【高考复习指导】2022届高考英语二轮复习 专题二 名词课堂训练

专题二　名　　词1.(2022·安徽卷)—Whynotbuyasecond－handcarfirstifyoudon'thaveenoughmoneyforanewone?—That'sagood________．A.saying　B.questionC.suggestion　　D.account2.(2022·江苏卷)Shewasputunderhousearresttwoyearsagobutremainedapowerful________inlastyear'selection.A.symbol　B.portraitC.identity　D.statue3.(2022·福建卷)—Couldyoutellmethe________ofmakingsuchtastycakes?—Well,Ijustfollowthedirectionsinthecookbook.A.feature　B.planC.cost　　D.trick4.(2022·天津卷)Windisnowtheworld'sfastestgrowing________ofpower.A.sourceB.senseC.resultD.root5.(2022·浙江卷)Wemostprefertosayyestothe________ofsomeoneweknowandlike.A.attemptsB.requestsC.doubtsD.promises6.(2022·湖北卷)Her________forwritingwasadesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation.A.motivationB.qualificationC.talentD.technique7.(2022·湖北卷)WhenRichardsaid,“Youaremuchmoreagreeableandprettiernow”，Joan'sfaceturnedredattheunexpected________．A.commandB.comparisonC.complimentD.contribution8.(2022·江苏卷)Withinspirationfromotherfoodculture,Americanfoodculturecantakea________forthebetter.A.share　　B.chanceC.turnD.lead9.(2022·浙江卷)Astheworld'spopulationcontinuestogrow,the________offoodbecomesmoreandmoreofaconcern.A.worth　　B.supply　C.package　　D.list-7-\n10.(2022·湖北卷)Carbondioxide,whichmakesa________betweenusandthesun,preventsheatfromgettingoutoftheatmosphereeasily,sotheearthisbecomingwarmer.A.difference　　B.comparisonC.connection　　D.barrier1.【答案】C【解析】句意：——如果你没有足够的钱买新车，为什么不买辆二手车呢？——是个好建议。saying(谚语，格言)；question(问题);suggestion(建议)；account(记述；账户；解释)。本题中的“Whynot...？”表建议。2.【答案】A【解析】句意：尽管她两年前就被软禁起来了，但她在去年的选举中依然是个势力强大的代表人物。symbol(符号，标志；象征；代表人物);portrait(肖像，画像);identity(身份；个性);statue(塑像，雕像)。3.【答案】D【解析】句意：——你能告诉我制作如此美味的蛋糕有什么诀窍吗？——哦，我只是照着烹调书的说明做的。feature(特征；特写)；plan(计划)；cost(成本)；trick(诡计；诀窍；戏法)。4.【答案】A【解析】句意：风能如今是世界上发展最快的能量来源。source(源头)；sense(感觉；判断力)；result(结果)；root(根源)。5.【答案】B【解析】句意：我们更喜欢同意我们认识并喜爱的人的请求。attempts(试图，尝试)；requests(要求，请求)；doubts(怀疑)；promises(许诺)。6.【答案】A【解析】句意：她写作的动力是希望让女性得到更高教育的权利。motivation(动机，动力，诱因)；qualification(资格)；talent(才能，才干)；technique(技术；技巧)。根据本句后半句“adesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation”可知叙述的是她为什么要进行写作，也就是她写作的动机。7.【答案】C【解析】句意：当Richard说，“你现在更有礼貌更漂亮了”，听了这出乎意料的称赞(compliment)，Joan的脸红了。8.【答案】C【解析】句意：受其他饮食文化的启发，美国的饮食文化可以向更好的方向转变。share(份额，股份);chance(机会，可能);turn(变化，转变);lead(榜样，领先地位)。9.【答案】B【解析】句意：随着世界人口的持续增长，食物的供给越来越成为一个关注的焦点。worth(价值);supply(供应)；package(包);list(清单)。10.【答案】D【解析】句意：二氧化碳在我们和太阳之间形成一道屏障，很容易阻止热量从大气层散发出去，因此地球正变得越来越暖和。difference(区别)；comparison(比较)；connection(联系，连接)；barrier(障碍，屏障)。高考对于名词的考查重点以词义辨析为主，要特别注意名词的固定搭配、抽象名词的具体化、一词多义以及熟词新义。近些年考查名词的题目，在设问方面更趋精细化。近年来高考热点名词的辨析有五大特征：-7-\n1.固定搭配，如：developapreference/tastefor...,makeabarrierbetween...,causedamageto...。2.以－tion,－sion,－ce,－ment,－ty等为后缀的词，如：expectation,reputation,accommodation,occupation,adaptation,appreciation,participation,contribution,civilization,connection,competition,ambition,satisfaction;impression,expression;patience,consequence,significance,intelligence;arrangement,assessment,equipment,compliment;quality,quantity,identity。3.形近词的辨析，如：symbol,sign,signal;symptom,sympathy;priority,privilege。4.近义词的辨析，如：harm,injury,ruin,damage;advice,suggestion,idea;offer,supply;strength,talent,ability,skill。