems,whichincludepocketknivesandtripods(三脚架).Visitors-15-\ncarryingprohibiteditemswillnotbeallowedinsidetheMuseum,sopleaseleavethemathomeorinyourcar.NoFoodorDrinks:OnlybottledwaterispermittedintheMuseum.YoumayonlyconsumefoodandotherdrinksintheFoodandDrinkCourt,notintheMuseum.GroupswhobringfoodareencouragedtopicnicontheNationalHall. PleaseTakePhotos:Youarewelcometotakephotosforpersonaluse.However,tripodsandmonopods(单脚架)arenotpermittedwithoutapproval. FirstAid:TheMuseumhasaFirstAidoffice andanurseonduty.PleasecontactthenearestsecurityofficerortheWecomeCenterforassistance.VisittheWelcomeCenter:AtourWelcomeCenterintheSouthLobby,staffandvolunteerscanansweranyquestionsyouhaveduringyourvisit. Open:10:00amto5:30Phone:202-666-2212E-mail:NASM-visitorservice@si.edu21.Accordingtothepassage,theNationalAirandSpaceMuseumisaplace___.A.whereonlyadultscantakepartinsomeeducationalactivitiesB.whereonecantouchanythinghelikes C.everyonecanpayavisittowithoutbuyingticketsD.everyonecanvisitwithouttimelimitalltheyearround. 22.AvisitortotheMuseumcan_______.A.getsomemedicaltreatmentifhesuddenlyfallsill B.takephotoswithtripodsforpersonaluseC.bringalotofbagstogothroughmetaldetectorsdirectly D.eatanddrinkintheMuseumorintheFoodCourt23.Thepurposeofthispassageisto_______.A.attractpeopletoexploretheuniverseB.makeanadvertisementfortheMuseumC.encourageadultstobringtheirchildrenhereD.showwhatisondisplayintheMuseum-15-\nBRecentlyIcameincontactwiththetruemeaningoflove.Thatwouldhavebeen,Kane,aboy．Kanewasthetwo-year-oldsonofJolene,mynewneighbor．AtaglanceKanewasasight.He’dbeenbornwithhardsticksforlegs.AndonthatmorningIwitnessedtheeffectthatKane’sphysicalshortcomingshadonhisfamily.ButIalsowitnessedmuchmorethanthat．Isawanextraordinaryfamilythatembracedthisspecialchild.Afamilythatwouldn’tallowKanetoknowhewasdifferent.Jolenehadconstructedasmallcartjustafewinchesoffthefloorforhissontogetaround.UsinghishandstomoveAbout,Kanemovedthecartto“goto”anyplacejustaseveryoneelsewasabletodo.Kaneworkedthatlittlecartlikeamaster.Kanewasavitalfocusoftheentirefamily.Hewasmorethanjustamemberofthefamily;hewasthesoul.Thischildwasthedriver,themotivator,andthefounderofmuchoftheinteraction．Muchlaterinmylife,IcametorealizethatGodhadsentthischildtohelpsomeofuswhojustweren’tgettingwhatlovewasallabout.EvenwithmylimitedcapacityforunderstandingatthetimethatKanewasahighlydevelopedspiritwithgreatwisdom．Kanedemandedattention,butnotbecauseofhismobilitychallengesorotherapparentshortcomings.Inhismind,hehadnochallengesorshortcomings.Thetruthisthathereceivedattentionbecausehewasaliveandrealandhadsomuchtooffer．Kanewasandstillisalotofwarmandpowerfulenergysenttousall,sowemightlearnthatlovesurpassesallthings.Kane,afragileyetlovelybaby,washeretoteachusallanimportantlesson.Andattheageoftwohedidjustthat．24.HowdidtheauthorthinkofKane’sfamilymembers?A．TheywerestrangebecausetheylockedKaneathome．B．Itwasrespectableforthemtostarttheirownbusiness．-15-\nC．ItwasridiculousforthemtomakeacartforKane．D．Theyweregreatlybravetofaceallthedifficulties．25.HowdidKane“getto”everywherehewantedtogo?A．Bymovinghiscartwithhisownhands．B．Byaskinghisfathertoleadhimaheadwithastick．