高中英语重点词汇精讲

高中英语重点词汇精讲abandon:vt.放弃，遗弃abandonmedicineforliterature弃医从文；desert:遗弃，抛弃onadesertedisland.ability:n能力，才能：havetheabilitytodo„=becapableofdoing„有能力做„„able:adj.有能力的：anableleader;beableto与can的区别：can只有现在(can)和过去(could)两种形式，而beableto可有各种时态。（详见情态动词）。Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquickly,buteveryone______getout.A.couldB.wasabletoC.canD.must(B)aboard:adv./prep在船（飞机，车）上.Aboard=onboard;Allaboard!请上船；开船啦。Welcomeaboard!请上船（飞机，车）about:prêt./adv.在周围，在身边；关于(on更严肃，正式)；大约：beabouttodo...(=beat/onthepointofdoing...)即将做。。。。。。后不能接soon,atonce等时间状语；Howabout+doing/名词/代词/句子等...=Whatabout..做......好吗？①Ihavenomoneyaboutme.②HaveyouheardofthestoryaboutShakespeare?abouttwoyeas=twoyearsprso=sometwoyearsAllthemariners____diedexcepttheonewhoshotthebirdlefttotellhisstorytoothers,whichwasdescribedinthepoemcalled“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner.”A.onaboardB.onaboardC.onboardsD.aboardabroad:adv.be(go/live/travel)abroad;come(return)fromabroad;bothathomeandabroad在国内外；beallabroad离题，不中肯absence:n.absent:adj.不在，缺席；不在意的：HewillbeabsentatthemeetingfromBeijing.（不在北京）HewillbeabsentatthemeetinginBeijing.（外出在北京）Absenceofmind心不在焉；反义词：present出席的，在场的，用法和absent一样，但作定语要后置(n.礼物，atpresent目前)_______gotapresentattheparty.(A)A.AllpresentB.PresentallC.Allpresentingabsorb:vt.吸收（声音，光线，液体等），吸收，理解（知识等）；Beabsorbedin全神贯注于。Iwasabsorbedinabookanddidn’thearyoucall.academic:学院的，学校的，学业的。academiclevels/challenges:学业水平/学习中的挑战。accident:意外;incident:小事件，政治事变或事件byaccident=bychance偶然accept:承认，接受（主观），receive:收到（表客观），acceptAasB承认A是B,Hewasacceptedasanexcellentteacheratlast.Yesterdayhedid_______aninvitation,butherefusedto_____it.(B、A)A.acceptB.receiveaccess:进入，接近(to),haveaccessto:有权进入„.,能够使用到„.accessibleadj.可以使用（或得到）的。能进入的。Sth.beaccessabletosb.某人容易使用到„account:accountfor„解释，描述。Onaccountof„因为„takeaccountof„考虑到„。accuse;指控,指责。Accusesb.Ofsth„指控某人犯„；beaccusedof„被指控犯„。achieve:①完成,取得,达到achieveone’swork/success/one’sgoal;achievethegoalofdoing„达到„..目标。achievements:成就，成绩Heachieved/gainedgreat/brilliantachievementsinwritingnovels.acquire:学习（一般指天生的习得）；而learn指课堂学习。Englishacquiredability.across:①横穿而过（从物体表面）；through:穿过（从物件内部）；over:跨过（从物体上方）；past:经过（从物件旁边）；along:经过（从物体边沿）Hewent______theriveranddidn’tfindaboattogo_____it.A.over,acrossB.along,acrossC.along,overD.past,throughact:①vi.行为，演出，Vt.担当，演„„角色(=playthepartof)n.法令,条例actas=workas=serveas担当,充当Whowill_____Shakespeareinthefilm?A.actB.actasC.playapartpf(A)①action.n.行为,行动,措施takeactions采取行动,takemeasures采取措施active:adj.积极的,活跃的take(an)activepartin积极参加„„,beactiveinsth./doingsth.在„„方面很积极。live/leadanactivelife过着活跃的生活。actual:①现实的，实际的（现实存在，不是想象中的）；real:真实的（不是假的）rue:真实的（不是inactuallife,arealgoldring,atruestory②actually:adv.实际上，确实=infact/inreality/asamatteroffact=reallyadapt:（使适应。dapt(oneself)to„（使适应..adaptAforB:把A改编/改写/改造成adaptfrom„根据„„改编。add:①vt.加add„to„把„„加到„„上Two_____tothreemakesfive.A.addedB.addingC.isaddedD.beingadded(A)②addto增加,(=increase)Thebadweatheraddedtoourdifficulties.③addup把加Pleaseaddupallthefigures.④addupto合计为=cometo=amounttoaddict:vt.使„„沉溺,be/getaddictedto对„„上瘾Theyoungmangetsaddictedtodrugs.address:①n地址②v寄.=postheaddressedalettertome.adjust:adjust(oneself)to„使自己适宜于„„；adaptto适应于=agreewithadmire:admiresb.For(doing)sth.因„„而钦佩某人;envy:妒忌,羡慕envysb.sth.admit:①vi/vt.admit(to)sth.承认„„admissionn.②让„„进入,接纳admitab.to/into„允许某人进入„„beadmittedtoschool/hospital,允许进入„„,③admitdoingsth.允许做„„承认做„„④admit+从句⑤admttof„=allowof„容许有„„Thematteradmitsofnodelay.容纳=hold=seatTheroomcanadmit200persons.adopt:采纳,接受(=accept),收养。adoptone’ssuggestion.advance:advancetowardsaplace:向„„前进advanceinsth.在„„方面有增长;advancetoaplace:到达„„;advanceon/upon„逼近,进攻;inadvance:提前=aheadoftime;inadvanceof„在„„之前,比„„前进。Advancing=developing:发展中的，advanced:发达的，高级的，进步的。advantage:优点，好处takeadvantageof„利用„„=makeuseof;have/takeanadvantageoverothers对„„有优势。disadvantage:不足,可数名词。advice:①忠告，劝告（不可数），tip:劝告，可数，apieceofadvice一条劝告，givesb.someadviceon(howtodo)sth就„„给某人提建议,take/followone’sadvice采纳某人的建议,ask(sb.)foradvice征询某人的建议,dosth.onone’sadvice按某人的建议做„„②advise:v.(BE)=advicev.(AE)advisesb.todosth.劝某人做„„,advisesb.nottodosth=advisesb.againstdoingsth.劝/建议某人不要做„„,advisedoingsth.建议做„„;但suggest可用suggest:(one’s/sb.)doingsth,不用suggestsb.todosth.I____theladygothereatonce.A.suggestedB.advisedC.hopedD.wished(A)affair:泛指“事务,事情,事件”,affairs:表重大“事务或事态”;event:指有重大意义的历史事件;business:生意,公事on/inbusiness,gointobusiness;matter问题Businessbeforepleasure.Thereareseveralmatterstobedealtwithatthemeeting.affect:vt.影响effevtn.haveaneffecton„=affect„对„有影响.haveno/much/great/little„effecton/upon对什么没有/有很大/重大/很小,几乎没有影响.effectiveadj.有效的afford:①负担起(„„的费用)可接名词,代词或todo„„,常与can.could,beableto连用于否定句或问句中.hispoorfamilycan’taffordhiseducation.Ican’taffordtobuyacaratpresent.②抽得出时间=spare但spare可sparesb.+时间Hecan’taffordtimeforthecinema.Icanspareyoutwohours.我能为你抽出两个小时.③提供affordsb.sth.=offersb.sth./offersth.tosb.=supplysthto/forsb./supplysb.Withsth.=providesb.Withsth./providesthfor/tosb.Failureaffordusexperience.afraid:beafraidtodo„害怕做„„,beafraidof(doing)sth.担心做„„beafraid+句子,beafraidnot/so恐怕不行/恐怕如此(对句子的省略回答).Idon’twanttobeawaitressbecauseI’mafraid____dishesfrequently.A.onbreakingB.tobreak(A)after:①表过去一段时间以后或将来某个时刻以后,反义词是before指从过去算起时间以前或将来某个时刻以前;而指将来一段时间以后,反义词是ago指从现在算起一段里头以前.②afterall毕竟,终究,aboveall首先,最重要的是(作入语),指重要性;firstofall首先,最重要的是,指顺序或重要性,inall=intotal=altogether总共,atall根本.wecan’tblamehimforwhathedid;____heisachild.A.atallB.inallC.afterallD.aboveall(C)agree:①agreetosth.同意,成(plan/arrangement/suggestion/„②agreewothsb.(或decision,view,opinion,或某人的话)同意,成;与„„一致,适合(天气,食物等)hemovedtobiijingbecausehe____theweatherhere.(A)A.didn’tagreewithB.wasn’tsuitableforC.wasn’tfitforD.didn’tagreeto③agreetodosth.同意,成做„„④agreeonsth.在„„.取得一致⑤agree+句子,同意„„⑥反义词:disagree,名词:agreement:契约,协议reach/cometo/arriveat/makeanagreementwith„onsth.与„„就„„.达成协议.aid:do/give/offerfirstaidtosb=do/give/offersb.firstaid对某人进行急救;go援救某人aim:n./v.目标,目的,瞄准takeaimat„=aimat„瞄准„„目的在于„„aimsthatsth用什么瞄准什么东西,aimyourgunat„.,用枪瞄准„„aim„at„旨在„;aimtodosth目的在于做„chinahaslongbeenaleaderinthefieldofgeneticresearch____atimporovingagriculture.A.aimedB.aimingC.toaim(A)hehasaimedatenteringakeyuniversity.air:①intheair在空中,在流传,悬而未决;ontheair在广播中;byair乘飞机等(=byplane)lintheopenair在野外②vt.使通风,晾干airyourclothesall:all,both,each,every,everybody,everything,complete,completely,always,whole,wholly,entirely,altogether等是总括含义代词形容词和副词等,与否定词not连用,构成部分否定,表示“不都,并非都”.而全否定要用no,none,never,nobody,nothing,neither,noone,nowhere,nomore,nolong,noway等,表示否定意义的词与肯定式谓语一起使用构成“全部否定”.allow:①allowdoing„允许做„..②allowsb.todo„.允许某人做Studentsaren’tallowed____inschool.A.tosmokeB.smoking(A)③allowfor„考虑到，体谅，顾及。Ittakesaboutanhourtogetthere,allowingforpossibletrafficdelays.④allowof„容许，容得themeetingallowsofnodelay.⑤allowsb.sth.同意给某人„„.alive:loving,lovely,lovely,alive,live的区别:aliveadj.“活着的”,作后置定语,表语,补足语等,不作前置定语;keptstholivelive:作定语,“活的,有生命的,活生生的,生机勃勃的,燃着的,实况转播的”,还可作动词,alivefish,livecoal燃着的煤,alivefootballmatch一场直播的足球;aliveyoungman一个生机勃勃的年轻人;livingadj.“有生命的,活着的”,作前置定语或表语(还可作名词makealiving),修饰人或物,livingbeings/things生物;lively:“生动的,活跃的,充满生气的”alivelyandinterestingclass;lovelyadj.可爱的alovelygirl.Whileapersonisasleep,apartofhisbrainisstill____.A.activeB.aliveC.awakeD.aware(A)Languageisa____andcontinuallychangingthing.A.liveB.aliveC.livelyD.living(D)almost:“几乎”=nearly,但almost不能位于very后;nearly不能和any,no,none,never,nothing等连用,notnearly“决不,远非”=farfrom;almostnot“几乎不”Iamfarfrom_____withwhathesaid.(A)A.satisfiedB.satisfyingC.beingsatisfiedalone:①adj.“单独的”,作表语或补足语,表客观事实;lonely:“孤独的,荒凉的,偏僻的”,可带感情色彩.②adv.单独地,独自alone=onone’sown=byoneself单独地,leavesb.alone别打扰某人,把某人单独下Theoldmanlivesaloneinalonelyhouse,buthedoesn’tfeellonelybecausehecanmakealivingalone.aloud:出声(侧重,由无声到有声)loud大声地(侧重声音由低到高).Pleasespeakloud.Ican’thearyouclearly.although:①conj.虽然=though,不与but,so,and连用,可与yet,still连用.②Although:常位于句首,不用倒装;though:位于句中或句首,可倒可不倒装;as常位于句首,要倒装(即副词,形容词,省冠词的名词,动词原形提前),它们都接句子;inspiteof=despite是介词短语,接名词或动名词._____gettinghighmarksintheexaminations,heisstillworkinghard.A.InspiteofB.AlthoughC.ThoughD.Incaseofamaze:vt.使„„感到非常吃惊.①amazesb.②beamazedatsth对„„感到吃惊.③beamazedtodosth④Iwasamazed+句子.amazing表示令人惊奇的事物;amazed表示人感到惊奇.among:在„„之间(多者);between:在„„之间(两者);betweenAandBanother:泛指多者中另外“一个或几个”threemoreboys=anotherthreeboys;theother两者中另外“一个”one„theother„一个„„另一个;theothers=theother+可复:“另外一些”,指全部;others=other+可复:“另外一些”,指部分Ineed____studentstohelpmecarrythebooksbesidesTomandPeter.A.threeotherB.threeanotherC.anotherthreeD.otherthree(C)answer:答复,回答answertheletter/door/phone/question,answerfor对„„负责,受到报应,answeraquestion=replytoaquestion;ananswer/akeyto„„„的答案anxious:adj.渴望的,忧虑的(anxietyn.)beanxioustodosth.急切做„„,beanxiousfor/about.„.为„„担心,beanxious+句子(虚拟语气);beeagertodosth..渴望做„„;lookforwardtodoingsth..盼望做„„.apologize:apologize(tosb.)fordoingsth./sth.=makeanapology(tosb.)fordoingsth./sth.为„„向某人道歉.appear:①出现,显露,thesunappearedoutoftheblackcloud.②来到,露面(Hedidn’tappearuntilthemeetingalmostended.③看来(好像)Itappears/seemstosb.that+句子=sb.appears/seemstodosth.(此结构一般不用look)appear指从外表上看好象(=look)„„;而seem指实质上看好象„„Heappearstohaveknownthenews=itappearsthathehasknownthenews.Theplaneappearsstrongerinsidethanoutside.(不用seem)④appearance:n.出现,来到,外貌,面貌Theoldbuildingaffectstheappearanceofthecity.apply:①apply„to„把„„应用于Weshouldapplythetheorytopractice.②applyto适用于Thiskindofbooksdoesn’tapplytochildren.③apply(tosb.)for„向某从请求/申请„„Whenyouhaveanyquestion,pleaseapplytomeforhelp.④appilicationn.approach:v.靠近,接近.与„.打交道(about);着手处理n.靠近,接近(of);通道,入口(to);方法(to)argue:争吵,争辩.着重就自己的看法或立场提出论证和别从辩论;而quarrel:争吵,吵架.表示因不同意或不喜欢而产生的强烈的争论或争吵;debate:辩论,争论.argument:n.①argueaboutsth.争吵(关于„„)②arguewithsb.同„„争吵③arguefor/against„赞成/反对„„④arguewithab.about/oversth.与某从争论某事,为„„与某人争吵⑤argueab.Intodoingsth.～persuadesb.intodoing„.说服某人做„.=persuadesb.todosth.⑥arguesth.对某事争论⑦arguethat-clause:主张,认为„„arrange:vt/vi.安排,筹划.arrangesth.Forsb.为„安排„.;arrangewithsb.about/for„与„商定某事.arrangetodosth安排做„.;arrangethat+句子.arrive:①vi.到达arriveat/in(大地方用in,小地方用at)„=getto(接home,here,there,省to)=reac(常指努力到达)②得出arriveat/cometoaconclusion/decision得出结论,做出决定.③arrivaln.到达,来到.as:①conj.像„„一样,表比较as„as„,notso„as„修饰形容词可单时,形容词提到冠词前,这点和that,how,too等一样;但like是介词.Hedoeshisworkashisfatherdoes(likehisfather).Heis____asMary.A.asgoodastudentB.sogoodastudentC.toogoodastudentD.asagoodstudent(A)②表方式,“按照,如同”YoumusttoeverythingasItellyou.③表时间,“当„„时”,“随着”,和When,while的区别:while:当„„时,和„„同时(谓语噗延续性动词),而(并列连词),虽然(从属连词=although);when:当„„时表“突然”.as(hewas)ayoungman,hejoinedthearmy.Astimegoeson,Ilovehermoreandmore.④表原因,与because,since,nowthat,for,的区别:as表直接原因,because表真正原因,since和nowthat表明显的已成事实的原因,for表推断,⑤表让步,“虽然,尽管”和though,although的区别(略)6关系代词,thesame(„)as„,such(„)as„,as„as„,asiswellknowntousall,asweexpect.Myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.Asisknowntousallmchinaisalargecountrywithalonghistory.⑦soasto„/so„asto„以至于Heraisedhisvoicesoastobeheard.so/asfaras远到„„,就„„而论,据„..所知,asfor至于(=asto),就„„方面说;asusual像平常一样;asitis/was事实上,既然如此;asitwere乎可以说是.Asitis,wecanhardlygettothestationby6o’clock.Thebookgives,asitwere,apoctureoftheeviloldsociety.⑧.assoonas=immediately/themiment/theminute/directly/instantly+句子„..就„..,当„„时⑨.as/solongas=onconditionthat只要,asthough=asif好像;asmanyas+(句子或可复或和„一样多,多达;asmuchas+(句子,不可数,重量,价格,数量等);aslongas长达;asfaras远到,就„„而论.Hehasstayedhereasmanyastenyearsandearnedasmuchastenthousandpounds.⑩aswellas也,又,还有HeknowsEnglishaswell.HeaswellasIisgoingtoBeijingnextmonth.⑾„is+倍数/分数+as+adj./adv.+as„=„is+倍数/分数+比较级+than„=„is+倍数/分数(double./twice两倍)+thesize/length/depth/widthof„Thisrailwayisdoublethelengthofthatone=„ostwotimesaslongas„=isoncelongerthan„ashamed:adj.惭愧,害臊be/feelashamedtodosth.=be/feelashamedofdoingsth.对做某事感到惭愧,be/feelashamedforsb.替某人感到惭愧,be/feelashamedthat+句子,beashamedofoneself为自己感到害臊IfeelashamedofnothavingdonemuchforthepeoplelikeLeiFeng.ask:①asksb.aquestion问某人问题asksb.