5.“无关联”词汇的辨析，如：luck,value,time,fact;operation,growth,performance,character;purpose,reference,progress,memory;promise,lead,balance,diary。要点储备一：名词的特殊情形1复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件，文献),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟),congratulations,fireworks,stockings,stocks,trousers,waters(水域),belongings,surroundings,savings(积蓄),riches(财富),ashes(灰尘),inhighspirits(情绪高涨),inrags(衣衫褴褛),havewordswithsb.(同某人吵架),giveone'sregardstosb.(向某人问候),makebothendsmeet(收支平衡),do/makerepairs(修理，维修)，makepreparationsforsth./todosth.2只用作不可数名词advice,wood,clothing,bread,baggage,luggage,furniture,fun,work,homework,housework,information,weather,news,equipment,traffic,progress,rubbish,money,word(消息)，man/mankind(人类)3可数不可数意义不同beauty(美人)(美丽),change(变化)(零钱),exercise(练习)(锻炼),experience(经历)(经验),life(生命)(生活),room(房间)(空间),word(单词)(消息),work(作品)(工作),paper(报纸；试卷；论文)(纸),time(次数)(时间),light(灯)(光),chicken(小鸡)(鸡肉),orange(橘子)(橘子汁)4抽象名词可数用法[U]表具体的人或物时afailure,asuccess,aconcern(关心之事),apity(遗憾之事),apleasure(乐事),anhonour(光荣之事),a(n)increase/decreasein...(某方面的增长/下降),adeeplove(深爱),ariseinpay(涨工资),astrongwind(大风),aheavyrain(一场大雨),arisingsun(正在升起的太阳),asenseofdirection(方向感),awasteoftime(浪费时间),amatteroflifeanddeath(生死攸关的事),a(n)．..knowledge/understanding/master/graspofEnglish(懂、掌握英语)[U]以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用Useyourbrains,please.Manythanksforyourkindness.Theysmoothedaway/gotover/overcamethedifficulties.Aftermanyfailures,theyfinallysucceeded.Haveyoumadepreparations/arrangementsfortomorrow'smeeting？物质名词表数量或种类之多时，可用作可数名词somecoffee,acoffee,threecoffees;somedrink,threedrinks-7-\n要点储备二：名词的所有格1.－'s所有格的构成单数名词在末尾加－'stheboy'sfather,Jack'sbook,herson－in－law'sphoto,agrown－up'seducation,somebodyelse'sumbrella复数名词一般在末尾加－'theteachers'room,thetwins'mother不规则复数名词后加－'sthechildren'stoys,women'srights以－s结尾的人名所有格加－'s或者－'Dickens'novels,Charles'sjob,theSmiths'house表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加－'sJapan'sandAmerica'sproblems,Jane'sandMary'sbikes表示共有的所有关系时，在最后一词末尾加－'sJapanandAmerica'sproblems,JaneandMary'sfather表示“某人家”“店铺”，所有格后名词省略thedoctor's,thebarber's,thetailor's,myuncle's,theSmiths'2.双重所有格1适用情形表“部分”或“数量”的概念或表示某种感情色彩(如：赞赏、讨厌)时2结构a/an/this/that/these/those/some/any/afew/no/every/several/such/another/which/...＋名词＋of＋...'s/名词性物主代词3区别apictureofhisbrother's(他弟弟所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人)apictureofhisbrother(他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人)重点突破可巧记注重日常积累，同时关注热点：近形词、近义词的辨析；抽象名词具体化；名词与动词或介词的固定搭配；常见不可数名词、形单意复的名词、集合名词的单复数情况1.构词法的日常积累与名词词义在具体语境中的辨析全面掌握词汇的多层意义与结构，扩大阅读面2.特殊群体名词与谓语动词的单复数复数概念的名词谓语用复数：police,people,youth,folk警察和人们穿着衣裤，戴着眼镜，拿着剪刀和圆规，追赶着牛群单义单形的名词，谓语用单数，表物品的总称：baggage,clothing,furniture,machinery,fruit,jewellery,poetry衣服、家具、机器造，水果、珠宝、诗里藏集体名词，谓语是单是复看情形：family,group,team,class,audience,staff,government,crew,couple船员、夫妻当观众，班队组成大家庭。集体名词要当心，整体单数成员复1.Morethanonedoctorhaswarnedthepatientthatwithoutpropertreatmentthediseasewillleadtolung________．A.defeat　B.fallC.failure　D.attack2.Messi,only25,haswonhis________asoneoftheworld'sgreatestsoccerplayer.A.reputationB.achievement-7-\nC.contribution　D.civilization3.Sufferingfromsleeplessnights,shehas________roundhereyes.A.influence　　B.colorsC.pressureD.shadows4.Theystoodlookingatthehappy________ofthechildrenplayinginthepark.A.viewB.sceneryC.sceneD.sights5.Althoughdishonestyseemssocommoninrecentyears,peoplestillbelievethathonestywillnotgooutof________．