C．Byaskinghisgrandparentstopushhimeverywhere．D．Hisparentsspeciallyemployedababysitterforhim．26．Kaneneededattentionbecausehewantedtoshow________．A．hecanchallengehisdifficultyinmovingB．hehadchallengesorshortcomingsinhislifeC．hehimselfneededtobelookedafterbyothersD．hehadthepowertoprovehewascapabletoo27．WhatcanwelearnfromKane’sstory?A．Loveme,lovemydog．B．Loveisaboveallthings．C．Manyhandsmakelightwork．D．Puregoldfearsnofire．CSincethefirstEarthDayin1970,Americanshavegottenalot“greener”towardtheenvironment.“Wedidn’tknowatthattimethereevenwasanenvironment,letalonethattherewasaproblemwithit,”saysBruceAnderson,presidentofEarthDayUSA.Butwhatbeganasnothingimportantinpublicaffairshasgrownintoasocialmovement.Businesspeople,politicalleaders,universityprofessors,andespeciallymillionsofgrass-rootsAmericansaretakingpartinthemovement.“Theunderstandinghasincreasedmany,manytimes,”saysGaylordNelson,theformergovernorfromWisconsin,whothoughtupthefirsEarthDay..AccordingtoUSgovernmentreports,emissions(排放)fromcarsandtruckshavedroppedfrom10.3milliontonsayearto5.5tons.ThenumberofcitiesproducingCObeyondthestandardhasbeenreducedfrom40to9..Althoughseriousproblemsstillremainandneedtobedealtwith,theworldisasaferandhealthierplace.Akind-15-\nof“Greenthinking”hasbecomepartofpractices.Greatimprovementhasbeenachieved.In1988therewereonly600recyclingprograms;todayin1995thereareabout6,600.Advancedlights,motors,andbuildingdesignshavehelpedsavealotofenergyandthereforepreventedpollution.  Twenty–fiveyearsago,therewerehardlyanyeducationprogramsforenvironment.Today,it’shardtofindapublicschool,university,orlawschoolthatdoesnothavesuchakindofprogram.“Untilwedothat,nothingelsewillchange!”sayBruceAnderson.28.AccordingtoAnderson,before1970,Americanshadlittleideaabout___A.thesocialmovementB.recyclingtechniquesC.environmentalproblemsD.theimportanceofEarthDay29.Wheredoesthesupportforenvironmentalprotectionmainlycomefrom?A.Thegrass-rootslevelB.ThebusinesscircleC.GovernmentofficialsD.Universityprofessors30.WhathaveAmericansachievedinenvironmentalprotection?A.TheyhavecutcaremissionstothelowestB.TheyhavesettledtheirenvironmentalproblemsC.TheyhaveloweredtheirCOlevelsinfortycities.D.Theyhavereducedpollutionthrougheffectivemeasures.31.Whatisespeciallyimportantforenvironmentalprotectionaccordingtothelastparagraph?A.EducationB.PlanningC.GreenlivingD.COreductionDFreeWi-Fihasbecomeveryimportanttous:manystoresandshoppingmallsofferit,restaurantsuseittoattractcustomers,andforlibrariesandcoffeeshopsitisamust-haveservice.Evenwhenpeoplearetraveling,theyscanforfreeWi-Fi.Whenselectingorratingahotel,sixintentravelersbelievethatunlimitedWi-Fiisthemostimportantfactor.“Today,peoplewillneverforgettopacktheirsmartphones,tabletsandlaptops-15-\nintothesuitcase,”saidtheDailyMail.“WerelyonfreeWi-Fiheavilywhentraveling—especiallywhenitcomestocheckingsocialmedia,checkingouttraveltips,andaccessingwebsites.”However,despitetheopportunitiesthatfreeWi-Figivesus,“ourover-relianceontechnologyhascomeataprice,withtravelersfeelingunabletoescapesocialmedia”,saidLonelyPlanet,theworld’slargesttravelguidebrand.AnitaIsalska,LonelyPlaneteditorandtechaddict,wasforcedtounplugwheninanisolated(隔绝的)campinGreenlandrecently.