(not)todo„叫某人不做„„,ask/inritesb.toameeting请某人到会.②asksb.forsth.向某人要某物(求某事)=asksYoushouldaskyourparentsforpermissionatfirst.③askafavorofsb.要求某人帮忙④askafter„问候,探问Weshouldoftenaskafterourparents’health.⑤askfor„要求,求同Theboy’smotheraskedforhisheadteacherabouthisstudiesastonish:vt.使惊讶(surprise＜amaze＜astonish＜shock)它们的用法结构一样,besurprisedatsth,对„.感到吃惊,besurprisedtodosth.因做„感到吃惊.(surprising,surprised区别)attempt:attend:①出席,参加(=bepresentat),照料(carefor=lookafter=takecareof),上(学)=gotoThenurseattendedthepatientpatiently.②attendto专心于,致力于Thestudentattendstohosstudieseveryday.③attentionn.payattentionto(doing)sth.注意„..,draw/attractone’sattention引起某人的注意.holdone’sattentionon将注意力集中于„„attract:v.吸引,attract/drawone’sattention.吸引某人的注意.attractiveadj.=striking.吸引人的average:adj./n.平均(的)on(the/an)average平均来说;above/below(the)average平均水平以上/以下.Theiraverageageis20avoid:v.避免,躲开,逃避.avoidsth/doingsth.避免(做)„awake:awoke–awoke/awaked:①醒的,清醒的,警觉的,意识到的作后置定语或表语,beaeake醒着的isheasleeporawake?Beawaketo„意识到„=awaketo=realize=beawareof„②vi./vt唤醒,醒来=wakeup,但awake可指“使觉醒,觉醒,意识到”=awaken表抽象意义.Thenationalspiritisawaken.Hedidn’tawaketothedanger.aware:adj.意识到的beawareof知道,意识到=realize;beawarethat/wh.away:goaway走开;runaway跑开;breakawayfrom脱离„..破除„„;throwaway扔掉;blowaway刮走;clearaway把„„清除掉;driveaway开走;getawayfrom离开某地,逃离;washaway冲走;sendaway赶走,开除;takeaway带走;putaway收好,储存;turnaway离开,把„„打发走;keepawayfrom远离;giveaway捐赠.Hismotherhadthoughtitwouldbegoodforhischaracterto____fromhomeandearnsomemoneyonhisown.A.runawayB.takeawayC.keepawayD.getaway(D)Bback:①adj.后面的；n.背部,背后;adv.回原处,向后;v.(使)倒退Thedriverbackedhiscaralittle.backandforth=toandfrom来来往往,前后Inspringwecanseebirdsflyingbackandforth.②atthebackof„在„„的后面(范围内外都可),而infrontof„在„„前面(范围外),inthefrontof„(范围内);attheheadof在„„的前头;③back不能与return,repay等连用.return=comeback,bad:①坏的,腐烂的,不正确的,严重的gofrombadtoworse愈来愈糟,haveabad/hardtime日子艰难,bebad/poorat„„成绩不好,bebadfor„=beharmfulfor对„„有害,catchabadcold重感冒,feelbad感到不舒服,gobad开始变坏②badly:adv.坏地,恶劣地,严重地,(=seriously),非常(=very/extremely/highly)Iwantthenewpenbadly.bargain:①bargainwithsb.about/over/forsth.与某人讨价还价买„„=makeabargainwithsb.oversth.②(经过讨价还价以后)成交的商品,便宜货It’sabargain.base:①n.基础,基地,根据地anairbase空军基地,makeLondonthebaseforhiswork.②vt.基于,以„„为根据(base„on/upon„;bebasedon„),但basedon„以„为基础,根据„=accordingto=dependingon=relyingon,常用来作状语或定语.Onthebaseof„以„为基础.Scientifictheoriesmustbebasedonfacts.Thefilmwasmade____onatruelovestory.(B)A.tobebasedB.basedC.basingD.base③basic:基本的,基础的;formedthebasisfor„形成了„„的基础.basis:n.基础,通常表比喻用法.beat:(心脏)跳动,打败(=defeat)人或队伍,敲打(连续击打);hie:重击(一次性),袭击(=strike);获胜(比赛,辩论,战斗,奖牌等);attack进攻vt/n.Ourteambeattheirsandwonthematch..Astorm____thecityamdcausedmanydeaths.A.hitB.strikeC.beatD.attacked(A)because:①连词,接句子Ourteachergotangrybecause____.A.whatIdidB.thatIwaslateC.ofwhatIsaid(C)②becauseof:=asaresultof„=onaccountof„=asaconsequenceof„复合介词,接名词,代词`动名词what从句等构成介词短语,作状语.但一般不能作表语Theaccidentwasbecauseofhiscarelessness(×).thanksto一般可和becauseof换,但表“幸亏,多亏:等感激时不能用becauseof,不好的事不用thanksto.Becauseoftheaccident,helosthistwolegs.(√)Owingto中owing是形容词,因此可作表语.意思是“由于,应归功于„”Mary’sbreakingawayfromherfamilywasowingtoherfather’scruelty.dueto中的due是形容词,可作表语定语和状语.另外,bedueto还有“应归于„„,应付给„„按计划做„”,dueto:由„引起,由于≈becauseofI’mduetograduateinthenexthalfoftheyear.A.amabouttoB.amduetoC.amowingtoThewagesduetohimwillbepaidtomorrow.A.becoweofB.duetoC.belougstoD.onallountofbefore①:prep./adv./conj.以前,在„„以前,与ago不同;在„„前面表时间,地点(=infrontof)只表地点longbefore很久以前,beforelone=verysoon不久以后。②Itwillbe+一段时间+before+一般现在时/itwas+一段时间+before+一般过去时“多久以后就„„”Itwillbetwomothsbeforewemeetagain.两周后人们才会再见面。ItwasnotlongbeforeIsawheragain.不久以后我又见到了她。Hewillbebackbefore7:00thisevening._____shewillbebackhomeforherglasses.A.itislongbeforethatB.itwillbelongbeforeC.itwon’tbelongbeforeD.itisbeforelongthat(D)begin:开始，beginwith„以后„开始。inthebeginning起初，当初；Atthebeginningof„在„„之初。believe:相信,认为(指相信某人的话=havefaithin„但havefaithin还有“信仰”之意.);believein=trustin相信某人(人格,能力等),信奉;trustsb.相信(某人的能力),believe+句子belong:vi.属于(无进行时和被动),belongtosb.Thependoesn’tbelongto___.A.meB.mine(A)Chinaisacountrybelongingtothethirdworld.benefit:①vt.benefitsb.对„„有益,有益于②benefitfrom„从中得益③n.利益=goods=interestsThepeopleinJinTanghavebenefitedfromChengduWildlifeWorld.=ChengduWildlifeWorldhasbenefitedthepeopleinJinTang.besides:①“除„„之外(还有„„)”=aswellas=inadditionto,除去的内容包括在整体之内;except:“除„„之外(不再有)”,除去的内容不包含在整体之内,不位于句首;exceptfor:除去的内容与整体不同类;except+that/what等引导的句子;apartfrom:相当于but,except和exceptfor,但apartfrom不接句子和不定式;but=except,但but后可接不定式(but前有do或choose的形式省to,有help可省可不省to,否则不省to),except后可接句子,这时不能和其它几个转换,butfor“要不是„„”,用于虚拟语气中.doyouknowanyotherforeignlanguagebesidesEnglish?Thisisagoodcompositionexceptforsomemistakes.Heisagoodstudentexceptthatsometimeshecomeslatetoschool.Butforyourhelp,Icouldn’thavepassedtheexam.Wehadnochoicebuttowaitforher.Hecoulddonothingformebutgivemealittlemoney.Hecouldnotchooseanythingbut____.A.waitB.towaitC.waiting(A)②adv.而且,另外=andanotherthing=inaddition=moreover作插入语,常用“,”分开.Besides,weshouldpracticeEnglisheveryday.beyond:prep.在„的那一边,超过(时间,地点,程度)beyondone’sunderstanding/power/dream/imagination/reach/hopeThequestionisbeyondmyunderstanding.bit:①abit=alittle+adj./adv.一点,一些Ifeelalittletirednow.但abitof=alittle+不可数名词,notabit=notatall毫不;notalittle=verymuch非常Aren’tyoutirednow?---___.Notalittle.A.YesB.No(A)注意像这种否定疑问句,还有否定转移句和前否后肯的反意句均要根据实际情况选择yes/no.blame:vt./n.责备,责怪blamesth.on/uponsb.=blamesb.forsth.=lay/puttheblame0n/uponsb.forsth.把„„归咎于其人,因„„而责备某人。beblamedfor(doing)sth.=betoblamefor„Whoistoblameforbreakingthewindow.(=Whowillbeblamed„)区别：scoldv./n责骂，怒骂，训斥scoldsb.forsth;punishv.惩罚，痛击punishsb.forsth.criticize:v.批评，批判，评论，criticizesb.forsth,;remark:评论，谈论，remarkonsth.,remarkabout/atsb,;book:bookaticket(room,hotel,seat),booksb.onsth.为某人订„„;order:订购,定做„„,点(菜,饭,饮料,票);reserve预定(座位,房间等)bore:使某人厌烦。boresb;boresb.todeath;beboredwith=betiredof=befedupwith„厌倦„„;bored:厌烦的;boring:令人厌烦的。borrow:借进，borrowsthfrom„;lend:借出lendsth.tosb.=lendsb.sth;borrow和lend都是终止性动词，延续性用keep.HowlongcanI____yourbook?A.keepB.borrowC.lend(A)both:adj./pron.两者都，用在否定句中和all,everyon等表部分否定。both„and„,反义用neither„nor„;all:多者都，allofthestudents=allthestudents≠allstudents,反义用noneof„;everyakj.每个，多者中的每个；each:akj./pron.每个，两个或多个中的每个；either:adj./pron.两个中的任何一个；any:adj./pron.多个中的任何一个。____apairofnewshoes.A.WeeachhasB.EachofushaveC.Weeachhave(Cbreak:①vt.打破，打碎，打断，违反，breakanagreement/appointment,breakthelaw/glass②vi./n.（天）破晓，破产（工作，课间）休息。haveabreak③breakawayfrom„脱身，摆脱，脱离，放弃；breakdown:vt./vi打破，破除，坍塌，抛锚，（计划）不成功，（身体）垮，分解，拆散（机器）；breakin闯入，打断(on/upon„),don’tbreakinontheirconversation.Breakinto„闯入，突然„„起来,break/burstintotears/laughter=burstoutcrying/laughing;breakintopiece(使)成碎片;breakoff:突然停止,解除;breakoutvi.爆发;breakthrough:突围,冲破;breakup:瓦解,驱散,分散,(学校)放假;break(up)with与„„断交,戒掉。Ifhecontinuestoworklikethis,soonerorlaterhewill____.A.breakoffB.breakdownC.breakoutD.breakup(B)breakthroughn.突破，冲破防线；突破性的发现，成就madeagreatbreakthroughin„在„取得突破。bring:①带来，对说话者而言；take带走；get=fetch去拿来,carry远走（指教重的东西，无方向）dcarryon(with)=goonwith=continue(with)„继续„„。②bringin引进，吸收；bringabout=cause/leadto/resultin带来，导致;bringup培养，呕吐，提高；bringdownvt.击落，降低（温度，物价）=cut(down)=reduce=lower,反义bringup=raise=increase,而goup=rise=grow=increasevi.;bringon使发展，使前进；bringout拿出(=take/getout);使显出，出版(=putout/publishvt.comeoutvi.);bringforward=comeupwith=putforward=raise提出weshouldbringinhigh-techfromdevelopedcountries.broad:adj.Broaden:vt.Broadenone’shorizons/sight:enlargeone’sknowledge.build:①建造，建立，建设，修建，buildone’sbody,buildsocialism,buildastate/aparty,build用修建较大的工程；make:造较小的东西；putup:建造竖立的东西。不能说putupareservoir/aroad/arailway等；setup:建立，含机构的组建，setupaschool/ahospital/acountry.②buildon/upon:依靠，指望don’tbuildonhispromise.build„on„≈base„on„把„„建立于„„Heoftenbuildshishopesonothers’promises.他常把希望寄托在别人的诺言上。Buildup:逐步建立起来，Hebuiltupone’sbusiness/reputation.逐渐做大生意/逐渐出名。burn:燃烧，烧伤，炼制，晒，辣burngas,烧煤气,getburnt/prepared/hort烧伤，晒伤，burnbricks烧砖，Iburnedmytonguewithpeppers.burndown=burnsth.totheground把„„烧成平地。burnup:烧起来，烧掉，消耗掉；burnout:vi/vt.熄灭，燃料用完。burst:破裂，爆炸，宛然发生，thehallburstintothunderouscheers.大厅里爆发出的欢呼声。burstintotears/laughter=burstloutcrying/laughing突然大哭起来，burstwithanger勃然大怒，burstintotheroom=breakintotheroom,闯入房间。busy:a.忙（碌）的。bebusywithsth.=beoccupiedwith„忙于„„;bebusydoing„=beoccupiedindoing„忙于做„„。but:①若不,除非butfor+名词=but+that+句子:“要不是”,主名用虚拟语气,用过去完成时表过去;一般过去了是表现在。Butforyourhelp,Iwouldn’thavefinishedthework.=Iwouldn’thavefinishedtheworkbutthatyouhelpedme.=ifyouhad’thelpedme,Iwould’t„②but:并列连词，指前后两者相反，位于句首;however:副词，位于句中或句末，用逗号分开，但作连词时等于nomatterhow，引导让步状语从句；while:然而，仅次于句首，但表并列关系；though:adjv.仅次于句末，用逗号分开。IlikeEnglish,butmybrotherlikesmaths.=IlikeEnglish.However,mybrotherlikesmaths.=IlikeEnglish.Mybrotherlikesmaths,though.≈IlikeEnglish,whilemybrotherlikesmaths.Heisagoodstudent,____heisworkinghard.(B)Heisagoodstudent,____heisn’tworkinghard.(A)Heisagoodstudent.Heisworkinghard,____(D)A.butB.whileC.howeverD.though③除之外but≈except(见besides）④仅仅=only⑤but后可接不定式（but前有do,choose的动词形式省to,有help可省可不省to,否则不省to）,except后可接句子，这时不能转换cannotbutdosth.=can’tchoosebutdosth.不得不做„„hehasnochoicebuttogivein.by:①在„„旁,(远近关系:beside＜by＜near)②经,由,经过„„的旁边,用,通过(方式,手段等,不用冠词,不用复数)comebywater/car/train③不迟于,到„为止,注意时态:到过去某一时间为止,用过去完成时或一般过去时;到将来某个时间为止用一般将来时或将来完成时。Wewillhavefinishedtheworkbytheendofnextmonth.Theyhadfinishedtheworkbytheendoflastmonth.Bythetimehewasten,hehadlearnedthreeforeignlanguages.④按，根据，以„„计What’sthetimebyyourwatch?They’llbep[aidbythehour.(bytheton,bythemonth,bytime,byweight)⑤相差Hemissedthetrainbytenminutes.Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolincreasedby30%.⑥onebyone.一个一个地,twobytwo两个两个地;byandby不久以后;byfar(修饰比较级’最高级,强调数量’程度)„„得多,最„„Heismorecarefulbyfarthantheothersinhisclassandheisalsobyfarthetalleststudentamongthem.bytheway顺便说一下;byoneself=alone=onone’sown单独地Ccall:①叫唤,叫,称呼,召集,打电话,拜访callsbsth.callaspadeaspade.说啥是啥，直言不讳；Wecallthefatboy“meatball”callsb.(up)=ringsb.(up)=telephonesb.=givesb.acall/ring=makeaphone/calltosb.给某人打电话。receive/getalong-distancephonefromsb.接到某人的长途电话。②callonsb./atsw.拜访„„dropinonsb./atsw.顺便拜访,visitsb./sw.=payavisittosb./sw.拜访(较正式),seesb.看望某人;callback收回,回电话;callfor:需要(=need),提倡,邀约,callforsb.togotothecinema约某人去看电影,callforhelp呼救;callin:请(=sendfor)callinadoctor请医生;calloff:把„„叫走,取消。Thefootballmatchwascalledoffonaccountoftheweather.Callon:号召，拜访callonsb.todosth;号召某人做；oncall:随叫随到的，待命的，随时可支取的。Hehasalotofmoneyoncallatanytime.care:①n.小心，谨慎，关怀，takecare(of)=becareful(of)=lookout(for)=watchout(for).②管理underthecareofsb.由某人负责/管理。n③.carefor:担心，关怀，照顾，喜欢，愿意，careforone’ssafety,carefortheyoungergeneration,careforthefootballgame;careabout:讲究，关心(=beconcernedabout=carefor).careaboutone’sclothes;takecareof:照顾，照料(=carefor=lookafter).保管；leave„inone’scare:把„„交由某人照管。④care:v.care+句子。Idon’tcarewhowillgettheprize.⑤carefuladj.carefullyadv.becarefulwithyourwork.对工作仔细，Becarefulofyour⑥health.当心你的身体。carelessadj.粗心的carelesslyadv.carelessnessn.粗心career:职业，专业，生涯，（个人承包的）事业，经历；profession:工作，（受过专门训练的）职业；occupation:工作，职业培训，使从消遣的事情；Job:工作（可数）；work:正式的工作（不可数）。carry:①运，挑，携带，传送，无方向，常接较重的东西(与bring;take;get=fetch不同)2carryaway运走，拿走；carryoff夺去„„的生命;carryon继续,但goonwith=continue(with)=carryon(with);carryout进行,开展,实现,彻,执行(可接experiment/that/promise/plan/order/instruction/suggestion/policy等)case:①incase+句子,“万一,以防”,引导条件状语从句;incaseof+名词“万一发生„„”;inthis/thatcase若是这样/那样的话;innocase决不,位于句首,用部分倒装;inanycase:无论如何Incaseoffire,pleasesoundthefirealarm.Inoncasecanwebecarelesswhiledriving.②箱子,盒子,情况,案例catch:①捉,抓住,接住,赶上(反义词是miss),患,理解(=understand=catch).catch:指从空中抓住某物,又指捕捉等;seize:突然用力抓住;hold:握住,手持;catch/get/takeholdof抓住某物不放手。Ithrewaballtohim,buthedidn’t____it.(A)Iwentoverto____himbyhandandsaid“Thankyou“tohom.(C)A.catchB.catchholdofC.holdD.seize②catchupwith赶上，超过，keepupwith跟上③catchsbdoingsth.突然撞见某人做„„。WhenIwenthomelastnight,Icaughtathief____intomyneighbor’shouse.