上海市十三校2022届高三英语第二次联考试题

2022年3月十三校联考高三英语试卷听力（略）II.GrammarandvocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.ALatinstudycanhelpChineselearnEnglishIn1988,IwentandstartedtolearnMandarininTaiwan.AtfirstitwasjustthemysteriousEasternculture25.________attractedme,butafterIreadonConfucianismandTaoism,IwasamazedbyChinesephilosophy.In1994,IwasrecommendedbyafriendtostudywithrenownedphilosopherTangYijieatPekingUniversityasadoctoralstudent,26.__________(focus)ontheintroductionandthespreadofChristianityinChina.Learningancientlanguagesenablesus27.__________(communicate)withancientwisemen.WhenIfirstreadTheAnalectsofConfuciusinChinesebylookingupthedictionarywordbyword,IfeltlikeIwastalkingtothemwholivedsome2,500yearsago,anditgavemetremendousjoy.Nowadays,ChinesearecrazyaboutlearningEnglish,28.________manydon’tknowthatEnglishhasbeeninfluencedbyLatininmanyways,andifonewantstounderstandWesternculture,onehastolearnLatin.SoIalwayswonder29.__________theChinesearesocontentwithsuperficialunderstandinginsteadofseekingtherootsofthelanguage.Iusedtohaveadreamofbuildingalanguageschool30._____________(dedicate)toWesternclassicallanguages,31.___________nowstillseemsunrealistic,butIhaveopenedupcoursesinRenminUniversityandBeijingNormalUniversity,andonweekendsIdopublicteachingattheXishikucathedral(大教堂)andPostWavepublishingcompany,somydreamisbeingpartiallyrealized.Besidesteaching,IusemysparetimewritingbooksonclassicsstudiesandI32.___________(publish)morethan30titlessofar.Iseemystudentsasmychildren,andwanttogivethemmybest.BModifiedfoodexaminedStudiesongeneticmodification(GM)33.______________(mention)sixtimesintheannualNo.1CentralDocument.Thisyear’sdocumentisthefirsttopropose34.__________(spread)scientificknowledgerelatedtotheuseofgeneticmodification.Thisisaworthymoveinthattheauthoritiesappeartohavedecidedtobreak35.____________longsilenceaboutGMtechnology,saysQingChuaninanarticleinRednet.cn.Fortoolong,opinionsongeneticallymodifiedcropsinChinahavebeendivided.AdvocatesofGMaccuseopponents36.___________fearmongering(兜售)，whileopponentswitheitherhavingbeenboughtoverbyforeignseedcompanies,orignoringthreatstopublichealthornationalfoodsecurity.Thegovernmentalauthoritieshavebeensponsoringstudiesforyearsbut37.________havenot-14-talkedmuchabouttheunauthorizedcommercializationofresearchachievementsexposedbysomereports.Occasionally,governmentofficialshavecomplainedaboutthepublic’signoranceand“demonization”(妖魔化)ofGMtechnologies.Yetfewofthemsucceededinreassuringaworriedpublicwith38._______________(convincing)explanations.GMtechnologies,GMfoodinparticular,havebeenunpopularthusfarnotbecausethey’vebeenprovenunsafe,butmostlybecauseauthorities39.___________nothavebeenunnecessarilyquiet,saysQing.Thepublicdeservestoknow40._______________isbeingdoneandwhy,andsuchknowledgewillcontributetotheirunderstandingoftheissue.SectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.astonishingB.processingC.ensureD.blameE.virtuallyF.routinelyG.occursH.consequencesI.admittedJ.decentK.estimatedAsmanysitdowntoenjoyplentifulholidaymealsthisseason,it’salsoagoodtimetonotethegrowingproblemoffoodwaste.AccordingtotheFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)oftheUnitedNations,itis41._____________thatone-thirdoffoodproducedforhumanconsumptionworldwideannuallyislostorwasted.Theeconomicandenvironmentalimplicationsoffoodlossandwasteare42.____.Morethanaquarteroftheworld’sagriculturallandisbeingworkedtogrowfoodthatnobodyeats.What’sthedifferencebetweenfoodlossandfoodwaste?Wastehappenstowardthebackendofthefoodchain,attheretailandconsumerlevel.Loss,ontheotherhand,mostly43._______atthefrontofthefoodchain—duringproduction,post-harvest,and44._____—andit’smorecommoninthedevelopingworld,whichtendstolackthebasetodeliverallofitsfood,in45.