“Adjustingtothisslowerpace,Ibegantorealizethat:socialmediahadchangedintoahabit,”shewrote.“IhadbelievedIwascapturing（捕捉） moments,butinrealitymybusyfingerswerepreventingmeenjoyingtravel’sdeepestpleasures.Howfullycanyouappreciateahugeglacierorwildflowerswhenyourbrainisselectingtherightphotofilter(滤镜)ortheperfectsixsecondstotakephotos”   InSeptember,LonelyPlanetreleased10predictionsforthefutureofglobaltravel.Oneofthemwasthattrueescapeswillbehighlyvaluedinfuture,soremotehotelswillstarttomaketheirlackoftheInternetintoanappealingfeature.Wouldyouliketohaveanunpluggedholiday 32.According to the passage, people nowadays tend to do the following EXCEPT         .    A.gettingoutofalibrarythathasnoaccesstotheInternet   B.thinkingillofahotelwithoutWi-Fi    C.makingtravelplansviatheInternetD.enjoyingtravellingbetterwithoutcarryinganyHi-Techequipment33.Throughthefourthparagraph,theauthorintendsto           .   A.givemoreevidencetotheviewmentioned   B.showadifferentopiniononthetopic   C.getintoanothertopic   D.summarizethepreviousparagraphs  34.WhathasAnitaIsalskarealizedinGreenland-15-\n?   A.TravelerscannotsurvivewithoutHi-Tech.   B.Takingpicturesdoesn’taffectappreciatingnature.   C.Herover-relianceontechnologyhascomeataprice.D.Herfingersarenotflexibleenoughtotakeenoughpictures.35.Whatdoes“anunpluggedholiday”meaninthelastparagraph? A.Acampingholiday.         BAholidayinaremotehotel.C.AholidaywithoutWi-Fi.     D.Aholidaywithouttakingpictures.第二节（共5小题，每小题2分，满分10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。TheInternetisoneofthemostsuccessfulandusefultoolsmankindhasevercreated.Itis,infact,thelargestlibraryevercreated,andisgrowingdaily.TheInternetisthemodernsourceofinformation,deliveredinmultiplemedia:rittenwords,visualgraphicsandimages,videoandaudio.  36ManypeopleusetheInternettoenjoythemselvesandtoengageinpersonalinterests.37  What’smore,resourcessuchasvideoandmusicareeasytofindanddownload,andthemediumencouragesfeedback（反馈）!38   Softwarehasmadeitpossibletostreamvoiceandvideoacrosstheworldwithoutdelay,andemailhasbecomethemainmeansofcommunicating.WithouttheInternet,itwouldbebothmoreexpensiveandslowertomaintainpersonalandprofessionalrelationships.TheInternetprovidesanalternativetothenormal9-to-5workday,asmoreandmorepeoplecanworkfromhome.  39   TheyarebecomingexpertsinhowpeoplesearchtheInternet,providingITorwebdevelopmentservices,orspecializinginInternetmarketing.40   Andindoingso,peopleareabletoexpressthemselvespolitically,artistically,vocally,sociallyandgivevoicetowhatisimportanttothem.TheInternetisanopenforumwhereyoucandiscussanythingorgiveyourpersonalopinions.-15-\nA.SomepeopleusetheInternettoaskforhelp.B.Theycanfindwhatevertheyarefondofonline.C.PeopleusetheInternettocommunicatewithoneanother.D.ButdoyouknowthereasonswhypeopleusetheInternet?E.PeoplenotonlyconsumeinformationontheInternet,buttheycreateit.F.TheInternethasbecomethebestwaytogeteverythingneededindailylife.G.Besides,agrowingnumberofpeoplearemakingalivingfromtheInternet.