(C)A.breakB.tobreakC.breakingD.werebreakingcause:①原因；起因（而reason指原因）；理由；事业②vt.使发生，引起（=bringabout=leadto=resultin)Whatcausedthefire?③促使causesbtodo„„=make/havesbdo„„Whatcausedhertodoso?certain:①某种(acertain=some某一种，某一个)；一定的；肯定的；无疑的Heistocome.他必然会来。Iamcertain/sureofhissuccess.我确信他会成功。Certain和sure:都有“确定无疑”之意。对于本人所信赖的事实用sure,对于已确认的事实用certain,前者强调主观，后者侧重客观。在这类句型中的两面者不能替换。如：Ifeltforatimesureofhisdishonesty,butthislettermakesmecertainofhishonesty.我一度认为他不老实，但这封信使我确信他是诚实的，（反义词）uncertain不确定的。②besure的主语是人；becertain的主语是人或物。Itis____thathewillcomehereatonce.=Heissure/certaintocomehere.A.sureB.certain(B)makesurethat/makecertainthat弄清楚，弄肯定，确保；一定/务必/保证做到。Makesurethatthedoorsarelockedbeforeyouleavetomorrow.（宾语从食品厂用一般现在时代替一般将来时）makesureof/makecertainof弄清楚，查明besurethat/becertainthat确信„,对„,有把握besureof/becertainof确信„,对„有把握;besuretodosth./becertaintodosth.一定/肯定会做某事;Itiscertainthat一定/肯定会(不可用sure);Heissure/certainthathewillsucceed.=Heissure/certainofhissuccess.他相信自己会成功。Heissure/certaintosucceed.=Itiscertainthathewillsucceed.他一定会成功。（说话人而不地他对此有信心）=I’msure/certainthathewillsucceed.=I’msure/certainofhissuccess.chance:①机会，多指偶然或或侥幸的机会；而opportunity一般指有利的机会。getthechancetodosth:获得做„„的机会。havethe/an/little/noopportunitytodo(ofdoing„).Takeachance/takechances:冒险，投机；takeone’schance:碰运气。take/seize/getthechance/opportunitytodo„/ofdoing:抓住机会做„„。Itisagoodchanceforustolearn/oflearningEnglishnow.②可能性(常用数):bychance=byaccident偶然;havenochanceofdoing/todo„没有可能做„„;Thereisachancethat„=(The)chancesarethat„=Thereisapossibilitythat„=It’spossible/likelythat„=sb.islikelytodo„有可能„„,但likely的主语可以是人或物。Thereisnopossibilityofhiscomingthisweek.Ifoundthejewelby~.可能性我偶然发现了那珠宝。Heis____tocomeheretomorrow.=it’spossible/likelythathewillcomeheretomorrow.A.likelyB.possibleC.probableD.possibly(A)---You’vebookedonafouro’clockflight?---Whatchance____oftakinganearlierplane?A.thereisB.isitC.thereitisD.isthere(D)change:①v.更换；改变；兑换；变化；change„into„把„„变成,change„for„把„„换成„„。Heatchangeswaterintosteam.Thispairofshoesdoesn’tfitme.couldyouchangeitforanotherpair.②change和turn:作为动词,都有“变,变成”的意思,在有介词短语时,两者可以通用。但change作不及物动词，后面不带词语，而turn作为系动词，后面一定要带表语这时不能换。Thecolorchange.颜色变了。Thecolorturnedred颜色变红了。③changen.“零钱，找头”,不可数，是集合名词，没有复数形式。Ihavenosmallchangeonme.charge:①使充满，装满chargeabattery②使承担„„chargeoneselfwithtask/bechargedwithtask承担任务③指控,把„„归咎为chargesb.withmurderac.cusesbof控告某人杀人,chargesth.upon/onsb.把„„归咎于某人,chargesth.tosth.把„„归咎于某事.④要价,收费,要人支付chargesb.+moneyforsth./fordoingsth.因„„向某人要价„„Hechargedme20Yuanforrepairingmybike.chargemoneyforsth„因„„要价„„howmuchdotheychargeforthecoat?chargesb.forsth.要求某人支付„„chargeforsth.因„„收费(vi)doyouchargefortheuseofthetelephone?⑤Charge作名词讲,意为“费用,价钱,充电,主管/负责,have/takechargeof„主管„„,freeofcharge=forfree=freeadv.atone’sowncharge自费;inchargeofsth.主管„„,负责„„,in/underthechargeofsb.=inone’scharge由某人主管/负责,takechargeof„负责„„,主管„„Youcantakeasmanyasyoulikebecausetheyarefreeof____.A.feeB.paymentC.fareD.charge(D)cheat:①cn.骗子;欺骗(指事例);②un欺骗(指行为)③vt.骗,骗取cheatsb.(out)ofsth./money骗某人的钱/某物;robsbofsth.抢某人东西;stealsthfrom„偷某人东西;cheatfool:都有“欺骗”的意思。cheat指用不诚实的手段骗人的钱财；fool指为了好玩而捉弄人，有时也有cheat的含义。④vi.欺诈，作弊cheatintheexamination在考试中作弊。check:n.检查；批改vt.校对，核对；检查；批改checkin登记住宿，报到；checkout:付帐后离开，办完手续后离开。choose:v.挑选；选举；选择；决定Greenwaschosen(as)leader/Hechosetostayhome.choose,select,elect和pick:都有：“选择”之意。choose指一般性的“挑选，选择”；select指“精选”，标准比较严格；而pick指“仔细挑选”，也指“挑剔”；指投票选举；pickout选出；sortout分类出来。Youmaychooseabookfromthese.你可以从这些书里挑选一本。Thefinestproductswereselectedandsenttotheexhibition.挑选最好的产品送往展览会。Idon’tknowwhichofthethreecapstopick.这三顶帽子我不知挑哪顶好。close:①adj./adv.靠近的，亲近的；靠近地becloseto离„„很近,getcloseto„靠近„„;aclosefriend亲密朋友,comeclose.走近些。但Closely=carefully仔细地（类似有：deep---deeply,wide---widely,high---highly,hard---hardly)在表示时间、空间的接近是，close需与介词或副词连用，而near不需要，close在表示的空间上比near更近，near一般不做定语。不能用eg:inthenearfuture.(×)Helives_____tohisfatherinordertolookafterhim____.A.close,closelyB.closely,closeC.closely,closelyD.close,close(A)②vt./vi.关，封闭，结束(=end)Heclosedhisspeechjustnow.③close指关（门，窗，店，路，眼，书，银行等具体或抽象的东西）；shut:指匆匆地关（门，眼，耳，嘴，书等），还可指把某人革某物关起来。shutoff:关掉（煤气，水等），切断，脱离；shutdown:关闭（工厂，学校，机器等）；shutout:把„„关在外面。Thefactorywasshutdown.collect:vt.收集,搜集vi.聚集(=gather),collectstamps集邮~thepapers收考卷(名词:collection:acollectionof„一批„..收藏品)collect和gather:都有“收集”之意。Gather是一般用语，指把东西集中在一个地方；而collect则指有计划、有目的地收集。Thesingersgaveperformancesto____moneyforsomecountrychildren.(A)A.collectB.gathercome:①来，来到，产生cometosb/one’smind(sight,notice)②终于，开始cometoknow/realize„,cometostay（来定居）③linkvt.cometrue=berealized变成现实，comeloosecomeapare;comealive活跃起来，显得像真的似的Irealizedmydream=mydreamcametrue.④Comeabout发生；comeacross偶然遇见或发现=runacross=meet„bychance=happentomeetorfind;comeat袭击，得到。Adogcameatmeyesterday;comeforsb./sth来接，来取。comeforth出来，涌现；comein进来，进站；comeintopower=comeintooffice:当权；comeon（表劝说，激励，不耐烦等）来！快！comeout(of„)出来，（花）开出，出版，结果是(=turnout);cometo共计(=addupto/amountto);达到„„地步,达成(cometoadecision/anunderstanding/ancomclusion/agreement),由„„继承;cometooneself=cometoone’ssenses=comebacktolife:苏醒,复苏;comeup(从地里)长出,发芽,被提出(=beraised/beputforward);comeuptothestahdarg符合,达到;comeupwith赶上,提出(=putforward=raise);comeintoeffect/force:生效;comeintouse:开始使用;comeintobeing:形成,产生Wedon’tknowwhentheuniversecameintobeing;Howdoesticomeaboutthat„..?是怎样发生的?Itcameaboutlikethis„事情是这样的„„。common:adj.普通的，一般的，平凡的；共同的incommonwith与„..有共同之处，Wehavemanythingsincommon.我们有许多共同之处，(副词：commonly)common,general,ordinary和usual:common侧重“普通、平凡”，表示“时时发生，人所共人”，并含有“并不高贵，地位低下”之意味，强调性，其反义词为rare,如：acommonsaying（俗语）acommonwish（一个共同的愿望）；general侧重“普通”之意，表示大多数人或物中流行并受到关注，不含有“地位低”之意其反义词为specific/particular:ordinary与common基本同义，侧重“平凡的、普通的”，表示“随便可以碰到，不值得惊奇。”其反义词是superior;如：anordinary(oracommon)event/person（一件极平常的事/一个普通人）；usual用来指事物，意为“通常的，惯常的：，含有”随风俗或习惯而常常发生“之意，其反义词为unusual如：It’sausualthingwithhim.这对他来说是平常事。uncommon不平凡的。Theyheldameetingforthe__B__interestsofthethirdworld.A.ordinaryB.commonC.usualD.popularcommunicate:交流，交际，传播。communicatewith„交换„„,同„„交流communicatesth.tosb.把(消息,疾病等)传给某人。communicative:adj.communication:n.company:①c.n.公司；商号②n./vi/vt.交往；陪伴inthecompanyofsb=incomabcompary某人的陪同下；forcompany:陪着keepcompanywith„与„..结交;keepsbcompany=accompany:陪伴某人,陪某人同走(无冠词)I’llkeepyoucompanyasfarasthestation.我将陪你到车站。Idon’tfeelathomeinhercompany.我和她在一起很拘谨。Hekeptcompanywiththegirlforyears.他和这姑娘交往多年了。compare:①compareAwith/toB把A和B比较②compare„to„把„比作„/比喻成„ChairmanMaooncecomparedtheyoungtothesunofeightornineinthemorning.③comparedwith/to„同„„相比,作状语Comparedwiththeolddays,ourlifeismuchbetternow.④comparenoteson/aboutsth.就„„同某人交换意见Ourparentsoftenbycomparison⑤comparison.比较;对照;类似.bycomparison“相比之下”concentrate:concentrateon„=bebenton„=bedeterminedon„=focusone’sattentionon„专心致志于„„中。concern:vt.关系到，使有关，使担心，关心。sthconcernsb某事与某人有关。concernoneselfwith/insth使自己卷入，担心。beconcernedabout为某事担心，操心。asfarassbbeconcerned就我/你/某人来说，或认为≈inorekoppoviouThatdoesn’tconcernus.It’snotyourproblem—don’tconcernyourselfwithit.Heisconcernedinthenewproject.Yourparentsareconcernedaboutyourfuture.AsfarasIamconcerned,youcangowheneveryouwant.condition:n.条件，状况，情况；（复数）环境onconditionthat„在„条件下,只要„=as/solongas„;onthis(that)condition在这(那)种条件下in(good)condition(处于)良好状态/身体状况好;ingoodstate状态好ingoodshape身材好outofcondition身体状况不好inwarconditions在战争环境中。confuse:使迷惑；混淆。Get/beconfused=get/bepuzzledcongratulate:①congratulatesb.onsth.祝贺某人某事(celebratesb.sth.双宾语，庆祝某人某事，greetsb.欢迎某人，sb.bewelcometoaplace欢迎某人到某地)，②congratulation:n.祝贺，庆祝（复）sendone’scongratulationstosb./onsth.Congratulationstoconnect:①vt.连接，联系connect„with„=join„to„把„„同„..连接/联想起来;connect„to„把„„接到„„上;beconnectedwith„=havesomethingtodowith„与„„有关.Heisconnectedwiththematter.AhighwayhasconnectedChengduwithBeijing.②vi.连接thetworailwaysconnectshere.conscious:beconsciousofbeconsciousthat≈beawaveof/that„知道/意识到/感到„consider:vt①.考虑;把„„看作;considersth./疑问词+todo/+句子=doingsth.考虑做;②认为considersb.(tobe/as)„=regard„as„=treat„„as„=thinkof„as„=lookon„as„take/see/view/have„as„:把„„当成„„Weall_____himthebeststudentinourclass.A.considerB.regardC.treatD.thinkof(A)consist:consistof(=bemadeupof)由„构成;makeup构成。contain:包括，其后的宾语与主语属于“不同类包含”，表示包含之物的全部或部分，强调整体；而成include:其后的宾语只是整体的一部分，即“同杰包含”，表示包含之物的部分，强调部分。sb./sth.included=includingsth.包括有内。Seawater_____salt.A.containsB.includes(A)Agroupofdoctorswillsetoutforthecountryside,____myfather.(A)A.includingB.includedC.containingD.containedcontemporary:becontemporarywith与„属于同一时代contemporaryevents当代事件contemporarystyles现代风格content:①n/v.becontentwothsb/sth对„..满意(=besatisfied/pleasedwith),contentoneselfwithsth=satisfiedoreielfwith„②becontenttodosth.满足于做„../乐于做„„=bewillingtodo„/bereadytodo„,becontentwith„满足于„IamnotcontentwhatthepresentsalaryIgetintheschool.③n.内容,容量,要旨thecontentofthecomposition.Whetherastudentisgoodornotshouldbejudgedbythecontentofhischaractercontinue:v.继续;连续continue(with)thework=continuedoing(todo)thework=goonwith„=carryon(with)„;而goontodo与goondoing意义不同continuous:adj.continuously:adv.不断地,无间歇;continually:不断地,有间歇Theriverflowsunderthisbridge____.A.continuouslyB.continually(A)contrary:onthecontrary恰恰相反。contribute:v.contributeto“为„„作贡献;有助于„„;向„„投稿”。contributioa:v.makeacontributioato„对„„做出贡献。Aproperamountofexercisecontributestogoodhealth.convenient:adj.便利的，方便的beconvenientto/forsb.对„„很方便。Cometoseemeifitisconvenientto(for)youtomorrow.如果方便的话，你明天来。cost:vi.值（多少钱=beworth);花费=expense/feecost指花钱、时间、精力，主语只能是物可带比宾语；spend指花时间、钱，主语地人，常用：spend+time/moneyonsthorin/ondoingsth;take指花时间、精力，主语地人或物，常用：Ittakessb.+time+todosth.=ittake+time+forsb.todosth=sb.+takes+time+oversth.=sb.takes+time+todosth„;pay:指花钱，主语地人。Howmuchisthehousetheybuiltlastyear____now.(B)A.costB.worthC.spendD.spentIwon’t____lessthanfivehundrendpoundsforthecar.A.takeB.payC.spendD.cost(A)n.成本；价钱；费用vt.使某人失去„„。Theaccidentcosthimtwolegs.country:国家；乡下；农村。country侧重疆土；nation侧重人民；state侧重政权。inthecountry在乡下（要用）the,incity/town不用the),country意为“国家”时，地一个可数名词；意为“农村”时，是一个不可数名词。course:c.n„过程，经过，道路；课程ofcourse当然inthecourseof意为“在„„过程中;在„„期间”,相当于“during’;而incourseof意为“正在„„中”,相当于“inprocessof”.Therailwayisin____ofconstruction.A.thecourseB.course(B)Iamgoodatallmycourses,soIamsureIcangotoafamouscollege.court:法庭。Takesb,tociurt:起诉某人。crash:crashinto„接到„„上;闯入;becrashedtopieces:被撞得粉碎;intheair/planecrash:在那次飞机失事中。crowd:n./v.thecrowd人群；acrowdof„一群„;crowdinto„涌入,挤入;becrowdedwith„充满/挤满了。cruel:adj.残忍的，残酷的becrueltosb对某人残酷，(crueltyn.withoutcruelty毫不留情地；cruellyadv.)cure:vt.&n.治疗；痊愈curesb.of(adisease)治愈某人的病，改掉某人的„恶习;acurefor„的一种治疗方法。treat治疗。Thedoctorcuredmeofcold(headache).医生给人治疗感冒（头痛）Acertaincureforthisillnessisnotfoundyet.这种病尚无在效的治疗方法。curious:adj.好奇的，稀奇的，奇妙的becuriousabout„对„„好奇,childrenarecuriousabouteverything.儿童对任何事情都感到好奇。(curiouslyadv.curiosityn.好奇心)custom:①n.习惯；习俗，风俗。custom社会、团体的习惯，也指个人的习惯，habit指个人的习惯。②theCustoms海关③顾客（总称），customer（个体）顾客。cut:vt.&n.割；砍；切；剪；削Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.我昨天昨天理发了。Haveone’shaircut理发。cutone’snameon„把名字刻在„上;cuttheprice降价;cutdown砍倒,降低,削减=bringdown=reduce;cutin插嘴cutinwithafewremarks插嘴讲几句;cutopen切开;cutup切碎;cutsonone’sarm手臂上的伤口;cutoff切掉(供应),删去,切断;cutrecord,sell,writewash后接副词时,可用主动形式表示被动意义。Theknifecutswell.这把刀切起来很锋利。Ddamage:u.n.&vt.毁坏，损害，（局部的破坏，可修复）；而destroy:摧毁（大规模的，彻底的，不可修复）；ruin:毁坏，弄坏，ruinonelshealthbe/lieinruins成为废墟。Wasthereanydamagetoyourcar?（不可数名词）Thefiredamagedthefurniture.Theearthquakedestroyedthehouses.danger:①危险（不可数）；引起危险的物或人，威胁（可数名词）adangertolife/health.类似词有：Deaths死亡人数，surprise惊奇agreatsurprise,failure失败者（作品、计划），success成功的人或物，pleasure乐事，趣事，knowkedge某一专门的知识。②beindangerof„有„..危险,indanger=atstake在危险期中;danoerous:本身危险的;indanger:处境危险;outofdanger脱离危险;3endanger:vt.使„„危险/濒临灭绝;endangeredanimals.濒危动物。dare:v.&aux.v.敢；敢于（作为行为动词，与不定式to连用，与其它行为动词一样；作为情态动词，不加to,用于否定，疑问和条件句中）Hedoesn’tdare(to)doit./hedarenotdoit./Idaresaymyunclewillgetthemoney.(Idaresay是固定说法，意思是非功过“很可能”，“我敢说”)。deal:①做买卖(with„),经营(in),对付，处理，论及，论述，涉及(with„)。