高中英语2025届高考复习语法知识讲解（语态 主谓一致）

高考英语语法知识讲解一、语态（一）各种时态的被动语态的构成时态被动语态的构成形式例句一般现在时Am/is/aredoneMrWangisinvitedtomakeaspeechinourschool.一般过去时Was/weredoneThemachinewasn’trepairedyesterday.一般将来时Will/shallbedone,am/is/aregoingtobedoneThemeetingisgoingtobeheldat8amtomorrow.过去将来时Wouldbedone,Was/weregoingtobedoneShesaidthatshewouldbegivenaniPhoneasabirthdaygift.现在进行时Am/is/arebeingdoneHiscomputerisbeingrepaired.过去进行时Was/werebeingdoneHercarwasbeingwashedatthattime.现在完成时Has/havebeendoneThisnovelhasbeentranslatedintomanylanguages.过去完成时HadbeendoneTheyhadbeenwarnedmanytimesbeforetheycarriedouttheplan.拓展：“get+过去分词”也可表示被动，get与be一样起助动词的作用，一般用来谈论突然发生的事件，只表示动作，不表示状态。Shegothurtonherwaybackhome.Someteacupsgotbrokenwhenweweremoving.（二）主动形式表示被动意义的情况情况例词例句表示主语的内在特征、性质或状态的动词，常用主动形式表示被动意义Open,read,sell,teach,write等Hisnovelsellswell.Yourpenwritesquitesmoothly.少数动词的进行时常用主动形式表示被动意义，此时句子的主语通常为指物的名词Cook,do,owe,print等Thedinneriscooking.Themagazineisprintinginthatcompany.一些词后的动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动式Need,want,require等Thegardenneedswatering.(=Thegardenneedstobewatered.)Theproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.(=Theproblemrequirestobestudiedwithgreatcare.)某些“be+形容词+不定式”结构中，形容词说明不定式的特征，句子主语与不定式在逻辑上是被动关系，但不定式用主动形式Easy,hard,comfortable,dangerous等Thequestioniseasytoanswer.Thosesignsarehardtoseeclearly.4 （三）被动语态与“be+过去分词”式系表结构的区别区分角度区别例句从表示的意义上被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用“by+人”或“by+抽象名词”表示动作的执行者，后者则一般不用Thegatetothegardenwaslockedbythegirl.（被动语态）Thegatetothegardenwaslocked.（系表结构）从时态上被动语态强调的是动作，其主语是动作的对象，可以有各种时态；而系表结构中的表语是说明主语的状态或特征，不强调动作，多用一般现在时和一般过去时，没有进行时Theproblemisbeingstudied.（被动语态）Thisstoryiswellwritten.（系表结构）从修饰词上系表结构中的过去分词可被very,too,so等修饰；被动语态中的过去分词则常用much,greatly等修饰Hewasgreatlyexcitedbythenews.（被动语态）Hewasveryexcited.（系表结构）从所带的状语上如果句子中带有时间状语、方式状语或by...作状语，多数是被动语态Theshopisoftenclosedat6.30intheafternoon.（被动语态）Theshopisclosed.（系表结构）二、主谓一致主谓一致指的是句子的谓语受主语支配，谓语动词的形式必须随着主语单、复数形式的变化而变化。英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和邻近一致原则。这三个原则发生冲突时，优先考虑意义一致原则。主谓一致的具体运用如下表：主语谓语动词例句由and连接的并列成分指不同的人、物或概念用复数LucyandIgotoschoolfivedaysaweek.Bothbreadandmilkaregoodforyourhealth.指同一个人、物或概念用单数Thewriterandteacherisquitepopularamongthestudents.不定代词或由不定代词修饰的名词Each,neither,either,one,theother,another,much,little及复合不定代词等表示单数意义一般用单数Nothinghasbeendonetopreventtheriverfrombeingpolluted.Eitherofusisn’tgoingtogiveupourchanceofeducation.Many,few,several,both等表示复数意义用复数Fewoftheguestswerefamiliartous.some,all,any等既可表示复数意义也可表示单数意义依主语表示的具体意义而定AllIwantispeaceandquiet.Allareequalbeforethelaw.morethanone...,manya...用单数Morethanoneroadisbeingrepaired.Manyastudenthopestoreducehomework.单个的不定式或动名词一般用单数Tosaysomethingisusuallyeasierthantodosomething.4 不定式、动名词及从句由and连接的不定式、动名词一般用复数Swimminginsummerandskatinginwinteraremyhobbies.what引导的主语从句根据从句表达的意义而定Whatweneedareexperiencedworkers.Whatsurprisedmemostwashiswayofspeaking.表示由两部分构成的事物的名词常用复数Mytrousersareold,soIwanttobuyanewpair.Apairof等修饰的名词与计量单位名词一致Apairofnewshoeswasgiventomeasapresentbymyfather.关系代词取决于先行词Thisisoneofthemoststrangestoriesthataretoldbymygrandpa.Sheistheonlyoneofthegirlswhoislatesometimes.数量词修饰的名词修饰不可数名词用单数Plentyofmoneyhasbeensavedtobuythatcar.修饰可数名词复数用复数Alotofstudentsinthatschoolwanttojointheclub.Aquantityof...,quantitiesof...,anamountof...,amountsof...根据quantity和amount的形式而定Largeamountsofmoneyarebeinginvestedinthelocalmarket.Alargeamountofmoneyisspentontobaccoeveryyear.表示时间、度量、距离等的名词短语用单数Fiveyearsisalongtimetowaitforananswer.The+形容词表示一类人用复数TheoldarewelltakencareofinChina.表示一类事物或抽象概念用单数Thebeautifulislovedbyall.爱美之心，人皆有之。名词/代词后带有with/togetherwith/aswellas/nolessthan/alongwith...等短语与名词/代词保持一致Theoldladyaswellashertwodaughtersgoesshoppingeveryweekend.TomtogetherwithhissisterstudiesJapaneseinJapan.Most,rest,majority,分数，百分数等由所指代的名词来决定Mostofhissparetimewasspentinreading.Mostofthebuildingsinourschoolarenew.集体名词Family,class类视为整体用单数Theclasshas45students.Family,class类侧重个体用复数Hisfamilyareallfondoffootball.People,police,cattle等用复数Thepolicehavecaughtthecriminal.Oneof+可数名词复数用单数Oneofmygoodfriendshasbeenabroadforeightyears.Anumberof+可数名词复数用复数Anumberofworkershaverecentlyleftthecompany.Thenumberof+可数名词复数用单数Thenumberoftheunemployedisstillincreasing.4 连词or,either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...butalso...,not...but...等连接的并列成分就近一致Areyouorhegoingtobeinchargeofthefactory?EitheryourstudentsorMrZhangknowsaboutit.注意：（1）由and连接的并列单数主语前如果有no,each,every,manya等修饰语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。Inourcountryeachboyandeachgirlhastherighttoreceiveeducation.（2）存现句采用就近一致原则。Thereisanappleandsomeorangesonthetable.4