______shape,toconsumers.Indevelopednations,extreme-efficientfarmingpractices,plentyofrefrigeration,andfirst-ratetransportationandstorage46._______thatmostofthefoodtheygrowmakesittotheretaillevel.Butthingsgorapidlysouthfromthere.Storemanagers47.______over-order,forfearofrunningoutofaparticularproduct.TheBritishsupermarketchainTesco,forexample,48.______throwingoutnearly50,000tonsoffoodwithintheirUKstoresduringthelatestfinancialyear.Consumersarealsoto49.______.Weoftenordertoomuchfoodinrestaurantswithouttakingleftovershome.Weoverbuywhenthereisadiscountforinvitinglypackagedfood.Whenwestorefood,manyofustake“useby”datesliterally,andwesufferno50.______fordumpingeatablefoodintoabin.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Doyouoftenfeeltriedinthemorningeventhoughyou’vebeeninbedforsevenoreighthoursthenightbefore?Likemanypeople,youarenotsleepingasmuchasyouthinkyouare._51_,yoursleepefficiencyisnotthatgood.-14-Sleepexperts_52_“sleepefficiency”asthepercentageoftimethatyouareactuallysleeping.AccordingtoexplanatoryjournalismwebsiteVox.com,thescienceofsleepefficiencyisstillyoung.Thereisno_53_numberforefficiencythat’sbeenprovenaslinkedtopoorhealth.However,accordingtoaNewYorkTimesreportaboutsleep_54_,someexpertsmakearoughestimateof85percentoraboveasadecentplacetobe.Besidesavoidingcaffeineintakeafterlunchand_55_physicalexercisebeforebed,herearemoretipsforimprovingsleepefficiency.AvoidbluelightatnightShortwavelengthbluelight,_56_bythesunandbythescreensofcomputers,iPadsandsmartphones,stopsproductionofthesleep-stimulatinghormonemelatonin(褪黑激素)andmakesyoufeelmore_57_.Bluelighttellsyourbrainit’sdaytime.Expertssuggestturningoffyourcomputersandsmartphonesonehouroratleast30minutesbeforebed.Youcanalsotryinstallingappsthatcanfilterbluelightonyour_58_.Keepa_59_sleepscheduleGotobedandwakeupatthesametime,or_60_thesametime,everyday.Avoidexcessivesleepingontheweekend.Consistencyisthekeytoagoodnight’ssleep,especiallywhenitcomestowakingup.Whenyouhaveaconsistentwake-uptime,yourbrain_61_tothisandmovesthroughthesleepcycleinpreparationforyoutofeelrestedandalertatyourwake-uptime.Roughlyanhourbeforeyouwake,hormonelevelsincreasegradually(alongwithyourbodytemperatureandbloodpressure),_62_youtobecomemorealert.TakenapsOneofthebiggest_63_inmelatoninproductionhappensduringthe1to3pmtimeframe,whichexplainswhymostpeoplefeelsleepyintheafternoon.Ifyouaren’tgettingenoughsleepatnight,you’relikelygoingtofeel_64_tosleepintheafternoon.Whenthishappens,you’rebetterofftakingashortnap(lessthan30minutes)thanturningtocaffeineorstrongteatokeepyouawake.Ashortnapwillgiveyoutherestyouneedto_65_therestoftheafternoon,andyou’llsleepmuchbetterintheeveningthanifyoudrinkcaffeineortakealongafternoonnap.51.A.BycontrastB.InotherwordsC.InconclusionD.Onthecontrary52.A.treatB.serveC.workD.define53.A.specificB.effectiveC.generalD.precious54.A.quantityB.absenceC.qualityD.advance55.A.undertakingB.restrictingC.performingD.referring56.A.givenoffB.givenawayC.giveninD.givenover57.A.sleepyB.unconsciousC.exhaustedD.alert58.A.installationsB.appliancesC.devicesD.computers59.A.variousB.distinctC.habitualD.changeable60.A.relativelyB.exactlyC.graduallyD.respectively61.A.adoptsB.adaptsC.devotesD.dedicates62.A.commandingB.permittingC.remindingD.causing63.A.problemsB.peaksC.advantagesD.weaknesses64.A.depressiveB.accurateC.desperateD.attentive65.A.seetoB.breakthroughC.taketoD.getthrough-14-SectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.（A）Youwillneverstaythesameperson.Severalrecentresearchstudiesshowaperson’spersonalitynaturallychangesovertimeinresponsetolifeeventsandmostpeopletendtoimprovetheirpersonalitiesastheymature.