IthinkAmericansarehardtodealwith.Whattodowithsth.=howtodealwithsth.怎样对付/处理„„;Heisdealinginfurs.他在经营皮货。Iamwritingabookdealingwithfamilyproblems.②n.买卖，交易，协议agood/greatdeal+adj./adv.=alot/muchtalj/advIamagreatdealbetternow.agreat/gooddealof+un.大量„;Make/doadealwithsb.与某人做买卖/密约decide:①决定,解决Fightingisnotagoodwaytodecideanargument.②decideon/upon„选定,决定decideondoing„=decidetodo„决定做„„,Wemustdecideonatopicbeforewestarttowrite.decidetodosth.=makeupone’smind(s)todo„=havethedeterminationtodo„=bedeterminedtodo„=deermineondoing„决心做„..;determinesb.todo„使某人下决心做„..;amanwithdetermination一个意志坚定的人Helefttheplace,____nevertocomeback.A.determinedB.todetermineC.beingdeterminedD.havingdetermined(A)declare:vt.声明;断言;宣布declaretheresultsoftheelection宣布选举结果(名词:declaration)而announce:通知,宣布announcetosb„向某人宣布„„;Ithasbeenannouncedthat„已宣布„„(名词:announcement)delay:①delaysth.延期„„,推迟„„Wemustdelaythemeetinguntilourmanagerispresent.②delaydoingsth延期做„„(=putoff/postpone)Withoutdelay(=atonce)毫不迟缓地adelayoftwohors推迟两个小时demand:require:指主观强烈要求;request:批客观强烈要求;desire:有礼貌的要求;desire:强烈抗议的愿望,欲望,请求sth./sb.todosth./todosth.①demandsthof/fromsb.要求某人某事=asdsb.ofsth.②demandtodo„=requiretodo„.要求做„„Idemandtobetoldeverything.③需要=require/needdemand+名词/代词theydemandedequalrightsasthewhite.④demand+句子(should+动词原形,should可省)Hedemandedthathe(should)betoldtheplan.⑤n.ademandfor„对„„的要求,adesirefor„.对„„的强烈愿望⑥在requiredoing=need/wantdoing=require/need/wanttobedone和requiresb.todo„中不用demand.(demand/suggest/hope/arrange/agree都不接sb.todosth.)deny:v.否认,拒绝给予。Itcan’tbedeniedthat+句子=everyonemustadmitthat+句子：不可否认的是„„Denydoing/havingdone„否认做/已做了„。depend:vi.依靠，依赖，相信，依„„而定,dependon(或upon)依靠;依赖,取决于„„=relyon/counton.1.接名词或动名词:dependonone’swords信任某人的话dependonhiscomingontime相信他准时起来。2.接动词不定式作宾补“指望某人做„„”Hedependsonyou①tohelphim.他靠你帮他。3.接从句,“取决于„„”Itdependsonwhatyou’llsay.取决于你怎么说。接that引导的从句时通常要加it.“指望”、对„„深信不疑。Hedependsonitthatyouwillhilphim.他要依靠你帮助。被动语态中不能漏用on.Heisapersontobedependedon.Thatdepends=italldepends要看情况而定。Imaygothere,butitalldepends.②dependencen.依赖；dependentadj.有依赖性的；independencen.独立；independentadj.独立的。desert:①n./adj.沙漠（的）；荒芜（的）②vt.读音不同，“舍弃，抛弃，遗弃”adesertedisland;hedesertedhisfriendinneed.他遗弃了苦难中的朋友。Thosewhodeserttheirparentsshouldbepunishedbylaw.③abusen/vt.虐待，滥用，辱骂，陋习aabuseddog,abuseone’spower/authority滥用职权权力/职权，personalabuse人身攻击，remedyanabuse纠正陋习。determine:决定，决心。Determinetodosth（终止性）.=bedeterminedtodosth.（延续性）=havethedeterminationtodosth.He____togototheU.S.A.foralongtime.A.determinedB.hasdeterminedC.hasbeendetermined(C)develop:①v.发展，开发；（照相）冲洗，显影；研制，培养，developfilms,developagoodhabit②developingadj.发展中的，developed发达的developingcountries发展中国家；developedcountries发达国家，inlessdevelopedcountries在次发达国家③developmentn.devote:①把„„奉献,把„„专用于devoteone’stimetosth./doingsth.=spend„in/on„;devoteoneselfto=bedevotedto献身于,致力于,专心于devotinon.n.②devotedadj.献身于„„的,忠实的,虔诚的adevotedfrienddiagnose:诊断。Bediagnosedwithcancer.被诊断有癌症。dice:切成丁或小方块；chop:剁碎；slice:切成片；peel:削皮；rollup:卷起；stir:搅拌；mix:混合；add:添加；steam:蒸；boil:煮；fry:炸；smoke:熏；salt:用盐腌；roast/bake:烤stew:炖；die:①diefor为„„而死,渴望„„Iamdyingforadrink;dieof死于„„(内因或疾病:illness,hunger,cold,laughing等);diefrom„死于„.(外因或疾病);dieawayvi逐渐消失Thewindhaddiedawaybydusk;dieout灭绝(=disappearcompletely),逐渐熄灭Thefirediedout;dieinbed因病或年老而死,寿终正寝;dieinone’sboots/shoes不死在床上,横死,暴死;dieaheroicdeath英勇牺牲;dieoff枯死,绝种。②deadadj.死的，麻木的，呆板的，无动静的，不流通的，熄灭的adeadvolcano死火山，inthedeadhoursofthenight在夜深人静时，deaddingers麻木的手指，deadseasons淡季。③dying垂死的，快熄灭的，将结束的adyingperson/fire/day,one’sdyingwish临终的愿望。④deadly:adj./adv.致命的，极度的/地，死一般的/地Thesnakegavethefarmeradeadlybite,sohedeedsoonandhiswifewasdeadlysad.5deathn.死，死亡，灭亡（不可数）；死亡的人数（可数）Theearthquakecausedmanydeaths.todeath极度besicktodeath病危，betiredtodeath极累；tothedeath至死，到底fighttothedeath战斗到底；putsbtodeath处死某人，置某人于死地；sentencesbtodeath宣判某人死刑。diet:饮食。go/geonadiet节食；goinunhealthydiets:进行不健康节食；putsb.onadie使某人节食；keepabalanceddiet保持均匀的饮食；crashdiet:速效饮食。differ:①vi.不同，相异(differfrom=bedifferentfrom),意见不一致；wedifferfromthemontheproblem.②differentadj.bedifferentfrom/to/than„与„„不同;③differencen.differencesbetween„„在„...的差别;adifferencein„在„„方面的不同LucyandLilyhaveadifferenceincharacter.Makeno/somedifference(没)有关系,(没)有影响。Itdoesn’tmatter.=Itmakesnodifference.Makeadifferencebetween„区别对待„„④.differentlyadv.tellthedifferencein„betweenAandB说出/辨别A和B在„„方面的区别/差异=tell/distinguishAfromB=tellAandBapartdifficulty:①n.困难,不可数名词havemuch/some/little/alittledifficulty/trouble/problem(in)doingsth.做„„有困难;havedifficulty/troublewithsth.在„„上有困难;Thereissomedifficulty(in)doingsth„干„„有困难;dosth.with/withoutdifficulty(毫不)费力地做„„类似的有;havefun(in)indoing„做„„有趣;haveagood/hardtime(in)doing做„..愉快/有困难。Iwonderwhatdifficultyhehad____theplan.A.carryingoutB.carriedoutC.tocarryoutD.withcarryingout(A)②difficulty:困难事，困境，可数名词，常用复数bein(financial)difficulties手头拮据③difficult:adj.=hard困难的Nothingistoodifficultifyousetyourmindtoit.dip:n.在（江河湖海中）洗澡，游泳。have/takeadipin„在„泡一下。Dipinto≈lookinto„浏览。direct:①adj.径直的，直接的，adirectresult直接后果，beindirectcontactwithsb.与某人有直接的联系，directspeech②vt/vi.指引，指导，指挥thinkingdirectsone’sactions.③direction:n.指导，指挥，方向，指示inalldirections=ineverydirection向四面八方；underthedirectionofsb.=underone;sdirection在„„的指导下;inthedirectionof„向„„方向;④directly:adv.径直地,直接地=straight马上=atonce,一„„就„„=assoonas等Iwillbetheredirectly.disappoint:①vt.使失望bedisappointedathearing„听见„„很失望,bedisappointedinsb/sth.对某人/某物失望,②disappointedadj.本身失望和disappointing令人失望The_B_fatherfelt__B_inhisAson.A.disappointingB.disappointeddisappointmentn.失望,使人失望的人toone’sdisappointment令人失望的是discover:vt.发现;暴露;发觉WhodiscoveredAmericain1492?Discover“发现”,是发现“本来已有的东西”;invent“发明”,是发明“本来没有的东西”;find:找到(表结果),发现(指自然地发现);findout:查清楚,开明白,指通过努力或调查;lookfor:寻找,表动作Man____iron,whichisaveryusefulmetal.Edison____electriclights.爱迪生发明了电灯。Wemust____whostoleyourmoney.Ihave____thathe’sstartedtotelllies.A.find/foundoutB.find/foundC.discover(ed)D.invent(ed)(CDAB)distance:inthedistance在远处；atadistance从远处。disturb:打扰（某人），惊动，妨碍（安眠，安静），扰乱（治安），打乱（计划）；interrupt打断（谈话），打乱，打扰（语气不如disturb重）；trouble使忧虑，苦恼，麻烦；worry困扰，使人不安或烦恼。Thedancingnoisefromthenextdoor____theoldlady.(B)Hisson’sbeingweakinEnglish____themother.(A)Iamsorryto____youinthemorninghours.(B/D)Don’t____otherswhentheyaretalking.(C)A.worried’worryB.disturb(ed)C.interrupt(ed)D.trouble(d)divide:vt.分；划分，分享，分裂，（数学上的）除，Eightdividedbytwoisfour.Theclassisdividedintofourgroups.Divide和separate:都有“分”之意。Divide指把整体分为若干个部分，常用divide„into„；separate指把原来合在一起的人右物分离开来，常用separate„from„.Thecakewasdividedinto/intwo.蛋糕被分成两份。Oxygencanbeseparatedfromwater.氧可以从水中分离出来。do:①做，给予，学习，整理doallsb.cantodo„竭尽全力做„„;dogooddeeds做好事;dogoodtosb.=dosbgood对„„有好处;dowrongtosb=dosb.wrong对„„不公正,做错;doright做得对;doharmtosb=dosb.harm对„„有害,doafavorforsb.=dosb.afavor帮某人;doone’sduty尽本分;doone’slessons做功课;dothebed铺床;dotheroom收拾房间;doone’shair/nals/teeth;doone’sbest=tryone’sbesttodosth.尽力做„„;doup修缮,梳理,扣好;doupone’shair/coat/house/boods;dowith与„相处,处理;②do/does/did+动词原形;可用来强调谓语。强调其他完整的句子成分或状语从句用：itis/was„that„结构。Dogivemyregardstoyourparentswhenyouareback.Itisinthevillage____Iwasbountwentyyearsago.(B)Itisthevillage____Iwasborntwentytearsago.(A)A.whereB.thatdoubt:①Idoubtwhether/if„Idoubtif/whetherhecandoitwell.②Idon’tdoubtbutthat/that/but„/Doyoudoubtthat„?③Ihavenodoubtthat„不怀疑„„④Ihavesomedoubtif/whether„⑤Thereisnodoubtabout„sth./that-clause毫不疑问„..(类似有:Thereisnoneed/wonder/chancethat„.等,这可用:Itisnowonderthat„)⑥indoubt感到怀疑,拿不准,被怀疑Whenyouareindoubtaboutthemeaningoftheword,pleaseconsultadictionary.without(a)doubt无疑地(做状语);beyonddoubt毫无疑问地(做插入语)Heisthebeststudentinourclasswithoutadoubt=Beyonddoubt,heis„.makenodoubtof„对„„不怀疑;throw/castdoubton/upon„.(使人)对„„产生怀疑IthrewdoubtonmyEnglishscore.down:①bringsownvt.降低,使到下;godownvi.下降;blowdown刮倒;getdownto+n/doing开始认真做„;putdown记下(=writedown)放下;breakdown分解,身体跨;hand/passdown把„„传下;lookdownupon/on轻视;teardown拆除;takedown取下;turndown调低,拒绝。dozen:①打，十二个，与数词，many,several,some等连用，这点与hundred,thousand,million,score等用法一样，不加-s,不用of。Two(many/several)dozenbookshavebeenstoredintheshop.②twodozenof++代词（或含these/those/the等限定词的名词）twodozenofthesebooks.③dozensof+可复几十个，许多，表示模糊概念。drag:拖,指缓慢地、笨重地拖或拉重物，比draw需要更大的力气。draw:拉，引，拖，一般用语；pull:不强调力的大小。dream:①n.梦想，愿望haveadreamabout„梦见„„,②v.做梦,向往dreamof„梦见,梦想,dreamabout„梦见,梦到„„;dreamadream做一个梦;gointoone’sdream进入梦乡;Inever/littledreamed„我(从)没想到„„。Thegirldreamtasweetdreamlastlight.Theboydreamsofbecomingapilot.dress:①n.女服,可数;(统指)衣服(尤指外衣),不可数Icarelittleaboutmydress.②vt.给„„穿衣dressoneself/dressthebaby,不能说dressclothes.(相反动作:undress)③vt.穿衣dress,puton,havesth.on和wear:都有“穿,戴”之意,但puton主要批穿戴的动作;havesth.on和wear主要指穿戴的状态,但wear较正式,短时间状态用进行时,经常性的状态用一般现在时,haveon不用进行时;dress既指动作又指状态,强调“穿插着打扮”,宾语是人;bewearing=bedressedin=haveon=bein,但bedressedin可接颜色。dressupas„打扮成„,用适当形式填空:He____hiscoatandwentout.She____herlittlesisternow.She____verywelltoday.She____bluetoday.(keys:puton,isdressing,dresses,isdressedin)drink:drinktothesuccess为成功干杯；drinktoone’shealth≈toastto„/success为某人的健康干杯；drinksth.up/off把„„一饮而尽;drinkin(如饥似渴地)吸收,吸取,陶醉于。drive:①vi/vt.驱赶；驾驶（马车汽车等）,迫使Hedrovemetothestation.Theenemyweredrivenoff.敌人被赶走了.②driveat意指Whatareyoudrivingat?drivesb.home用车把„送回家;drivesb.away/off把„„赶走;drivesboutof...把„赶出„OurarmydrovetheJapanesesoldiersoutofChinaandsetupournewcountry.drop:n.滴;vt.扔;而fall是不及物。Dropbehind:落后；dropinonsb.dropinatsp.拜访；Dropsb.down：让某人下车；Dropsb.anote:给某人留下便条。drown:get/bedrowned被淹没/溺死；adrowningboy落水的男孩；adrownedboy溺死的男孩。drownone’ssorrows借酒浇愁。due:预定应到的，预期的，应支付的，应得到的；dueto应归于，因支付给，由于；Thefightwascancelledduetothefog.班机因雾停航。Beduetodosth.预期做„„.,预定做„Thetrainisduetoleavethestationatfive.Eearn:①getmoneyfordoingwork挣得,赚取earn1000.00amonth②使得到,赢得earnsb.sth.使某赢得„„Whathehasdonewillearnhimfame.③earn/make/get/gainaliving谋生earth:①n.地球(必带the);土地,泥,人间onearth,在世界上,地人间;究竟,到底(用在who,what,how,where等特殊疑问词后,加强语气)Whatonearthareyoudoing?②Earth,ground,land,mud和soil:都有“土地”的意思。Land着重指“陆地”，也有土地、田地、中家、地产等意；ground着重指“大地表面”，也指土壤、场地、广场；earth着重指与天空相对的大地；soil主要指富含有机物，宜于耕种的“土壤”；mud指烂泥，稀泥。east:①n.东,东方；adj.东方的；adv.在东方；Thewindblowseasttoday.今天刮东风。②intheeast在东方Thesunrisesintheeast.③intheeastof„在„„的东部(在某一范围之内)ontheeastof„东临„;东与„„相接(强调与某一地域相接)totheeastof„在„„之东(在某一范围之外用)(south,west,north用法相同)ChinaisintheeastofAsia.JapanistotheeastofChina.Chinafacesthepacificontheeast.中国东临太平洋。edge:边，边界attheedgeof„在„„边缘,指具体;ontheedgeof„指具体或抽象Thepatientisontheedgeofdeath.effect:①结果,效果,影响soundeffects音响效果,causeandeffect因果;come/gointoeffect开始生效,开始实行bring/carry„into/toeffect实施,实行;beofoneffect无效;takeeffect(药)见效(法)生效;haveaneffecton„对„有效果；②effectiveadj.有效的effort:努力,艰难尝试makeefforts/anefforttodosth.努力做„„;makeeveryefforttodosth.=try/soone’sbesttodosth.=doallsb.cantodosth.竭尽全力做„„;sparenoefforttodosth.不遗余力做„„;withouteffort毫不费力elect:选举,推选elect+sb(as)+title(头衔)选举某人为„„。注意，这个结构中，头衔前不加任何冠词。同样make/choose也有这样的用法。else:adj.别的，其他的（常驻机构附在疑问代词、副词和不定代词之后，修饰不定代词进，所有格放在不定代词上）(or)else=otherwise“否则”，“要不然”Thispenisn’tmine.itmustbesomebodyelse’s.Hurryup,(or)elsewewillbelate.employ:①雇佣employsb.=takeonsb.hiresb.orsth.雇佣，租用hireacar②利用=makeuseof„Youshouldemployyoursparetimebetter.③employment:n.雇佣employern.雇主employeen.雇员end:attheendoflastweek与bytheendoflastweek所用失态不同。Endupwith„以„„结束,bgin/startwith„„以„„开始;endin„以„„告终.engage:v.从事，聘请，参加，订婚。engage(onself)in„从事于„engagesbas„聘用某人做某事；engagesbinsth.使让/某人参加„;get/beengagedtosb.与某人订婚;get/beengagedin/on忙于做某事/被某事缠身Hewantstoengage(himself)inforeigntrade.Heengagedherashissecretary.Weengagedhiminconversation.Theyhavegotengaged.enjoy:①vt.喜欢;享受„„乐趣,享有(利益、权利等)，enjoyequalrights享有平等权利，enjoydoingsth.喜欢„„;enjoyoneself=haveagood/greattime②enjoy,like,befondof和love:都有“喜爱、喜欢“的意思。enjoy与like可以通用，后跟动名词，like可接不定式；befondof不接具体时间，喜爱的程度比like,live表示的感情色彩最强烈。Ienjoy/likeswimmingintheriver.Iamfondoflightmusic.我很喜爱轻音乐。Shelikeshim,butdoesn’tlovehim.她喜欢他，但并不爱他。enough:adj.&adv.足够的（地），充分的（地）；n.足够，充分。