第三部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节完形填空（共20题，每题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出适合填入对应空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。ThismorningIwasatmyfavoritetableatalocalrestaurantwhenanelderlycouplewalkedin.Theybothhadgray　41　andthewomanwaswearingasoftpinksweaterunderhercoat.Inoticedthatwhentheygotinlinetheywere　42　hands.Ittouchedmyheart.Iwatchedthemforawhile,thinkingaboutmyown　43　.IspoketothemanagerandtoldherthatIwantedto　44　payforthecouple’sbreakfast."Justtellthemsomeonewithanamethatisnotmadepublicwasinalow　45　todayandwatchingthembeingso　46　tooneanotherliftedhisspirits."Whenthemanagertoldthemthenews,I　47　tobeengagedinmywriting.Outofthe　48　ofmyeye,Icouldseethecouplelookingaroundtryingto　49　whichofthemanycustomerswasthe　50　personwhopaidfortheirmeal.Intruth,itgavemeawarmfeelingtodoit,tohonorthemforthe　51　they’dgivenme.Givingnotonly52　thereceiverbutalsothegiver.It’sanactivitythatmakesusrealizewe’reall　53　.Thatassociationplaysabigpartinmakingtheworlda(n)　54　placeforpeopletolivein,　55　endyouarein.IknowIalwaysfeelhappywhenI’vedone　56　smallthingsforsomeoneelse,soI　57　lookforopportunitiestogive.Itdoesn’tmatterwhatyoudoforsomeoneelseorwhatthe　58　valueofwhatyougive-15-\nis.Justtaketheinitiative(主动权)andperformanactof　59　forsomeoneandnoticehowyoufeel.Andthebestwaytogiveiswithout　60　thatyouwillgetsomethinginreturn.41． A.coatsB.skinC.hairD.gloves42． A.holdingB.rubbingC.raisingD.clapping43． A.careerB.futureC.presentD.experience44． A.publiclyB.generously C.quickly D.secretly45． A.stateB.voiceC.conditionD.mood46． A.tied B.accustomedC.attachedD.related47． A.intendedB.pretendedC.decidedD.hurried48． A.cornerB.bottomC.topD.edge49． A.bringoutB.watchoutC.turnoutD.figureout50． A.curiousB.modestC.wealthyD.mysterious51． A.help B.advice C.joy D.inspiration52． A.improves B.benefitsC.acknowledgesD.distinguishes53． A.separatedB.devotedC.preparedD.connected54． A.comfortableB.magicalC.wonderful D.interesting55． A.whereverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever56． A.evenB.stillC.also                       D.yet57． A.cautiouslyB.activelyC.voluntarilyD.attentively58． A.economicB.physicalC.mentalD.permanent59． A.aggressionB.kindnessC.willD.unity60． A.imaginationB.reservationC.expectationD.explanation第Ⅱ卷（非选择题共50分）第三部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节语法填空（共10小题，每小题1.5，满分15分）-15-\n阅读下面材料，在答题卡相应位置处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。IwasintheninthyearwhenIbegantosufferdepression.MyparentsnoticedbutfeltthatsinceI’dalwaysbeen__61__goodchild,thiswastemporary.62(fortunate),itwasnottobeso.Ididn’thavefriends.HardlycouldIsharemyproblems.Deepworrybegantodestroymy63(confident).FinallyIrefusedtoattendclasses,64(shut)myselfinmyroomforhours.Theexaminationwasapproaching,butIsimplydidn’tcare.Myparentsandteachersweresurprisedatmybadperformance.Onemorning,65aparticularlyseverelecturefrommyfather,Istoodattheschoolgate,66(depress).Thenastheotherstudentsmarchedtotheirclassrooms,ourheadmastercalledme.Thenextforty-fiveminuteswasoneof67(precious)momentsinmylife.Shesaidshe68(notice)abigchangeinmeandwonderedwhy.Atfirstshetookmyhandsin69_(she)andlistenedpatientlyasImentionedmyworries.ThenshehuggedmeasIwept.Monthsoffrustrationandlonelinessdisappearedinhermotherlyhug.Noonehadtriedtounderstandwhattherealproblemwasexcepttheheadmaster,70helpedmeoutsimplybylisteningandhugging.