“Personalitymeansacharacteristicpatternofthinking,feelingandbehavingthatisconsistentovertimeandacrosssituations,”saysChristopherSoto,aresearchpsychologistatColbyCollegeinMaine,US.,whothinksthatpersonalityisabout50percentinnateand50percentlearned.PsychologistsusuallyusetheBigFivepersonalitymodel——thehumanpersonalitycanbedividedintofivebroadcategories—openness,conscientiousness,agreeableness,neuroticism（神经质）andextroversion（外向）.Somepersonalitytypesaremoresuccessfulthanothers.Sotosayspeoplewhoaremoreconscientioustendtodobetterintheworkplaceandschool.Peoplewhoscorehighonagreeablenessandlowonneuroticismtendtohavemoresatisfyingandstablerelationships.Extrovertsdobetterinsocialandentrepreneurial（创业）occupations.AccordingtoSoto,evensmallchangesinaperson’spersonalitycanproduceimportanteffectsonrelationships,career,healthandhappiness.Butchangetakestime.“Youstartbychangingthebehaviorandthen,ifyoucanmaintainthatnewbehaviorovertime,itgetscultivated,”Sotosays.Wheredoyoustart?“First,wehavetorecognizewhichpiecesofourpersonalityaffctus,”saysRichardLevak,awell-knownpersonalityexpert.“IfIamalwaysgettingfiredbecauseIgetintoargumentswithco-workersandalwaysblameothers,thenIhavetorealizethatIhavetochangesomething,”hesays.Don’tsetyourexpectationtoohigh.Bepatient.WarrenKennaugh,abehavioralstrategistinSydney,Australia,saysit’simportanttostartsmall.Identifyafirststepandthenpracticeitwithoutworryingabouttheprimaryresults.“It’slikelearningtokickafootball,youfocusonthesteps,notwhetheritgoesinthegoal,”TheWallStreetJournalquotedhimassaying.Youshouldalsoletthepeopleclosetoyouknowwhatyou’redoing.“Notonlycantheybesupportive,”Kennaughsays,“butachangeforyoucanalsomeanachangeforthem—onetheymaynotwantorbereadyfor,iftheyaren’ttoldbeforehand.”66.Theword“innate”(paragraph3)isclosestinmeaningto_________________.A.instructiveB.inbornC.indifferentD.informative67.IfSteveisasuccessfulsalesmanager,whoalwaysgetswellalongwithothers,heprobablyhasthepersonalitymodelof_____________.A.agreeablenessandextroversionB.conscientiousnessandneuroticism]C.agreeablenessandneuroticismD.opennessandneuroticism68.WecanlearnfromthepassagethatbothSotoandKennaughthinkthat_________A.adequatetimeandpatienceareneededindevelopingnewpersonalitiesB.whenintrouble,onealwaysneedstoreflectonhisownbehaviorsC.onemustbeginwithsmallthingstocultivatenewpersonalitiesD.weareoftennotsureoftheimpactofourpersonalitiesonourlife-14-69.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?A.Peopletendtobechangeableastheymature.B.WecaneasilyalterourpersonalitiesinashorttimeC.OnlythoseofgreatpatiencecanchangetheirpersonalitiesD.Wecanourpersonalitieswithsomeproperstrategies.(B)It’softeninterestingtotakealookatsomeoftheliststhatarrivetowardtheendoftheyearsuchastopdevices,bestgadgets,mostdesirablehigh-techgiftandmore.Apartfromcellphonesandtablets,andAppleandSamsungproducts,thisyearmanyothergadgetsmadeitonthemostwantedlistfromYahooTechandthemostsearchedlistfromBing.com.Readontofindoutwhattheyare.WirelessheadphonePortableBluetoothheadphonesrepresentthenextevolutioninheadphonetechnology.IfyouhaveacompatiblesmartphonewithBluetooth,theobviousbenefitisthatyoucangetridofthewiressnakingfromyourbackpackorpocket.Manyofthewirelessheadphonesinthemarketalsohaveabuilt-inmicrophonefortakingcallshands-free.Producttobuy:BeatsStudioWirelessFeatures:Signaturelook,andpowerfulaudioperformancewithintensebassandhigh-midboosting,plusplentyofaccessories.Price:1898yuanSmartwatchTheprimaryadvantageofasmartwatchovertraditionalwatchesisthattheyreducehowoftenyouhavetopullyourphoneoutofyourpocket.Withit,theinformationonyoursmartphonegoesstraighttoyourwrist,andyoucandecidefirstiftheyareworthdealingwith.Producttobuy:PebblesmartwatchFeatures:Understateddesign,witheasysetupandinstantinformation,andcustomizablewatchfaces,plussynes（同步）withAndroidorIOS.Price:$99(about612yuan)PortableBluetoothspeakerBluetoothspeakersaresteadilygrowinginpopularitybecausetheyletyoutakethepartyanywhere.Theycanbepairedwithyourmusicdevice,andtheyareabletowithstandincidentalbumps.Thoughsmallinsize,Bluetoothspeakersprovideasteadysoundtrackforeventhelengthiestbacchanalia(狂欢)。