enough作副词时，可修饰形容词，副词，放在之后；形容词，修饰名词主要放之前，也可以放之后，但在foolenough中，不能放fool之前。在“„enoughtodo”结构中，句子的主语通常是不定式的逻辑宾语，因此不定式不能再带宾语。Thisbookiseasyenoughforchildrentoread.Theboxistooheavyfortocarry.equal:①adj.平等的beequalto„=equalv.与„.平等Twicethreeisequaltosix.2*3=6.Allcountries,bigorsmall,shouldbeequal.注意:anequalpay=thesamepay.②v.(使)等于Threeplusfourequalsseven.3+4=7③equallyadv.④equalityn.escape:①逃避,避免escape+n./doingescapeinjury/death/memymemory/beingdone②escapefrom„从„„中逃脱escapefromprison③n.逃避,避免,出口anarrowescape九死一生,afireescape安全出口。even:①用来加强语气，“甚至”evenchildrencandothemathproblem.②even+比较级：“甚至比„„更”,IlikeevenmorethanChinese.③evenas恰恰在„„时候,正如Ithappenedevenasweexpected.④evenif=eventhough=nomatterwhether即使,纵然.Evenifweachievegreatsuccessinourwork,weshouldnotbeconceited.⑤evenso虽然如此Thenewmethodisnotperfect;evenso,it’smuchbetterthantheoldone.every:①每个的,强调全体,只作形容词;而each强调个体,可作形容词和代词②每隔的,每„中的everytwolines=everyotherline=everysecondline每两行/每隔一行;everyotherday/week每隔一天/周;everyfewdays每几天;everytime每一个次,每当„„Youshouldwriteyourarticles____sothatIcancorrectthem.(C)A.everylineB.everyotherlinesC.everysecondlineD.eachtwodaysexample:n.例子;榜样followone’sexample以某人为榜样set/givean~tosb.给本人树立榜样forexample=forinstance举例;take„forexample以„„为例;take„asanexample以„„榜样.Takenoddingtheheadforexample.以点头为例.exchange:n./v交换,交流exchange„for/into„=change„for/into„;inexchangefor=toexchangefor„excuse:vt.原谅;宽恕Theteacher~dhimforbeinglate注意“原谅某人做某事”的正确表达:excusesb.fordoingsth.正excusesb.’sdoingsth.正excusesb.todosth.误expect:vt.期望；预期；期盼；料想expectsth.期待„；expecttodo„预计做„，期待做„.；expectsbtodosth.期待某人做„„;expectmuchof„..对„„寄予希望,指望„„;Iexpectso认为如此。Iexpectnot=Idon’texpectso认为不会。Iexpecttobebacksoon.我预计很快就回来。Iexpecthertocometohelpus.Hecametoschoolthan(hewas)expected.他双预期到校早。反义：Unexpected不期待的unexpectednews出乎意料的消息anunexpectedguest不速之客。experience:①n.（不可数）经验，learnfrom/by/throughexperience从经验中学习。gainexperienceinteaching获得教学经验，ameetingtoexchangeexperience经验交流会；②（可数）经历Whataterribleexperienceforme!③Vt.经历，体验，感觉Heexperiencedpleasureandpain.④experiencedadj.有经验的anexperiencedworkerexplain:①v.解释；说明explainsthtosb.向某人解释„„,explain(tosb.)+句子(不能只省to,但可用explain+从句)②explanationn.goveaclearexplanation解释明白Heexplainedtomethathehadtoleaveatonce.Heexplainedwhyhewaslateforschool.export:n./v.出口;import:进口,引入。eyes:intheeyesof从某人的眼光来看；依某人的想法等于insb.’seyes.Haveaneyefor„对„有眼力/眼光;keepaneyeon„keepaneyeoutfor„=keepawatchon„注意„;haveaneyeto„着眼于„;makeeyesat„对„暗送秋波;afeastfprtheeyes.大饱眼福。Fface:①n.脸；下面；面子havethefacetodo„居然有脸面做„„;asmilingface笑脸;facetoface面对面heastfacetofacewithme.他和我面对面坐着makeaface做鬼脸,装怪相(=makefaces)②vt.面对;向着face(tothe)south朝着南方。fail:①vi.失败，未能，不及格fail(in)sth.在„„失败,没通过。hefaileded(in)theexam.他考试不及格，（“考试及格”用passtheexam).failtodosth.=failindoingsth.未能做„,做„„失败。hefailedtoremember/inrememberingallthenewwords.他未能记住所有单词。②failuren.失败（不可数）；失败者（可数），和success一样IthinksheisafailureinteachingEnglish.fairly:①“相当”，修饰形容词或副词，一般表褒义；rather“相当”，修饰形容词或副词，一般表贬义，可与比较级或too连用。②修饰可数名词单数时，rather位于冠词前后均可，而fairly则位于冠词后。It’srathercoldtodaythanyesterday.③very:非常，修饰形容词或副词，位于冠词后。④quite:非常，完全=completely修饰形容词、副词。It’s____possiblethathewillbelateforthemeeing.A.quiteB.veryC.ratherD.fairly(A)fall:①vi.落下，下降，降临Leavesfallinwinter.Thetemperatureisfallingnow.Nightfallsandmymothercomesback.②linkv.变为，成为fallasleep/ill③n.falls=waterfalls瀑布；秋天；降雨/雪（量）aheavyfallofsnow/rain④falloff„从„„掉下;fallbehind落在„„的后面.输给别人;fallinlovewithsb.爱上某人(终止性),beinlovewithsb.(延续性)familiar:①sb.befamiliarwithsth.某人某事物熟悉;②sth.befamiliartosb.=beknowntosb.为某人所熟悉.Chengduisfamiliartome=IamfamiliarwithChengdu.famous:adj.慕名的;在名的befamousfor因有„„而慕名,befamousas„因是„„慕名.famous后不能用that从句,但可用Itiswellknownthat„Thecityisfamousforthetower.far:①farfromsth./doing„远非;sofar:到目前为止(通常用于现在完成时);farfrom:很远,不能和具体时间连用。whathesaidisfarfrombeingtrue.Myhomeisfivekilometers____ourschool.A.awayfromB.farfromC.farawayfromD.distancefrom②与比较级连用far+比较级：“„„得多”,强调程度与性质;much+比较级:强调数量与程度。It’sa____betterthingthatIcandoforyouthanIhaveeverdone.A.farB.much(A)fashion:流行，时尚。Come/beintofashion流行起来；go/beoutoffashion不流行。fashionableadj.fasten:fastensthto„把„„拴在„„上;fixsthto„把„„固定在„„上;tiesthto„把„„系在„.favor:①好感,后爱,恩惠,偏袒。dosb.afavor=doafavorforsb.帮某人一个忙。sakafavorofsb.请某人帮忙。②dosb.thefavortodo„=dosb.thefavorofdoing„帮忙做„„;dosb,thefavorbydoing„通过做„„帮某人的忙。③infavorof„赞成，支持，对„„有利。feed:vt.喂（养），饲（养）feedsthtosb.=feedsb.onsth.把„„喂给„„;feedonsth.=liveon靠(吃)„„为生;feedsbwithsth.用„„喂„„供经原料;befedupwith„=betiredof厌烦„„;feedoff=dependon依靠Animalsandplantsfeedoffeachother.Hefedmeattothedog.=Hefedthedogonmeat.few:adj.&pron.少数(的),不多(的);(表示否定)几乎没有;afew一些,少数,几个。few,afew.Little,alittle和some:都有“少数，一些”的意思。Few和little意思是否定的，表示“很少、几乎没有”，而afew和alittle的意思是肯定的，表示“一些、有一点”；few和afew用于修饰可数名词复数，little和alittle用于修饰不可数名词；some“一些”，修饰可数或不可数名词。fight:fightagaist:与„„作战/斗争;fightfor:为„„而战;fightwith„与„„并肩作战;与„„斗争(这时=fightagainst„)。注:struggleagainst:同„„作斗争;strugglefor:为„„而斗争/奋斗。fill:vt.装满,填充fill„with„用„„装满„„,befilledwith=befullof装满了„„fillin填写,填充fillintheblanks.I’mfilledwithjoy.Thebagisfullof(filledwith)boos.find:v.找到;发现;发觉;感到find+宾语补足语(形容词,副词,介词短语,现在分词,过去分词);findit+adj.+todosth.=find+宾语唑句。（注意：findsb.doingsth,但不能说findsb.todosth.而在Hefounditimpossibletoseeher句型中，tosee不能用seeing替换。）Howdidyoufindthefist?你觉得鱼怎么样？（或：你怎么找到那鱼？）Findout找出；发现；查出（真相）；了解，用于找到、查明、提示不知道的事物。注意：Find---found---found;wind---wound---wound;found---founded---founded;wound---wounded---wounded;hang---hanged/hung---hanged/hung;lie---lied/lay---lied/lain;lay---laid---laid.（它们不同形式，不同意义）。fire:①n.火（不可数），火灾；火炉（可数）②vt开火；射击；（口语）解雇③catchfire失火/着火（终止性）(be)onfire（延续性）着火/在燃烧；setfireto=set„onfire放火烧；makeafire生火。playwithfire玩火。firstofall:①起初，当初=atfirst=inthebeginning用来强调事情发展的时间的先后。②首要，最重要的是=aboveaqll用来强调重要性。③forthefirsttime“第一次”，在句中做时间状语。④thefirsttime+句子（一般过支时），引导时间状语从句。⑤That’sthefirsttime+句子（现在完成时）fix:vt.固定，安装，修理；（用眼睛）盯住，吸引（注意）fixons’seyeson/upon„=stareat„注视„„;fixone’sattentionon/upon„集中注意力于„„;fix,repairmend:作”修理”讲时,fix与repair同义,用法一样,主要用于”修理”收音机、车辆、钟表等；mend主要用于“修补”衣服、鞋袜及简单日常用具等。CanthisTVsetbefixedhere?这台电视机能在这儿修理工吗？Imendedapen.Theyarerepairingmachines.forbid:①forbiddoing„禁止做„„,Iforbidsmokinginmyoffice.②forbidsb.todo„禁止某人做„..,妨碍某人做„„Everyoneisforbiddentosmokehere.③类似用法的单词:allow,permit,advise,encourage,considerforget:①v.忘记;忘掉forgetdoing„“忘记曾经做了某事”;forgettodo„“忘记了要做某事”。forgotlockingthedoor.人忘记了已经锁过门。Iforgottolockthedoor.我忘记了要锁门。类似的用法还有remember,goon,regret,try,stop,mean,can’thelp,beusedto等。②forget是：“忘记”做某事；表示“遗忘；丢下”要用leave.Ileftmyboomathome.fortune:①havethefortune/lucktodosth.幸好（幸运）做„„;receivealargefortune收到一大笔财产;makeabigfortune发大财;seekone’sfortune寻出路,去淘金;tellone’sfortune给某人算命;tryone’sfortune碰运气;②fortune-teller给人算命的人,fortune-telling算命③fortunate=luckyadj.fortunately=luckilyadv.fond:befondof„=like,喜欢„„,但befondof„不接接时间,表状态;而becomefondof:表动作。free:adj.空闲的，自由的；免费的Heisfreetoentertheroom.他可以自由出入这房间。Thetownisfreefromthieves.这个城无小偷。freeticket免费票；get(give)sth.forfree免费得（赠送）某物；setsb.free释放，使自由Theysettheprisomerfree./theprisonerwassetfree.freelyadv.freedomn.from:fromnow/thenon从现在开始/从那以后；fromdarntill/untildark=frommorningtoevening从早到晚；fromtimetotime=attimes=sometimes有时；fun:n.有趣的事；玩笑娱乐（不可数）makefunof取笑（某人）；开„„的玩笑;for/infun玩笑地Iamnotsayingitinfun.funnyadj.------itistoswimincoolwaterinsummer.A.WhatfunB.WhatafunC.Howfun(A)future:将来。infuture=fromnowon=从今往后，从现在开始；inthefuture:在将来（遥远的、有间隔的将来）。Ggame:cn.游戏，运动，比赛TheOlympicGames奥运会。game,matchsport:它们都是涉及运动的名词，game和match通常指运动和游戏中双方经过较量、竞争而决出胜负的比赛或竞赛，前者较通俗后者较正式。如：afootballgame(match)一场足球赛。Spor通常指户外各种体力性质的体育运动，如田径、球类等运动。表示运动盛会或多种运动时用复数sports;games也可用来表示运动盛会，但规模范围比sports更大些。如：schoolsports学校运动时会，theAsiaGames亚运会。get:①vt.得到，获得，getinformation;使，让getsth/sb.+形容词/现在分词/过去分词/不定式Geteverythingready把一切都准备好，getthemachineworking使机器转动起来，getone’sbikerepaired,getsomeonetodokthework;（用于havegot短语中）具有havegot(to)=have(to);拿，去拿来pleasegetmesomewater;感染上Igatacold.②vi.到达，whendidyougettoBeijing成为，变得Getcloseto„..接近„..;(突然开始)„起来gettalking谈了起来;逐渐„....起来gettoknow/like„对„„逐渐了解/喜欢起来;get+过去分词:被,受getcaught/trappedintherain,getwelldressed,getpreparedfor„,getpaid,getburnt,getrunoverbyacar等③getsb.todosth.=:have(let,make)sb.dosth.使某人做„„;getsth.done=havesth.done请人做„„;geta;ong/on(well)with(事情)进展;过日子,(与人)相处;getaway逃离;getback取回,回来;getdown降下;下来;记下(=putdown=writedown);getdowntosth/doingsth=setouttodosth.=goaboutdoing开始认真对待,开始做„„;getin进入,收;getoff从„下来;下车;脱下(衣服等);geton上车(但getinto/outofacar/boat/lifebout等);getover克服;getthrough通过、打通（电话），通过（考试）；gettogether聚集；getup（使）起床，站起来Idon’tknow_____heisgettingalongwithhisstudies.（答案B）get„acrosstosb=make„knowntosbIdon’tknow_____heisgettingalongwellwithhisstudies.A.thatB.how(B)Get作为连系动词时，常在口语中，接比较级；become,get,togo：通常表示变化过程已完成，有“变化了”的意思，become和get可以好坏互变，而go指变坏或特殊，gocold/bad/hard/red/mad/blind/sour/hungry/short/white/easy/grey/dry„;turn:常接着色，表树木或头发的变化。但go可接副词，表“进展”。He’s____smoothlywithhiswork.A.goingB.becomingC.trningD.getting(A)give:①给，送给，出售，献出，givesb.sth=givesth.tosb.给某人„„;givetwoYuanforsth.花两元买„„;givesth.fortwoYuan以两元卖掉„..;giveone’slifeto„为„..献身,giveoneselfto沉溺于„..;②giveaway:赠送,放弃,泄露giveawaytheonlychance;giveback:还;givein(to):屈服,让步,交上Hegaveintomyview/hisson.他接受了我的观点/他向小孩让步。Giveoff:vt发出（蒸汽，光等）；giveout:vt.发出（气味，热等），分发(=handout),发表,vi.用完(=runout),耗尽，筋疲力尽，而wearout是及物动词，使某人筋疲力尽(=tireout),磨坏，穿坏，忍耐已到尽头。giveup:让出(to„)，放弃，停止，giveupone’sseattoanoldman,giveupsmoking.Giveoneselfup:自首，投案；giveway(to„):给„„让路/让步。go:①走，运转，（时间）过去，消失，完结，死Mypainhasgone.②变为，成为gomad/bad/hungry③处于„„状态,流传asthingsgo从一般情况来看;asthesayinggoes.俗话说;④试一试,干一下in/atonego=atatime一次;have/wantago=haveatry.⑤asfarasitgoes就其本身而言Whathesaysistrueasfarasitgoes.goabout从事,干,开始做„,goaboutdoing„=setouttodo„=getdowntodoing„=setaboutdoing开始做„;goagainst违背,不利于;goafter追逐,追求;goahead干吧,做吧;goallouttodo全力以赴做=sparenoefforttodosth.;goaround=goround=circle绕„转;gobackto„回到,追溯到;gobackon/upon„违背Don’tgobackonyourwords;goby=pass(by)走过,过去;godown(船)下沉,(日月)落下=sink=set,(飞机)坠落,(价格、数量)下降，垮台；goallandforsth.为„„去去请,努力获取,拥护;goinfor从事于,酷爱,追求,参加(=enterfor)goinforanexamination,goinforsports;gointo=enter进入;goontodosth./doingsth/withsth.继续„..;goaway=gooff离开,走开;gooutvi.出去,熄灭,过时;goover改变立场;仔细检查;从头至尾温习;gothrough经历,通过,仔细检查,全面考虑;gothroughwith完成,做完;goup上升,增长,被建造起来Newbuildingsaregoingupeverywhere;gowith陪„„一起走,与„„相配;gowrong走错路,行为变坏,走入歧途。good:①adj.好的，有益的begoodat在„„方面(学得、做得)好；善于begoodfor有益于„..dogoodtosb.=dosb.good对„„.有益.②n.好处=interests=benefitWeshouldworkforthegoodofthepeople.It’snogood/usedoingsth.做„„没有用。③good和well:good是形容词，常用作定语，虽然可以用作表语，但后面常介词for或不定式，且往往转义；well可用作形容词和副词除形容词时常用作表语，指身体好；good单独使用时，无“身体健康”之意。如：Exerciseisgoodforhealth.运动骒健康有益。Idon’tfeelverywell.ShespeaksEnglishverywell.graduate:①n.毕业生（有学位）agraduateinmedicine医科毕业生②v.毕业graduatefrommiddleschool中学毕业(名词：graduation毕业)grasp:抓住，理解=understand.Seize/take/graspopportunities.抓住机遇。guarantee;guaranteesth.保证„;guaranteesb.sth.=guaranteesthtosb.向某人保证;guaranteetodo„保证做„;guaranteesb,from/agaist„保证某人不„;guarantee+句子,保证„。Hhabit:cn.习惯，习性Have/beinthe/ahabitof„有„„习惯;fall/getintothe/ahabitof„沾上„..习惯;getoutof/kickthe/ahabitof„戒除„.习惯;Heisinthehabitofreadinginbed.=Hehasahabitofreadinginbed.他的习惯成自然在床上看书。Parentsshouldhelptheirchildrentoformgoodhabits.half:cn.半，一半adj.&adv.一半的（地）Halfoftheappleisbad./Halfoftheapplesarebed.cut„inhalf=cut„intohalves把„.切成两半。halfanhour半小时oneandahalfhours=onehourandahalf一小时半。hand:cn.手；（钟表）指针vt.传递，交给pleasehandmethatbook.=pleasehandthatbooktome.handin交进来，交纳Hehandedinhispapers.handout分发；byhand用手；handdown把„„传下来;handinhand手拉手,联合在一起;handtohand逼近地fighthandtohand短兵相接;handon把„..传(递)下去;Handsoff!不要动手;Handsup!举起手来;lendsbahand帮忙;ononehand,„;ontheotherhand,„一方面„„,另一方面„„;setone’shandto„着手,从事于„„;athand:=nearintimeorspace.hang:(hung,hung)vi.吊着,悬挂;(hangedvt.)绞死,吊死Shehungtheclothesinthegarden.她指导衣服挂职在花园里。Thespywashanged.那间谍被绞死了。happen:vi.（偶然）发生；碰巧happen指偶然发生，takeplace指历史事件，集会，变化等“发生，举行”，带必然性或事先安排，这两个词都不得是不及物动词，不带宾语，不用被动语态。在ithappenedthat„句型中，it是形式主语，that引导主语从句。①vi.