第四部分写作（共两节，满分35分）第一节短文改错（共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分）假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处错误，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：把缺词处加一个漏词符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（/）划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均限一词。2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处）不计分。DearPeter，I’mgladtohavereceivedyourletter,butfeelworriedabouttheproblemsdescribinginit.NowI’dliketogiveyousometip.It’snormallyforyoutofeelhomesickatfirstasfreshman.Don’tbeworried.-15-\nAstimewentby,youwillgetusedtoyourcollegelifesoonbutyoucanchatwithyourparentsandfriendsonline.Yousayyouhaveneverfelthappyago.Youcanchangethatbymakingnewfriends.Don’tbetoomuchshyandbelieveinyourself.Smileandsay“hello”toanyone.I’mconvincedthatyouwillgetalongwellonyourclassmates.Ihopeyouwillhaveagoodtime.Yours’Mark第二节书面表达（满分25分）假如你是李华，你的美国朋友Linda最近在了解中国的节日文化，来信询问春节的相关事宜。请你根据下面的提示，给她写一封邮件。1.节日庆祝时间；2.节日气氛及活动：除夕之夜团圆，看春晚（theSpringFestivalGala），春节早起吃水饺，放鞭炮（firework），拜大年，成年人给老人和孩子压岁钱（luckymoney）等。注意：1.词数100左右2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯DearLinda,Howareyougoingrecently?Bestwishes!Yourstruly,LiHua-15-\n2022届高二第一学期期中考试　　英语答案1.5分每个　　1—5ACBAA6—10BCCAC11—15CACBA16—20ABCBB2分每个　　21—25CABDA26—30DBCAD31—35ADBCC36—40DBCGE1.5分每个　　41—45CABDD46—50CBADD51—55CBDCC56—60ABABC每个1.5分61.a　62.Unfortunately　63.confidence　64.Shutting　65.After　　66.depressed67.themostprecious　　　　68.hadnoticed　69.hers　　70.who改错：DearPeter，I’mgladtohavereceivedyourletter,butfeelworriedabouttheproblemsdescribingin　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　describedit.NowI’dliketogiveyousometip.tipsIt’snormallyforyoutofeelhomesickat　firstas^freshman.Don’tbeworried.Astime　　　normal　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　awentby,youwillgetusedtoyourcollegelifesoonbutyoucanchatwithyourparentsand　goes　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　andfriendsonline.Yousayyouhaveneverfelthappyago.Youcanchangethatbymakingnew　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　beforefriends.Don’tbetoomuchshyandbelieveinyourself.Smileandsay“hello”toanyone.I’m　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　everyconvincedthatyouwillgetalongwellonyourclassmates.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　withIhopeyouwillhaveagoodtime.　　　　　　　　　　　　　Yours’　　　　　　　　　　　Mark作文范文：DearLinda,Howareyougoingrecently?I’mdelightedthatyouareinterestedinchinesefestivalsandnowI’lltellyousomethingaboutourtraditionalfestival—theSpringFestival.TheSpringFestivalfallsonthefirstdayofthelunarmonth.　OnNewYear’sEve,weholdafeasttogetherandenjoytheSpringFestivalGala.　Nextmorning,we-15-\ngetupearly,setofffireworksandenjoydumpings,　whichissupposedtobringgoodfortune.　Thenwe’llgooutandsendourbestwishestoeveryone.Grown-upsusuallygiveluckymoneytotheirparentsandchildren.Indeed,　theSpringFestivalisthebeginningofanewyear,indicatingtheendofwinterandthearrivalofspring.-15-