Producttobuy:LogitechUEBoomFeatures:Waterandstainresistant,360-degreesound,15hourbatterylife,withavarietyofcolorpatterns.Price:1499yuanFitnessbandBasically,fitnessbandsaresmartwatcheswithoutthewatch.Theykeeptrackofyourexerciseprogressand,atthesametime,allowyoutomonitorvitalssuchasyourheartrate,caloriesburnedandamountoftimespentexercising.Someevenmonitoryoursleeppatterns.Producttobuy:FitbitFlex-14-Features:Longbatterylife(fivedays),withsilentvibratingalarm,andwirelesssyncingtosmartphones.Price:898yuan70.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestsummarizethecommonfeatureoftheaboveproducts?A.CheapB.AndroidC.WirelessD.Wearable71.Howmuchmoneyishelikelytospendonsomeoftheproductsifamanisanenthusiasticmusicalfan?A.2510yuanB.3397yuanC.2397yuanD.1510yuan72.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,asmartphonethat__________isacompatibleone.A.hasalargecapacityB.representstechnologicalevolutionC.goeswithotherdevicesD.hassignaturelook73.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNotTrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Tabletsareonthemostwantedlistofhigh-techproductsofthisyearB.BeatsStudioWirelessfeaturesplentyofaccessories.C.SmartwatchandFitnessbandaresimilarproductstosomeextent.D.AlltheproductscansyncwithAndroidoriOS(C)America’sbusinessesaregettingolderandfatter,whilemanynewbusinessesaredyingininfancy.AstudylastmonthbytheBrookingsInstitutionfoundthattheproportionofolderfirmshasgrownsteadilyoverseveraldecades,whilethesurvivalrateofnewcompanieshasfallen.Inaddition,youngpeoplearestartingcompaniesatasharplylowerratethaninthepast.AnewreportfromtheNationalAssociationofManufacturersshowsamajorcause:Thecostofobeyinggovernmentregulationshasrisentomorethan$2trillion(12.26trillionyuan)annually,or12percentoftheGDP,andthiscostfallsdisproportionatelyonsmaller,newerbusinesses.It’srisky,difficultandexpensivetostartabusiness,andgettingmoreso.Governmentsareimposingvariousnewrulesonaseeminglydailybasis:healthinsurance,minimumwageincreasesand,mostrecentlyinCalifornia,compulsorypaidsickdaysforevenhourlyemployees.Theseregulationsshifthugesocialwelfarecostsdirectlyontooften-strugglingsmallbusinesses,whilebeingproportionallymuchlesscostlyforlargercompanies.Thisispartlyanunintendedissueofresources—establishedcompaniescancopewithnewcostsmoreeasily—butit’salsodeliberate.Forinstance,biginsurancecompaniesgotaseatatthetabletohelpwriteObamacare,butlesspoliticallypowerfulfirms—likemedicaldevicemanufacturers—gotsqueezed.Mature,successfulcorporationscanemployex-lawmakerswithconnections,distributecampaigncontributionsandevenwriteregulationsforthemselves.Theyarealsomorelikelytowanttoprotectsteadyrevenuestreamsthanrevolutionizetheirindustry.Majorcompaniesthathavebeensoill-managedtheywouldotherwisecollapse—airlines,carcompaniesandbanks—stagger（蹒跚）onbecausepoliticiansridetotherescuewithbagsoftaxpayermoney.Thegeniusofouruniquesystemofgovernmentisthedeterminationtoprotectanddefendtherightsoftheindividualovertherightsofthenation.Assuch,theriseofawell-connectedoligarchy（寡头政治）thatprotectsbigbusinessattheexpenseofsmallbusiness,andtheestablishedover-14-thenew,isoppositetoAmericanideals.Incomeinequality—whichisdirectlycausedbyfaultygovernmentpolicy—isbeingpromotedasthereasontoimposemoreofthatbadpolicy.Butlet’sbeperfectlyclear,wedonothaveafreemarketbutonewheregovernmentpickswinnersandlosersthroughregulationsandfinancialaids.Politicsis,andalwayshasbeen,aboutbalancingcompetinginterestsseekingtobenefitthemselves,andthat’sasitshouldbe,buttheforceofgovernmentshouldneverbeusedtoreducecompetition,killinnovationorsupportandextendartificialmonopolies（垄断）byharmingtheconsumer,thetaxpayerandtheeconomy.Policymustbreedournewandsmallbusinessesorseetheas-yetundreamedofinnovationsthatcouldbeourbrightfuturedieininfancy.74.