发生=occur/comeabout,但表“脑海中出现某种想法”时，用occur,表碰巧做/偶然做„时用happen或comeabout,但takeplace含”自然而然”的发生;breakout爆发)指战争、火灾、疾病等）。Anideaoccurredtome.ItoccurredtomethatIcouldinvitehertodinner.Ihappenedtobeoutwhenhecame.他来时我碰巧不在家。②sth.happentosb.hardly:adv.几乎不；仅；才Hehardlyworks.他几乎不工作。当hardly放于句首时，句子用倒装结构。HardlydidIthinkitpossible.我认为这几乎是不可能的。hardly„when„刚一„„就„„在hardly„when„句型中,前部分用过去完成时,后部分用过去时。当hardly放于句首时，前部分用倒装结构。如：Ihadhardlyreachedtheairportwhentheplanetookoff.(=hardlyhadIreachedtheairportwhentheplanetookoff.)我刚一到机场飞机就起飞了。与hardly„when„用法相同的结构的有：nosooner„than„/scarcely„when„/assoonas„Hardlyhadhegotintotheroomwhenthetelephonerang.=Assoonashegotintotheroom,thetelephonerang.harmony:协调，和谐bein/outofharmonywith与----（不）协调，和谐。Thecolorofthesofaisinharmonywiththesittingroom.have:vt.有；吃；喝；进行；经受；使aux.V.（构成完成时）havegotto必须，不得不（口语）I’vegottogonow.我得走了。Havesth.on穿着；戴着(on是副词，参看wear一词)haveto不得不(haveto强调“客观，mrst强调”主观。havesb.do„使某人做„„指一次性的具体动作.havesth.todo.有„„要做(主语做)havesth.tobedone.有„„要做(主语和do无主谓关系)havesb/sthdoing„任其做„,听任„„做„„同让„„做„„(强调反复,doing延续)havesthdone.请人做„„;遭受„„;组织做„..①---IwillgotoBeijingnextweek.Doyouhaveanythingtobetakenthere?---No.Maybeyouhavemuchtotakethere.ButIthinkyoucanhavemybrotherhelpyoucarryyoucasetotheairport.②AftertheaccidentIhadthebrokencarmovedaway,butthedriverhadhistwolegsbroken.③Hehadthemachineworkingforawholeday,sonowitdoesn’twork.hear:①听见,表结果.listento表动作②hear+句子:听说,得知③hearof/about..听说,得知④hearfromsb.收到某人的信⑤hearsb.do/doing听见某人做了/在做„„6hearsth.done听见„„被„„.help:帮助=assist.Helpsb.withsth./indoingsth.=assistsb.in/withsth;assist=sb.indoingsth.帮助某人做某事；assistanceu.n.帮助；援助assistantn.助手，助理。hesitate:vi.踌躇，犹豫。(not)hesitatetodosth做某事（不）犹豫。Hedidn’thesitatetojumpintotherivertorescuethedrowningboy.high:adv高高的adj.高的作为副词，high表示具体的高。Highly表示抽象的高，flyhigh,jumphigh;praisehighly,thinkhighlyof.speakhighlyof高度赞扬/评价。注意：wide---widely;hard---hardly;deep---deeply;等的用法。home:家（带感情色彩）；family:家庭，家庭成员；house:房子，住房；flat=apartment:套房。behometo/ofsb/sth是„„.的故乡,发源地,根据地,大本营,所在honor:荣誉,不可数名词;带来荣誉的人或事,可数。①It’sanhonortoinviteyourschool.②动词，尊敬，给以荣誉。Weshouldhonorourancestors.Iamhonoredtobeaskedtospeakbeforetheflag.③Inhonorof„=inone’shonor为了纪念/庆祝„;behonoredgor„=berespectedfor„因为„面受到尊敬(honorsbfor„);dosb.honor=dohonortosb.对某人表示敬意hope:n.&vt.希望(参看wish一词)(形容词:hopeful)hopetodo结构可转换为hopethat从句。Ihopetoseeyouagain.=IhopethatIcanseeyouagain.Hope后可用so或not代替前面句子内容。---Willitrain?---Ihopeso/Ihopenot。没有hopesb.todo结构，hopefor„期盼„;希望得到„„hopeforsuccess成功的希望。however:adv.conj.然而，可是；仍然；无论如何Howeverhardshemytry,shecan’tfinishitintwodays.=Nomatterhowhardshemaytry„她无论如何努力，都无法在两天内完成。Hefailed.However,hedecidedtotryagain.他失败了，但他仍决定再试一下。(这种用法与but不同，语气强烈而且可经用于句首、句中、句末，用逗号隔开；but:连词，位于句首；这有和while,though的区别。)hurry:n.&v.赶紧，匆忙。Don’thurry.(或说Nohurry=thereisnohurry.)别急。（不说：Don’thurryup.)(形容词：hurried副词：hurridly)hurryup快点，赶快Hurryup.orwe’llbelateforschool.快点，否则我们就要迟到了。Hurrytodo„匆匆做„„;inahurry匆匆忙忙Hewasina～togohome./hewenthomeina～他匆忙地回家.hurt:指精神上肉体上的伤害,强调疼痛;injure:损害,毁坏容貌,强调丧失机能;wound:指暴力引起的创伤;ruin:毁坏(建筑,身体等);destroy:摧毁(完全地,不可修复);damage:破坏(部分的,尚可修复)。Iif:①如果，引导真实条件句，主句用一般将来时，从句一般现在时。（类似：unless,once,etc.)②要是，假如，用在虚拟条件句中，省if时，用倒装形式。这可以用省掉主句的虚拟，表与事实相反的愿望；也可表惊奇、恼怒，用陈述句的否定表肯定。IfIwereinChengdunow!IfIhaven’trepeatedthemistake!③是否=whether,但if不能接不定式、不与ornot直接连用，不引导主语、表语、同位语从句，不位于句首。④asif=asthough仿佛，好象，接动词不定式、表语从句、方式状语从句，表假设用虚拟语气，表事实用陈述语气。⑤evenif=eventhough即使，引导让步状语从句。⑥Whatif如果„„怎么办?即使„„又有什么要紧?Whatifhedoesn’tcomehere?⑦ifonly只要,但愿,表事实;要是„„就好,表虚拟.Ifonlyyouhadworkedwithgreatercare!ignorevt.忽视,不理会,对„..装作不知道。Heignoredhisfather’sadvice.imagine:vt.猜想，猜测，假设。imagine+(one’s/n.pron.)+ing:想像（某人）做某事；imagine+n./pron+(tobe)+n./adj.把某人想像成为„„;imagine+n/pron.+as+n把某人想像为;imagine+that/whclause.注意imagine无进行式;Imaginationn.immediately:①adv.立即,马上=atonce=innotime=rightnow=rightaway=straightaway②conj.=assoonas=themoment=theminute=instantly=directly+句子“一„„就„„”,类似这有:everytime+句子Atthenews,heburstintotears.=onhearing„=assoonasheheard„impress:impresssb.withsth.=impresssthon/uponsb.把„„印在某人的脑海里;have/makeagood/strongimpressiononsb.给人留下„„的印象;ihaveanimpressionof„对„..有某种看法。mpressiveadj.给人深刻印象的。impressionn.印象，印记。in:表将来一段时间以后intwodays=intwo-daytime=intwodays’time=twodaysawayinto:表动态，而年表静态，beinto„=beinterestedin„inform:①informagainst/onsb.告发，检举Heinformedonhisfriend.②informsbofsth./that+句子通知某人„„③informationun.Aninformationdesk问讯处.④informed:明智人.makeinformedchoises.inquire:①inquiresth.询问,查询inquiresth.ofsb.向某人查询„„Iinquiredthewayofapasser-by.②inquire(ofsb.)aboutsth.(向某人)问„Iinquiredofhimabouttheschedule.③inquireafter问候④inquireinto„.调查⑤不能用inquiresb.insist:①vt.坚持,坚决主张,坚决认为insist+句子(表过去,不用虚拟语气)Heinsistedthathehaddoneright.②vt.坚决要求insist+句子(表现在或将,用虚拟语气)Heinsiststhatthemeet(should)beheldatonce.③insistonsth./(one’s)doingsth.坚持,坚决要求做„„;stickto+名词/代词,坚持意见或看法或理论执意不改,坚守,sticktoone’splan/decision/opinion/promise/word/post;instead:adv.代替,顶替,而是,常位于句末,否定上文提到的事物;insteadof代替=+inplaceof;而不是=ratherthan≠inplaceof,接名词、代词、动名词、介词短语以及和前面相同的并列结构；inplaceof代替，接代词、名词。Ioftenplayfootball,andIwillgoswimmingtodayinstead=Iwillgoswimminginsteadofplayingfootball.Whoishereinplaceof/insteadoftheheadmaster?Wemustkeepinmindthatweplayfortheteaminsteadof/ratherthanourselves.Wewentthereonfootinsteadof/ratherthanbybus.Whathedidincreasedinsteadofdecreasedourcourage.inaure:①vt.给„„保险Heinsuredhishouseagainstfire.②Vt.给„„提供保证使某人得到„„insuresb.sth.③vi.投保④insursnce保险,保险业intend:①打算,想要intendtodosth.=intenddoingsth.=meantodosth.打算做„„;intendsb.todosth.打算要某人做„„=intendthat+句子②intend„for„打算使„„为„„,为„„准备/设计=prepare/design„for„;intend„as„打算把„„作为„„=intend„tobe„Thefamouswriterintendedthebookforchildren.Theyintendedthebuildingas/tobeaguesthouse.③意思是,意指=meanwhatdoyouintend/meanbythatremark?④intentionn.意图,打算,目的interest:①n.兴趣，关心，趣味，利息（不可数）；感兴趣的事，爱好（可数）；利益，股份（常用复数，interests=good=benefit)。intheinterest(s)of„为了„„的利益;loseinterest不再感兴趣;take/have/feel(an)interestin„=beinterestedin„对„感兴趣;withinterest有兴趣地;have/take/feelnointerestin„对„不感兴趣;aplaceofinterest名胜。②Vt.使„发生兴趣,引起„的注意/关心interestsb.(pleasesb.=satisfysb使某人满意;surprisesb等结构的用法相似),③interested/interesting=intertainingadj.的区别和inspired/inspiring;moved/moving;satisfied/satisfying;pleased/pleasing;encouraged/encouraging;excited/exciting;tired/tiring;surprised/surprising;astonished/astonishing;shocked/shocking;等-ed用来描述其本身,-ing则作用在其他人.HerexcitedvoiceshowedthatshepassedtheCollegeEntranceExamination.Herexcitingvoicemadeusexcited.interview:①n./vt.接见,会见,采访,面试giveaninterviewtosb.接见某人;haveaninterviewwithsb.会见/采访某人;coversth.采访某事。②Interviewer接见者；interviewee被接见者，被采访者introduce:①vt.introducesb.to„介绍某人给„„;introducesth.(into)„。引进„(入)„;②introduction:n.anintroductiontoourproducts对我们产品的介绍。Weshouldintroducesomeskilledworkersintoourfactory.invite:①vt.邀请，招待invitesb.todosth/to+地方Heinvitedmetotakepartinhisbirthdayparty.②invitationnattheinvitationofsb.应某人的邀请；acceptaninvitationto„接受到„的邀请。Jjob:工作，零活job.Labor,taskwork:都有“工作”之意。Job是可数名词指具体的职业；labor作名词时，多指体罚劳动，是不楞数名词；task是可数名词，指规定或要求做的工作和任务，不能指正式职业；work是个含义极的常用词，当它用作“工作”之意时，是不可数名词，泛指一切工作，包括脑力和体力劳动。Iheardyouchangedjobs.Wearegoingtoworkateight.我们将在八点钟工作。Theyearntheirlivingbymanuallabor.他们靠从事体力劳动谋生。Itisadifficulttask.这是一件困难的工作。join:①join:vt.参加（团体或组织）jointheLeague/Party/thearmy②joinin„参加（活动）Willyoujoininthefootballgame?③joinsb.insth./doingsth.加入„..做„Willyoujoinusinthefootballgame?④join„to„把„连接起来=connect„with„⑤joinup联合起来,连接起来journey:c.n.旅行,旅程journey主要指陆地长途旅行,含有一直往某处而不返回‘之意’travel指长途旅行,尤指海外旅行;trip指来往的短途旅行。judge:①c.n.法官，裁判员②v.判决，裁判，下判断，断定judgesb.tobe„断定某人是„;judgefrom/by„从„判断;judgingfrom/by„与generallyspeaking用法一样,作插入语,与句子主语无方谓关系.judgingfromhisexpression,heissuretohavegotintotrouble.just:①adj.正义的,公正的,正直的bejusttosb.对某人公正。（名词：justice)②adv.正好，恰当；而veryadj.正好；rightadj/adv.HeisjustthepersonIamlookingfor.=heistheveryperson„③仅仅，只是位置不同，强调内容不一样。Heisonlyachild.他仅仅是个孩子。Onlyheisachild.只有他是个孩子。④刚才，用于完成时；Justnow刚才（用于一秀过去时），此刻（用于进行时）。⑤justas正像，正当„时;justasitis恰好如此;notjust/only„but(also)„不仅„而且„;justthesame完全一样。Kkeep:①vt.保存，保持；继续不断keepdoingsth.连续做；keepondoingsth.继续（做某事），反复做某事）；keepdoingsth.=goondoingsth.而keepondoingsth.则表示“反复”做，因此不宜说keeponsitting(standing.lying.);keepsb.fromdoingsth.=stop/preventsb.(from)doing„阻止某人做，被动中都不能省from.Keeptrackof跟踪，保持联系=keepintouchwith„;losetrackof与„„失去联系②使„处于„状态keep+宾语+宾补(现在分词、过去分词、形容词、介词化的副词、介词短语)Healwayskeepsthelightonwhenhesleeps.③饲养，培养keepachild/pigs④linkv.keepsilent/cool/well/healthy⑤keeper饲养员，看守人⑥keepaway(from)„站开，保持一定距离；keepback阻止，隐瞒，扣留；keepoff不接近；keepout(of)使在外；keepto坚持，保持；keepup使不低落，维持；keepupwith跟上。kill:①v.杀死；弄死（因意外事故丧生时，多用bekilled)Hewaskilledintheaccident.他在事故中丧生。kill,shoot和murder:都有“杀”之意，kill是“杀、杀死”，它笼统地表示杀的事实：murder是谋杀，通常是秘密地进行；shoot表示用箭或枪射杀。Thetigerwaskilledbythehunter.Thetigerwasshotbythehunter.Kennedywasmurderedshortlyafterhetookoffice.肯尼迪上作不久就被暗杀了。②消磨killtime.kind:①c.n.种类akindof一种，allkindsof=allsortsof=avarietyof=varietiesof各种各样的。ofakind/anage/„=ofthesamekind/age/„同一„。kind,sort和type:kind:比较笼统、模糊，是指属于同种类的东西，且有极相似之特质；而sort指大体相似的东西，常可通用；type:比较落后具体、肯定，指“型类；型”等。Whatkindoftreeisthis?这是哪一种树？Whatsortofbookdoyouwant?你要一本什么样的书？Wehaveboughtsomenewtypesofaeroplanes.我们买了几种新型飞机。②adj.和善的，友好的bekindtosb.对某人友善itwaskindofsb.todosth..（不用for)（名词：kindness;反义词：unkind；副词：kindly)knock:v.&n.敲，击，打；相撞，碰撞Iheardaknockat(on)thedoor.knockabout到处流浪；knockdown击倒，击落；knockoff把„.敲落，中断（工作）；knockat敲（门、窗等）(=knockon);knockintosb.撞在某人身上；knock„outof„把„从„.打落出来;knockover把„打翻。Asayoungmanhesufferedalotfrompoverty.Heusedtoknockaboutinthemarket,tryingtofindjobforafewcoins.know:①v.知道，懂得，认识；了解know,understand和see:都有“知道，了解”之意。know着重“认识”某人、某事物；understand着重“理解、获释”；see着重“了解，明白”。Doyouknowhim?你认识他吗？DoyouunderstandEnglish?你懂英语吗？Doyouseethedifferencebetweenthetwowords?你看得观这两个词有什么不同吗？②knowof/about„了解，指间接了解一些情况，听说过；而know指认识，熟悉。③know和say,report,hope,think,suppose,believe,prove,suggestrequire,expect等可用于“Itis+p.p.+that„”句型中=“„bep.p.todo/bedoing/havedone”结构。ItisknowntousallthattheGreatwallisoneofthewondersintheworld.knowledge:①u.n.知识，学问，知晓。Knowledge多指系统的、积累的知识；learning是通过钻研而得到的高深学问，有“研究”之意。Theboyhasagoodknowledgeofgeography.这孩子的地理知识很丰富。ShehasagoodknowledgeofNewYork.好对纽约很熟悉。②有些不数名词如果指具体的某个事物或前有形容词修饰时，通常要加不定冠词。(success,failure,knowledge,experience,surprise,help,business,shock,pleasure,rain,snow,coffee,tea,breakfast等)Jumpingoutof_____airplaneattenthousandfeetisquite____excitingexperience.A./,theB./,anC.an,anD.the,the(C)Llack:①lack:vt.lacksth.=beshortof=belackingin.缺少Inthosedayswelackedthemoneytogoonholiday.②Belackinginsth.（宾语主要是intelligence,responsibility,courage,enthusiasm等表品质、特点等的词。一般不用money,time,food等词）③n.alackofsth.缺少„„;for/though/bylackof„因„缺„;havenolackof„不缺„;Japansuffersfromalackofnaturalresources.=Japanlacksnaturalresources.late:adj.&adv.迟,晚belatefor=comelateto迟到;atthelatest最迟;earlyandlate从早到晚;soonerorlater迟早;later,lateron和lately:later作副词,“后来,以后”,没有比较级,常用以前或现在的时间、事情这基准，用于过去或一般将来时，相当于afterwards,也可用在一般的具体时间之后：lateron用作副词，表示“后来、以后”，只可独立使用，此时可与later互换；lately(=recently=oflate)最近、不久前，多用于否定句和疑问句中(recently则用于肯定句)，常与现在完成时连用。WhenIsawhimlater,heesplainedhisattitude.当我后来见到他时他解释了他的态度。Youwilltellmeaboutitlateron,myfriend.朋友，此事你以后再跟我谈吧。Haveyouseenhimlately?最近你见到过他吗laugh:vi.&n.笑，发笑；嘲笑Wehadagoodlaughover(about)it.我们为此捧腹大笑。Laughat嘲笑laughsmile是出声的笑。laughat和laughover:laughat含有贬意，有“嘲笑、讥笑”之意；laughover是“对„感到好笑而发笑,其后一般接表示事物的名词,over可与about换用;laughat后面接表示人的名词或代词和表示事物的名词.Theyalllaughedovertheletter.看了信,大家都不得笑了起来.Theyalllaughedattheidea.他们都嘲笑这个想法/lay:①(laid,laid,laying)vt.放,搁,下(蛋),产卵)Thehensdon’tlay(eggs)inwinter.lay,put和place:都有:放置”之意。lay指“平放”；put指移动某物，将其放于某处；place常驻机构指将事物安放在适当位置。laysb.off解雇某人。Helaidthetablefordinner.他摆好了桌子，准备进餐。Didyouputmilkinmycoffee?②lie:(lay,lain,lying)vi.平躺；存在；位于；vt.lied,lied,lying说谎；n.谎话lietosb.对某人说谎；tellsbalie(lies)说谎；takesth.lyingdown=liedownundersth.甘受侮辱，俯首屈服；liein位于，在于=belocatedin=besituatedin.thetroubleliesinthepower.故障的原因在电源。