A.styleB.orderC.balanceD.shape6.ThesongTakeMeHome,CountryRoadshasmuch________topeople,forfewpeoplecanavoidgettingcaughtupinitsoriginallyrealcountrymusic.A.appeal　　B.accessC.potentialD.devotion7.Beckisanhonestbusinessman.Ourcompanyandhishavehadalotof________inthepastfiveyears.A.dealsB.agreements　C.rewards　D.sales8.Toourgreatdelight,thepublicfacilitiesinourcityhavebeenadaptedtogive________towheelchairusers.A.privilegeB.accessC.permissionD.priority9.Asa________betweenmanagementandlabor,a5%payrisewasagreedtoendthestrike.A.connectionB.contrastC.compromise　D.consequence10.Asweknow,breakfastisprovidedatnoextra________inthisrestaurant.A.chargeB.budgetC.considerationD.choice11.Thestudentswereadvisedtotryadifferent________tosolvingthecomplexmathsproblem.A.approachB.means　C.method　　D.way12.Therearesome________whenyouhavetochangeyourmindjustbeforedoingit.A.situations　B.occasionsC.circumstances　D.conditions13.Agiftisa________ofwhatarelationshipmeanstous.Thebestgiftsmeettheneedsofthereceiver.A.signal　B.meansC.symbol　D.record14.—Helen,whatdoesTom'smotherdo?—Sheisajournalistby________，asfarasIknow.A.business　B.job　-7-\nC.profession　D.work15.Ifyoudon'tliketheschoollunch,youhavethe________ofbringingyourown.A.alternative　B.preference　C.approach　D.election1.【答案】C【解析】句意：不只一个医生已警告过这个病人：没有适当治疗，这个病会导致肺衰竭。defeat意为“(比赛、战争等的)失败”；fall(跌倒；下降)；failure意为“失败；(机器或身体的)故障；没做到”；attack(攻击；突然发作)。2.【答案】A【解析】句意：只有25岁的Messi已经赢得了世界上最好足球运动员之一的名誉。reputation(名誉，名声)；achievement(成就)；contribution(贡献)；civilization(文明)。3.【答案】D【解析】根据句意，失眠给她留下了黑眼圈(shadows)。4.【答案】C【解析】句意：他们站着看着孩子们在公园高兴地玩耍的场景。scenery表示的是室外的、自然存在的美丽景色；scene强调户内外某时某地发生事件的场面及其给人的印象，这一场面不一定是令人愉快的或好看的；sights指名胜；风景；尤指人工制成的景；view主要指从高处俯视到的景色。5.【答案】A【解析】句意：尽管近年来不诚实似乎很普遍，但是人们依然相信诚实不会落伍。outofstyle(过时的，不时髦的，落伍的);outoforder(出故障的，混乱);outofbalance(不平衡);outofshape(变形；身体不好)。6.【答案】A【解析】句意：TakeMeHome,CountryRoads这首歌对人们具有很大的吸引力，因为没有几个人能回避迷恋于最初的真正的乡村音乐中。sth.hasmuchappealtosb.(某物对某人有巨大的吸引力)。7.【答案】A【解析】句意：Beck是个诚实的商人。我们公司和他的公司在过去的五年里做过许多笔买卖。havealotofdealswithsb.(与某人做许多买卖)。8.【答案】B【解析】句意：令我们十分高兴的是，我们市已改装了公共设施以便腿脚不便的人也能够进入。giveaccessto(准许……出入)；privilege(特权)；permission(允许；许可)；priority(优先考虑)。9.【答案】C【解析】句意：作为管理层与劳工之间的妥协条件，为了结束罢工，(工厂)同意加5%的工资。connection(连接；关系)；contrast(对比；差别；对照物)；compromise(妥协，和解；折衷)；consequence(结果；重要性)。10.【答案】A【解析】句意：我们都知道，在这家饭店，早饭是免费提供，不额外收费的。charge(收费)；budget(预算)；consideration(考虑);choice(选择)。11.【答案】A【解析】句意：这些学生被建议尝试一种不同的方法解决这道复杂的数学问题。这四个单词都有“方法”的意思，但是搭配不同，approach和todoing搭配，means和method与ofdoing搭配，way和ofdoing或todo搭配。12.【答案】B-7-\n【解析】句意：有些时候，在做某事之前不得不改变主意。occasion(场合)作先行词时，其后定语从句的引导词常用when＝onwhich；而其他三项作先行词时，其定语从句的引导词常用where。13.【答案】C【解析】句意：一份礼物象征着一种关系对于我们意味着什么。最好的礼物满足接受者的需求。asignalof(……的信号)；ameansof(一种……的方式)；asymbolof(……的象征)；arecordof(……的记录)。14.【答案】C【解析】句意：——Helen,Tom的妈妈是干什么工作的？——据我所知，她的职业是记者。byprofession为固定短语，意为“按照职业(区分)”。15.【答案】A【解析】句意：如果你不喜欢学校的午餐，你还可以选择自带。havethealternativeofdoingsth.(选择做某事)；haveapreferencefor...(偏爱……)；approachtodoing(……的方式/途径);election意为“选举”。请使用“课后训练·语法专项突破二”活页练习，及时查漏补缺！-7-