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat______________.A.overseveraldecades,newcompanieshavegrownsteadilyB.ThecostofobeyinggovernmentregulationsfallsequallyonallbusinessesC.lesspoliticallypowerfulfirmsalsohavetheirvoiceinmakingregulationsD.mature,successfulcorporationsprefertomaintaintheirstableincomes75.Wecaninferfromthelastthreeparagraphsthat____________.A.theriseofawell-connectedoligarchyiscontrarytoAmericanidealsB.thestateeconomymaydependsonthoseinnovativebusinessesC.incomeinequalityiswhatthegovernmentshouldtakeactiontoresolveD.thegovernmentpickswinnersandlosersthroughthelawoffreemarket76.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat_______________A.LargerandolderfirmshaveacommandofresourcesofvariousaspectsB.mostoftheex-lawmakersworkinmature,successfulcorporationsC.politicianslikeprovidingfinancialaidstothecompaniesofworseoperationD.biginsurancecompanieshavebetterrelationshipwithObama77.Astothedevelopmentofsmallerbusinesses,thewriteris_______________A.contentedB.confidentC.concernedD.convincedSectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.TheEuropeanSpaceAgencylandedaprobe(探查器)onacomet(彗星)onNov12,afirstinspaceexplorationandthehighlightofa10-yearjourney.Despitesomeinitialfaultsduringtheprobe’slandingprocedure,PhilaeisnowstableonthesurfaceofthecometandsentbackitsfirstimagesonNov13.Besidesthetechnicalandoperationallessonslearnedfromthisevent,scientistshopethatsamplesdrilledoutfromthecomet,knownas67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko,willunlockdetailsabouthowtheplanets-andpossiblyevenlife-evolved.LeroyChiao,aformerNASAastronaut,explainedinanarticlethattherearetheoriesthatimpactingcometshelpedseedtheEarthwithmostofitswater,andperhapswiththebasicchemicalbuildingblocksoflifeitself.Philae,ifsuccessful,willanalyzethecomet’ssoilanddeterminethequantitiesofwater,nucleic(核素的)andamino(氨基的)acidspresent.Thesedatawillhelpcastmorelightoncomet-seedingtheories.Inshort,saysChiao,PhilaeandRosetta(themothership)arepreparedtohelpanswerfundamentalquestionsononepossiblemechanismofthecreationoflife.Thecomet67Pwasdiscoveredin1969.Itisaroughly3-by-5kmrockmovingaroundthesunat-14-65,983kilometersperhour.Rosetta,reacheditinanextremelycomplicatedpathinAugustafterajourneyof6.4billionkmthattook10years,fivemonthsandfourdays,amissionthatcostcloseto$1.8billion(11billionyuan).TheUShasasmallpartintheRosettamissionassomeNASAinstrumentsareonboard.ScottMartelle,writingintheLosAngelesTimes,saysthemissionthrillsusnotjustbecauseoftheknowledgethemissionmightbringus,but“becauseofwhatitsaysaboutthefruitsofinternationalcooperation,ofimaginationandvision,andofendlesscuriosity.”Wespendsomuchtimeontheclosehorizonsofourlives,Martellesays:“ButmomentslikethelandingofthePhilaegiveusareasontolookup,abovethehorizon.Thisiswherethefutureofcivilizationlies,inthesejointexplorationspressingtheedgesofoursharedignorancetoseewhatwecanlearn.”(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANTENWORDS)78.Scientistsareexcitedaboutthesamplestobedrilledoutfromthecomet,inhopeof________________________________________________________________79.Thecomet-seedingtheoriesseemtoimplythat______________________________providedbythecrashingcometsmayhavehelpedcreatethelifeonearth.80.Giveanotherexampleoftheexcitementthismissioncanbringbesidesthenewknowledge.81.AccordingtoMartelle,whatshouldwedoforbetterfuturecivilization?第II卷（共47分）I.TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets.1.青年人应该满怀理想。（ambition）2.明天的幸福在于你今日的努力。（determine）3.他迟到的原因是交通堵塞，不是睡懒觉。（It）4.由于好奇和担忧，一些家长往往会查看孩子的手机，弄清他们经常跟谁练习。（outof）5.我们过于依赖电脑，常常在要写字时才意识到我们已经“提笔忘字”了。（So）-14--14--14--14--14--14--14-