注意：lie(lay,lain)躺，位于，不及物动词，无被动；lie(lied,lied)说谎，及物动词；lay(laid,laid)放置，及物动词。Theboy___ontheground___thathen___teneggsatatime.(C)A.lying,lied,liedB.laying,lied,layC.lying,lied,laidD.lying,lay,laid③相类似词：hang---hanged---hanged吊死；hang---hung---hung吊着；wound---wounded---wounded受伤；wind---wound---wound上条，蜿蜒前进；find---found---found找到，发现；found---founded---founded建立。lead:①n.铅，钢笔心，带领②v.带领，领路，过„生活(=live),leadahappylife.③leadto通向,导致(=cause/bringabout/resultin);leadtodoingsth.导致做„;leadsbto+名词引导某人..,把某人引到„;leadsb.tobelieve(that)„使某人相信„(假事为正确的事);leadsb.bythenose牵着某人的鼻子走,完全控制某人。Whatledyoutotheconclusion?AllroadsleadstoRome.4leadern.领导，指挥者；leading=mostimportant/chiefadj.最重要的，主要的；leadingquestion诱导性的问题；leadingarticle（报纸的）社论。learn:学习，获悉，得知。learnsth.from„向某人学习„,从„中学习;learnof/about„了解到,听说;learn/knowsth.byheart=keepsth.inmind记住;learnone’slesson吸取教训.learnedadj.有学问的,博学的,学术性的;learnern.学习者;learning学问,知识。study:n./v.学习，研究，仔细观察，书房。learn=study学习，但study含“研究”之意。least:最小的，最少的(little---less---least);最小，最少。at(the)least至少，无论如何；leastofall最不，尤其；notintheleast=notatall/absolutelynot绝对不，一点也不。Shemaybeslowbutatleastshe’sreliable.LeastofallwouldIlietoyou.我最犯不上对你撒谎了。leave:①v.离开，剩下，留下；遗忘；使„处于某种状态。leaveschool毕业，退学；leavesth/sb„把„留在„;leavesth.tosb.=leavesbsth.把„托付给某人,把„遗赠给某人;leavesth.+adj./p.p/doing使„处于„;leavesth+地方把„忘在„;leave/letsb./sthalone/be别管„,不打扰„;leavebehind留下,忘带;leaveout省去漏掉;leave„for„离开„去„;Ileftmypeninthelibrary.EinsteinleftEuropeforUSA.②leave,leavefor和leaveoff:leave是“离开、动身”之意；leavefor是“离开某地到„„去”;leaveoff=stop是“停止、不继续”。TheyleftforTokyolastmonth.IthasbeenthreeyearssinceIleftoffdancing.我不跳舞已有三年了。③remainvi.剩下，遗留，保留；而leave是及物动词。(remain还可作联系动词)Theladysaidshewouldbuyagiftforherdaughterwiththe___.(D)A.20dollarsremainedB.20dollarstoremainC.remained20dollarsD.remaining20dollarslift:①v.&n.举起（常指举起重物），抬起，（指云，雾等）消失，消散。②n.电梯，搭便车takethelift乘电梯givesb.a.lift用车顺便拉某人。③lift,raise和rise:都有“举起，升起”之意，lift是指用体力或机械把某物从地面举到一定高度；raise强调抬高动作的姿势；是“升起”，“站起来”之意，是不及物动词，表示主语从低到高的变化过程；一般情况下lift和raise可通用。light:lightup点燃；点亮；照亮；使面有喜色；容光焕发likely:adj.可能的，主语是人或物；而possible可能的主语是物；probable:很可能，主语是物，不能直接用在not等否定词后；aslikelyasnot=nlst/verylikely=(very)probably很可能；notlikely决不可能；Itislikely/possible/probablethat+句子=sb.islikelytodosth.某人有可能做„。Aslikelyasnotshehasforgottenallaboutit.Me?Jointhearmy?Notlikely!我？参军？没门！Itisverylikely/probablethatshe’llringmetonight.=Sheisverylikelytoringmetonight.=Thereisapossibilitythatshe’llringmetonight.link:vt.连接；联系belinkedto/with和„„有关系=havesth.todowith„=beconnectedto/with„;linkupwith与„„有联系,携手合作。Mypresentworklinksupwithmypreviousresearch.long:①adj.（指时间、距离）长的，漫长的，foralongtime=forlong=forages=foryears.②Adv.长期（久）地as/solongas达多久，只要；longbefore（从过去算起）很久以前；longago（从现在算起）很久以前；nolonger=not„anylonger不再（表动作或时间不再延续）；nomore=not„anymore不再（表数量或程度不再增减）。③Vi.渴望lingtodosth.渴望做„;longfor„=havealongingforsth.渴望„。I’mlongingtoseeher.我渴望见到她。n.长时间beforelong(=soon)不久，很快；takelong花很多时间。look:①lookasif„看起来好像„„;lookabout/around/round环顾;lookafter照顾;lookat„看一看;lookbackupon/to„回顾;lookdown向下看;lookdownupon„轻视;lookfor寻找;lookforwardto„盼望;lookinto..向„„里面看,调查;looklike„看起来像„„;lookon/upon„as„把„„当成;lookout当心,向外看;lookoutfor„当心„..;lookover(仔细检查=examine);lookthough„仔细检查,浏览,识破;lookup向上看,查找(单词),拜访(=visit);lookuptosb.=respect尊敬;look„upanddown上下打量。②link.Helooks(tobe)strong.Helooksaboutthirty.③n.看，脸色，神态，面容。Ican’treadhislook.注意：Lookfor:寻找；huntfor:追逐；searchfor:搜寻loyal:adj.忠诚的，忠心的：beloyaltosb./sth„对„„忠诚;loyalty:n.忠诚(行为),showloyaltytosb.Mmajority:①themajorityof„=mostof„大多数,当复数看,表特指;而amarjorityof+可复:在多数,当复数,泛指。而themajority则当单复数均可。而在makethemostof„“充分利用„„”,这是mostof前才用the.ThemajorityofthestudentsinourclasslikeEnglish.Themajoritywere/wasagainsttheplan.②beinthemajority占大多数。make:①制造，建造，写作，制定makepaper/aroad/asentence/rules/aplan/aprice.makeanoise吵闹；makefaces做鬼脸，做哭脸；bemadefrom由„„制成(原料与制成品质地改变时用bemadefrom,反之用bemadeof„);bemadein在„„制造;bemadeinto„制成„„;bemadeupof由„„组成;makeuseof=takeadvantageof„=makethemostof„利用„。Themachineismadeupof560parts.这台机器由560个零件组成。②make+n=名词相应的动词。Makeadecision,作出决定；Makeananswer回答；makegreatprogress取得进步；makeapromise发誓。③成为，使成为Hewillmakeagoodteacher.④使，迫使Makeyourselfathome.请不要客气。make/havesb.dosth.=getsb.todosth.使某人做„„,主动省to时,但被动要加to。Everyonemustbemadetounderstandthatprotectingenvironmentisveryimportant.⑤整理，准备makethebeds铺床；makeafire生火；maketea泡茶。⑥为„做,为„提供。Makesb.,asuit.给„制衣服;makeroomfor..给„腾地方⑦引起,产生,获得,挣得。maketrouble捣乱；makesense讲得通；makenodifference没有差别；make/earnmoney赚钱；makea/one’sliving;makefriends/enemieswithsb;⑧makeone’swayto„往„„走去;makefunof„取笑;makemuchof„重视,充分利用(=makethebestof„=makeuseof„=takeadvantageof„);makethemostof„尽量利用,极其重视;makeup(for„)弥补,虚构,组成,化装;⑨make+宾语+宾语补足语(名词、代词、形容词、介词短语、过去分词、省to不定式)。Makeitclear(tosb.)+that+句子；向某人表明„。ChinesegovernmenthasmadeitcleartotheworldthatTaiwaiispartofChina.man:n./v.男人，人类，操作，给„配备人员。manage:①管理，经营，安排，操作，运用manageaschool/atool/ahorse.②设法，处理，常与can/could/beableto连用。Ishallbeabletomanagewothouthelp.③managetodosth.=succeedindoingsth.设法做...(成功);trytodosth.尽力做...,并不一定做成。Hemanagedtosolvetheproblem.（问题已解决）Hetriedtosolvetheproblem（尽力解决问题）④managementn.管理，处理，经营，操作；manager经理。manner:“方式，方法”，只用单数形式，常与in连用，表复数用ways;manner作“礼貌”讲时，只用复数形式。meansn.(pl.)方法，手段bythismeans=inthisway/inthismannerItis___tosayhellotoyourfriendswhenyoumeetwiththemonthestreet.A.goodmannerB.goodmannersC.goodwaysD.agoodmanner(B)many:①adj.许多，多的pron.许多人（或物）agood/greatmany+可复=alargenumberof+可复=alotof+可复或不可数=lotsof=plentyof+可复或不可数=alargequantityof+可复或不可数=amassof+可复或不可数=massesof+查复或不可数名词=alargeamountof+不可数=largeamountsof+不可数=alargeaumof+不可数=much+不可数=agreat/gooddellof+不可数（见原稿34页,后面不知怎么样打）Agreatmanyofthemboughtagoodmanyofthiskindofsheepagoodmanyyearsago.②much=agreat/gooddealof+不可数名词。marry:①vi.结婚hemarriedlateinlife.②vt.娶，嫁给，和...结婚,把...嫁出去。marry.娶某人，嫁给某人；marrysb.to...把某人嫁给......Hemarriedaprettygirlashiswife.Hemarriedhisdaughtertoamanwithalotofmoney.③getmarried(tosb.)(和...)结婚,终止性④bemarried(tosb.)(和...)结婚,延续性⑤marrying:想结婚的;married:已结婚的Myfatherandmother_____fortwentyyears.(C)A.wasmarriedB.havemarriedC.havebeenmarriedD.havegotmarriedmean:①vt.意思是....;意味着,打算。有......意图。meantodo...“打算做”，不能接否定的不定式；meandoing...意味做...。mean常与by连用。----Youaresolucky.---Whatdoyoumean/intend___that?(=Whatdoesthatwordmean?)A.forB.inC.ofD.by(D)②n.(pl.)方法，手段bythismeans=inthisway/inthismanner通过这种方式。a(two)means（两）种方法，meansworks,species,Chinese,Japanese一样，单复数相同，作主语要根据意义一致原则。memory:n.记忆，储存器。haveagoodmemory.Inmemoryof=inhonorof...为了纪念...。memorizevt.mercy:怜悯。Havemercyon...对...表示怜悯。Atthemercyof...任由...摆布/控制。mind:①u.n.想法，思想，心情，makeupone’smind下决心，做决定（后接不定式）。nevermind没关系；不必顾虑（不用于Thankyou答语）；keep/bear...inmind记住。“I’msorrytohavetroubledyou.”“Nevermind.”②Vt.注意，当心；介意。Do/Wouldyoumindone’sdoing...?=Do/wouldyoumindif+句子？wouldyouldmindif+一般过去时。）表示不介意用：“No,notatall/pleasedo/goahead/certainlynot.”表示介意用：“I’msorry,butIdo/I’dratheryoudidn’t/you’dbetternot.”---Wouldyoumindmyclosingthewindow?---No,goahead.③但Would(Do)youminddoing...?不同，表示“应允”，常用No,Iwouldn’t(don’t);Notatall;Certainlynot等，表示介意用：Sorry,but....。---Wouldyoumindclosingthewindow?---Notatall.(不能用：No,goahead.)mistake:①c.n.错误makeamistake犯错误②vt.弄错peopleoftenmistakemeformysister人们经常把我错当作我的妹妹。(mistaken错误的，弄错的)bymistake由于疏忽所致；Itookherumbrellabymistake.我错拿了她的伞。moreorless:表程度(=somewhat;almost),“或多或少”，“在一定程度上”；表数量(=about),常位于数词后，“大约”。Ourlivingconditionhasmoreorlessimproved.Thetripwilltaketendaysmoreorless.much:adj.许多，大量的adv非常（修饰动词）；更（加强比较级）n.。大量，许多工作very,much和verymuch:much修饰形容词或副词的比较级；very修饰形容词或副词的原级；much修饰过去分词，very修饰现在分词；当一些过去分词变成了形容词，多用very修饰；much或verymuch可以修饰动词，但very不能。must:musthavedone对过去发生的事的肯定推测；can’t(couldn’t)havedone对过去发生的事的否定推测；needn’thavedone过去不必做但已做......;oughtto(should)havedone过去应该做而未做......;oughtn’tto(shouldn’t)havedone过去不做某事,但做了;might(may)havedone过去可能做某事(可能性很小);couldhavedone过去可能做某事但未做;wouldhavedone愿意做某事但不能做。Nname:①c.n.名字，姓名。名称inthenameof...以...名义.②vt.命名,名叫;指定,任命nameafter...根据...命名。HewasnamedTom.他名叫汤姆。Theyoungmanwasnamedmayou.这年轻人被任命为市长。Familyname姓given(thefirst)name名字。③name和title:都有“名称、名字”之意。Name是常用词，主要用于人、动物或地方，在口语中，也可用于书名、剧名等；title表示发行的书籍、歌曲、画、报纸杂志或其它艺术品等的名称、标题。Whatisthenameofthefilmtobeshownthisevening?今天晚上上映的是什么电影？Thetitleofthepaintingis“AWinterEvening.”这幅画的标题是“冬天的晚上”。need:①n.Thereisnoneedtodo...=It’snotnecessarytodo...’inneedof需要Iamingreatneedofhelp/②Vt.&aux.v.需要，必要(need用作动词，后跟不定式或动名词，如：Heneedstocome（不定式表主动）。Thehouseneedsrepairing.（动名词表被动）=Thehouseneedstoberepaired;need作为情态动词，主要用于否定句、疑问句。didn’tneedtodo...不必做...(未做);needn’thavedone不必做...(已做)③Need,require和want:都有”需要”之意。Need指需要“缺乏或急需”的东西，常驻机构指客观需要；require指客观上必需的“缺此不可”的需要，也指依仗权势要求的所需要的东西；want是个常驻机构用词，多指主观上需要，作“想要”讲时，后面常接名词、不定式或动名词。noise:n.声音；响声；噪音sound是普通帮字，noise多指吵杂的声音，voice指“说话声、噪音。”makeanoise吵闹。none:指人或物，代替文中提到的特定的数量；用howmany(much)提问的句子，用none回答。Nothing:泛指没东西；用what提问的句子，用nothing回答。Noone(nobody):用who提问的句子，可用noone(nobody)来回答。Itriedtofondsomemoney,buttherewas___left.(C)A.nooneB.nothingC.noneD.anynumber:c.n.数，数字；数量；号码（略作No.)No1MiddleSchool第一中学alarge/greatnumberof+可复=numbersof+可复”许多”,当复数;thenumberof+可复“...的数量”,当单数;ingreatnumbers大量地;innumber在数量级上,总共Anumberofstudentswereabsent.许多学生缺席。Thenumberof(the)studentsinourschoolhasincreased.我校学生的数量级增加了。Oobject:①物体，对象，目的，客体，宾语culturalobjects文物，anobjectofstudy研究对象，attainone’sobject达到目的。②反对，反感(objectto...)Iobjecttoleavinghimalone.③objectionn.反对objectiveadj.客观的。observe:observe+n.;observe+n.+doing/do观察某人做.....(doing表正在发生;do表动作的全过程;observe+thatclauseoccupy:占领(=takeup),占有(=takepossessionof...)occur:vi.出现;存在;发生;想到TheaccidentoccurredonSunday.这事故的隐患发生于星期天。Agoodideaoccurredtome.我忽然想起了一个好办法。Itoccurredtomethatihadphonedyou.我忽然想起我给你析过电话。(见happen)of:of+value(use,help,importance,etc);of+size(form,color,height,character,etc)=adj.;(tobe)ofgreatvalue=be+adj;isofhighquality.inhonourof为了纪念/尊敬inmemoryof为了纪念inpraiseof为了歌颂/赞美inneedof需要=inwantof...;insearchof寻找。off:离，距。bebadlyoff=beverypoor;bewelloff=liveagoodlife.TheUKisoffthenorthwestcoastofFrance.once:一旦，一.......就......=assoonas...,引导时间状语从句,但once含重要任件意味。Onceyouunderstandtheway,younwillfinditeasytoworkoutthemathproblem.oneself:beoneself身体健康；cometooneself苏醒过来；devoteoneselfto致力于，献身于；dressoneself穿衣；enjoyoneself=haveagoodtime;过得快乐；helponeselfto随便吃/用/拿；makeoneselfathome不要拘束；makeoneself+p.p(understood/heark/known...)让别人......自己;saytooneself心里想;seatoneself座下;talktooneself自言自语;thinktooneself自个儿想;teachoneself自学;washoneself洗澡;beoneself(身体或精神)正常;suitoneself请随便;besideoneself失常;byoneself发疯;foroneself单独地;ofoneself为自己;ofoneself自动地;tooneself独自享用open:v.开;打开adj.开着的;开放的;开口的。Sheopenedthedoor.她开了门。Thedoorwillnotopen.这门怎么打不开。Open作不及物动词时，其主动形式表示被动意义。如：thedoordoesn’topenwell.这扇门不好开。“开灯”不说Openthelight,应说turnonthelight.“开着的”通常用“系表”结构beopen表示。beopened是被动语态。说“开得大大的”常用副词wide修饰open,不用副词widely.Openyourmouthwide.Anopeningspeech开幕词。intheopenair在露天。beopento对...开放。operate:操作，运转，开动，经营(=manage)operateacar/factory/acomputer;operateonsb给某人动手术。.opinion:inone’sopinion/view=intheopinionofsb.=personally=It’smyopinionthat...=Ithink..依我之见.....,我认为......;.personally,weshouldreadEnglishforatleasttwentyminuteseveryday.oral:adj.oralEnglish=spokenEnglish英语口语orally:adv.Let’spracticethedialogueorally.order:vt&n.命令n.顺序;秩序;目的,意向;定货,定货单Heorderedmetodoit.=HeorderedthatI(should)doit.Playanorderforsth.withsb.向某人定购某物;inorder按顺序,整齐,有条理;inorderthat=sothat以便;为了,但sothat这可引导结果状语从句。Heworkedhardsothathecouldsucceed.inorderto为了；Heworkedhardinordertosucceed.可用soasto替换，但soasto不放句首）other:①one...theother一个...另一个;some...theothers...一些...另一些...②数词+ther+名词threeotherboys=anotherthreeboys③比较级+thananyother+可单Heistallerthananyotherstudent.④everyother...每隔...everyotherday=verysecondday=everytwodays.⑤otherthan...除...之外.(常驻机构用于否定句后,than后接动词原形)otherwise:=ifnot/orelse否则,不然out:breakout爆发;comeout出来,出版;carryout开展,执行;crossout划掉;checkout查明,结帐;knockoutof...从...中敲出来;getoutof摆脱;lookout当心;leaveout省略;pickout选出;pointout指出;putout扑灭;show...out领出;setout出发,着手;sendout发出;dieout消失,灭亡;runoutof用完;workout算出;解决,有效;helpout帮助某人解决困难;handlout分发;holdout伸出;giveout分发;goout出去,熄灭;go/beallouttodosth/forsth.全力以赴做...;tryout尝试。owe:vt.欠（债等）ownsth.tosb.=ownsb.sth.欠某人......,应当给予......把.....归功于......。Iowehim$100.=Iowe$100tohim.Ppanic:v.（使）惊慌Incaseoffire,don’tpanic.Thethunderpanickedthehorse.响雷使马惊慌。n.惊慌；恐慌be/getinapanic陷入恐慌；cause(a)panic引起恐慌；inpanic惊慌地。pass:①v.经过；超过；传递（用具等），及格passsth.tosb.=passsb.sth.②pass,passby和passthrough都有“经过”之意。pass和passby有时可通用；passby还指从人或物的面前经过；而passthrough有“穿过”之意。Hewavedashepassedusinhiscar.他开车经过时向人们挥挥手。Haveyouseenanypersonspassbyhere?你看到有任何人从这儿经过吗？Wemustpassthroughtheforestbeforeseveno’cloock.past:inthepast:在过去，用一般过去时；inthepast+数词+时间：用现在完成时。path:c.n.道路；路程；（只容人通行的）小径。path,street,way和road:都有“道路”之意。poad常指城市间的大路或乡村大路；street主要指街道；way一般指去某地的走法，又可泛指从人或物的面前经过；而path一般指未经开凿的“小路”。patient:①c.n.病人②adj.有耐心的bepatientwithsb对...有耐心;bepatientof...能容忍...③patiencen.耐心,反义词:impatient,impatienceI’lllookintothematterassoonaspossible.Justhavealittlepatience.pay:①pay:付钱帐或债paythebill/account/debtpaysb.给某人报酬.②pay...forsth.花钱买......payup:vi.付清全部欠款.③payfor付......的钱/赔偿......payforthemeal/goods/services④payoff付清...;payback偿还......=repay,报答;persuade:vt.劝说;说服persuadesbtodosth说服某人做...;而trytopersuadesb.todosth.则表示对方不一定接受;Advisesbtodosth.劝说某人做...;Theyfinallypersuadedthepeasanttosendhisdaughtertoschool.pick:v.掘;摘;挑选;扒窃pickapocket掏腰包;pickflowers摘花;pickout选出,拣出(=choose);pickup拾起,搭载(从新)学会,接收,使恢复精神.I’llcometopickyouupwhenyoufinishyourwork.place:①c.n.地方,地点,位置②vt.放置,placeanorderfor...订购......;③inplace在适当的位置,在原处;outofplace在不适当的位置,不合适的;inplaceof...代替;takeplace发生,不用被动;takeone’splace坐某人的座位,就座,代替某人;takethepalceof代替,接替。(类似：inplaceof代替inneedof,insupportof支持，infavorof赞成，inhonorof纪念，inmemoryof纪念；inpraiseof赞美)WhowilltaketheplaceofMr.Li?play:v.玩耍；打、踢（球），和...比赛;扮演;戏剧;表演;玩耍(play用于球类或纸牌,麻将等,不用于滑雪、滑冰等)Don’tplaywithfire.别玩火。please:①v.取悦，使人高兴；使人满意；请Theresultpleasedme.结果使人高兴。②pleased:adj.满意的，高兴的bepleased/satisfiedwith对...满意。Pleased与pleasing:pleased是过去分词变成的形容词，表示被动意义，如apleasedlook满意的表情。pleasing是现在分词变来的形容词，表示主动意义“令人满意的”，如apleasinglook.令人愉快的表情。③pleasure:n.愉快；高兴withpleasure高兴地，乐意地（乐意帮助）；It’sapleasure.=Mypleasure不用谢（用于回答对方表示感谢的用语）point:v.指，指向c.n.点；小数点；标点；要点；尖端pointout指出；pointto指着...(远);pointat...指着...(近,无礼)Theteacherpointedoutmymistakes.=Hepointedoutthatitwasimportanttolearnthewordsbyheart.popular:adj.大众的;流行的;受欢迎有bepopularwithsb.受某人喜欢/欢迎Heispopularwithgirls.他在女孩子中间吃得开/很受女孩青睐.possession:takepossessionofsth.拥有.....=occupy;sb.beinpossessionofsth某人拥有......;sth.beinthepossessionofsb.由某人所有.(类似:in(the)chargeof,takechargeof...)practice:①n.(BE;AEasaverb)练习;实践;惯例.putsth.intopractice实施...;把...投入实践./putsthtouse投入使用;②practise:vt.(BE)=practice(AE)practisedoingsth.练习做......praise:inpraiseof赞美;praisesb.forsth.因...而赞扬/表扬某人;praisesb.as...表扬某人地...;singhighpraisefor高度赞扬。bepraisedas/for...因（是）...受到表扬。pray:祈祷，恳求prayfor:为......祷告,praysb.forsth.为某事恳求某人,praysb.todosth.恳求某人做......predict:vt.预言,预报。predict+n;predict+从句；predictionn.预言，预报；predictableadj.可预言的，可预想的。prefer:vt.preferred---preferred:prefersth./prefersth.tosth.=like...morethan...喜欢...胜过...,宁愿...不愿.../preferdoing...todoing...=prefertodo...ratherthando...=wouldratherdo...thando...宁愿做...不愿做.../prefersbtodo...=wouldlikesbtodo.../preferdoing...(ortodo)但prefer前有should/would时,只能用would/shouldprefertodo...prepare:①v.准备，预备preparelessons(lunch,meals)准备...(具体内容);preparefortheexam(trip,avisit)为...做准备;bewellpreparedforsth./todosth...为...做好了充分准备;preparesb.for...使某人做好了...思想准备;preparetodosth.②作出,制定,调制prepareamealyoumustbepreparedfortheworst.你必须做最坏的打算。（名词：preparation)present:vt.赠送，呈献，提交，交出。presentadj.在场的，出席的，放在所修饰的词后时；放在所修饰的词前时，意为“目前的，现在的”。atthepresentmoment在此刻，在这个时候。Theprizewaspresentedtothewinner.Allthegirlspresentturnedtohim.pretect:pretect...from...保护......免于......≈pretect...agaist...(sth/beingdone)防止...遭受......(较大的事件用against,而较小的事情用from.pretend:v.假装pretendtodo.../tobedoing.../tohavedone...假装要做..../正在做.../已做...Hepretendedtobeapoet=Hepretendedthathewasapoet.pride:①u.n.骄傲;自满;自豪Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄必败.Take(a)pridein=beproudof以...自豪②c.n.引以自豪的人或物。TheGreatWallistheprideofChinese.③proudadj.自豪的。profit:①vt.对......有益Thetrialdidnotprofithim.②(gain)profitfrom/by...从......中得益profitfromourexperience③利润(常用Profits)promise:①n.诺言madeapromise答应,许诺言Hemadeapromisethathewouldcome.他答应他来。②v.答应，允诺；预示Hepromisemetocome=Hepromisedmethathewouldcome.他答应我他要来(tocome是宾语，不是宾补)③（有）指望Ipromisemyselfsuccess.Heavysnowspromiseagoodharvestnextyear.prove:①link-vprove+adj.证明是......Whathesaidprovedright.②lind-vprovetobe+adj.证明是......③vt.provesthtosb.向向证明/证实.....,provetosb.+句子Heprovedtouswhathediddidn’tcausethefire.Whathesaidhasbeenproved./Whathesaidhasprovedright.④vt.prove+句子/名词/代词,证明/证实......Canyouprovethetrueofwhatyousaid?]⑤proofproofs:证据provide:①providesb.withsth.(注意:providesupply,afford,offer的区别)②providesthforsb.向某人提供某物③provideforsb.Myfatherprovidesforourfamily.pull:pullin:(车)停下,进站,(船)到岸;pulloff:脱衣、帽等；pullon:（匆匆）穿、戴；pullout:拔出，抽出，（车、船等）驶出；pullup:（使）停下，拔起。purpose:①onpurpose故意地onpurposetodosth.有意做...②with/forthepurposeof...目的在于...put:①vt.放,摆Heputthebookonthedesk.②putaway放好;把...收起来;储蓄;putdown放下,记下,镇压;puton穿(衣服);戴上(帽子等);上演(戏剧等),增加(体重);putup挂起,张贴;举起,建造,搭起;(为某个提供)住宿;putupwith=stand=bear容忍;putout扑灭,生产出;putoff=delay=postpone延期,推迟.It’swisetohavesomemoneyputawayforoldage.Youneedn’tgobacktoLondontonight.Wecanputyouupforthenight.Qquestion:①n.发问,询问,问题,疑问asksb.aquestion=askaquestionofsb.②vt.询问,审问,怀疑questionsb.on/about...询问某人......,questionsb.on...考某人......,询问某人......,Hisfatheroftenquestionshimonmathsproblems.③outofquestion=withoutquestion毫无疑问,outoftheq1uestion不可能,办不到,putaquestiontosb.向某人提问,Thereisnoquestion(but)that...,Tthereisnoquestionabout/of.....是毫无疑问的.quite:①adv.很,十分(可修饰动词,形容词或副词)quiteagree(understand,likesth.)完全...;quiteright(wrong)完全...;quiteafew相当多,颇有几个(修饰可数名词复数);quiteanicepen(a放quite之后)。②very,quite:修饰形容词和副词时，可换quite/veryright,quite/veryclearly;quite可直接修饰动词，而very不能，IquitelikeEnglish;修饰名词时，冠词紧跟quite后。Heisquiteagoodsinger.Very直接修饰名词时，是强调用法。ButDrLivelywasgoingtotalkonthatverysubjecttoday.Rrain:vi.下雨n.雨水（1）.Rain通常作不可数名词,但如果rain前在形容词,这时可以用不定冠词。Rain还可用于复数形式表示“大阵雨”或“雨季”。如：Therewasaheavyrainlastnight.Therainshavestartedearlythisyear.（2）.说“在(小)雨应是“aheavy(light)rain”.(不可数,但可说:aheavyrain大雨therains雨季)Wehadmuch～lastmonth.Becaughtintherainrainy)range:vi.在一定范围内变动,变化Thechildren’sagesrangefrom5to15/between5and15.rate:费用,速度,价格。atarapidrate/speed高速地；attherateof...以...速度/价格/费用。atthis/thatrate=inthis/thatcase;atanyrate:无论如何。rather:adv.宁可，宁愿；相当Iwouldrathergoonfootthantakeabus.Ratherthanrefusetohelpher,iwouldborrowmoneyfromtheband.Ihave～alo9tofworktodo.Ratherthan宁可，宁愿；倒不如说；是...而不...(1).当主句有动词不定式时,ratherthan后面可跟动名词、带to或不带to的不定式。如：Weoughttocheckup,ratherthanjustaccept(toaccept,accepting)whathesays.(2).Wouldrather后面跟不带to的动词不定式，意为“宁愿”。如：Wouldyouratherstayhereorgohome?reach:v./n.到达，伸手够withinsb’sreach/withinthereachofsb在某人够呛的着的范围之内；outofsb’sreach/outofthereachofsb.在某人够呛的着的范围内之外，某人够呛不着。read:①read:vt.读，阅读②readof/about...读到，阅后得知I’vereadoftheirachievementsinmagazine.③read...forsb.为...读Ican’t___hislookonhisface.A.readB.seeC.understandD.recognize(A)reason:①reasonn.原因,侧重指某种看法或行为的理由,常与for连用,thereasonfor...”......的原因”,for...reason由于......原因,withreason有充分的理由,byreasonof...由于,因为=becauseof等,byreasonthat+句子因为,由于.....=because+句子(无that);而cause表“起因”,侧重揸某个事实或现象的原因,常与of连用。Youshouldgiveusthereasonforchangingyourplan.Accordingtotherecentresearch.Heavycoffeedrinkingacdheartattackisnotnecessaryily___andeffect.A.reasonB.impactC.factD.cause(D)②Thereasonisthat+句子原因是......;Thereasonwhyhewaslateis_____hestayeduplastnihgt.A.becauseB.thatC.whyD.when(B)③Thereasonwhy/that/which+定语从句+主句“......的原因是......”先行词在从句中作主语或宾语用that或which.作状语用why;Isthisthereason____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?(A)A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplainedThat’s(thereason)why...那是......的原因;That’sbecause...那是因为......;④reasonv.评理,推理,推论reasonwithsb.for/against...和......评理支持/反对...;Hereasonedthat...他推想.推断道......Ireasonedtheyhadattackedthecity.5argue:争辩,争论,侧重于说理、论证；quarrel:争辩（吵吵闹闹），争吵；arguewithsbaboutsth.同某人争辩......,argueagainststh.辩论反对......recommend:vt.推荐;介绍;劝告;建议。recommendsb.todosth.相当于advisesb.todosth.“建议某人去做某事，劝某人做某事”。recommenddoingsth.“建议做某事”。Recommend后这可接that从句，从句中谓语动词用should+v.形式，should可省略。recover:v.恢复～one’shealth(hearing,sight,strength)./Herecoveredfromillness.reduce:vt.缩减；减少～speed(pressure,costs...)/Costswillbedby90%,费用将减少90%.refer:①refer...to...引某人去查阅/参考/问询......OurEnglishteacheroftenrefersustoourdictionary.Shereferredmetothatdoctor.②referto提到,涉及;参考.查阅Don’trefertothatmateragain.Whenyoumeetwithsomenewwords,donotalwaysrefertoyourdictionary.③referto...as...把......称为......TheAmericanIndiansreferredtosaltas“magicwhitesand”.regards:n.问候giveone’sregards/lovetosb.=sendone’sbestwishestosb.=rememberonetosb.代某人向......问好.Pleasegivemyregardstoyourparentswhenyougohomethisweekend.regard:vtregardsb.as...=thinkofsb.as...=havesb.as...=considersb.(as/tobe)...=treatsb.as...把......当成......regardlessof不理会,不顾=despite/inspiteof.regret:u.n.&v.遗憾;抱歉;悔恨,懊悔I～saying(havingsaid)that.I～tosay(totellyou)thatIcan’thelpyou.Regret后接动名词时,表示对已发生的事情感到遗憾,有时也表示经常驻机构性动作;接动词不定式时是对将要做的事感到遗憾,如果把用不定式的完成时则表示对已做的事情后悔。relate:vi.&virelate+to+n.和......有关;relateAtoB把A和B联系起来;berelatedto=beconnectedwith...与.....有关。remain:vi.保持；仍是；剩下。Remain是不及物动词，不能带宾语，也不用于被动语态，并具有系动词的功能，后接名词，形容词及分词等。它着重指在别人已离开或事情有变动以后，仍然继续“保留”或“保持”原来状态；而stay:指停留，逗留。remain/stay/keepopen/closed仍然开/关着；remain/stayaproblem仍是个问题；remain/staythesame保持不变；remaintodosth.仍然要......(表将来);remaintobedone.还有待......(表将来);Remaindoing....表进行;remaindone...已经....,表完成.Fewhousesremained/wereleftaftertheearthquake.HeissaidtobestudyinginNo.7MiddleSchool,butwetherhecangotoakeyuniversityremains____.A.toseeB.seenC.tobeseenD.seeingremember:①vt.记得,想起。remembertodosth.表示记住去做，未做，remember的动作先发生；rememberdoingsth.指？记得做过某事“，doing的动作先发生。②remember...for.因为......而记住;remember...as...作为......而记住.。③remembersb.to..代某人向......问好。Pleaseremembermetoyourparents.remind:①remindsb.todosth./+句子提醒某人......;remindsb.ofsth./doing...向某人提醒...,使某人想起......;remindsb.+句子:提醒某人......②remind:指某人或某事使人联想起另外的人或物,宾语是人;remember:表示感谢还记得、记住了过去发生的事情，指事物自然在记忆中出现，不包含努力或意志；recall:指有意识地回忆、回想，强调其动作包含有意识的努力或意志，与remember相近。remove:移动=takeaway,脱掉=takeoff,去掉=getridofreport:v.&c.n.报告，汇报；报道Theboyedtheaccidenttothepolice.Reporttosb.向某人汇报。Itisreportedthat...据说...itisreportedthat...结构可转换为单句。例如：Itisreportedthathehaddied.=Heisreportedtohavedied.Report接动名词作宾语，不接不定式作宾语。例如：Hereportsseeingit.Hereportstoseeit.误AlltheleadingnewspaperreportedthetradetalksbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates.request:①request+句子(should+动词原形，should可省)②requeststhforom/ofsb.向某人要求......③requestsb.todo...要求某人做......④makearequestfor...请求......⑤atone’srequest=attherequestofsb.应某人的要求,鉴于某人的要求require:n.&vt.require/need/wantdoingrequiresb.todosth./require(that)sb.(should)dosth.要求某人做某事请求。requiresth.fromsb.=requiresb.ofsth.向某人要求...。Thewallrequires/needs/wantsrepairing.Sherequiredmetoleave.=she～edthatI(should)leave.reapect:respectsb.=haverespectforsb.尊敬某人respond:vi.回答；答覆；反应；inresponseto回答......;回应。Hededn’trespondtomyquestion.Responsen.make/gavenoresponseto对...不作回答/反映Hercriesforhelpmetwithnoresponse.她的叫喊没有得到回应。I’vehadnoresponsetomyletter.我还没有回信。Wasthereanyresponsetotheadvertisement?对那则广告没有任何反应吗？Heopenedthedoorinresponsetoaknock.result:n./vi.asareault=asaconsequence结果......,因此.....;asa/theresultof......由于......的原因=becauseof=thanksto=owingto=dueto;resultfrom...因......引起;resultin=cause=leadto=bringabout导致......Hiscarelessnessresultedinhisfailureintheentranceexamination.=Hisfailureintheexaminationresultedfromhiscarelessness.Rosewaswildwithjoy____theresultoftheexamination.(A.toB.atC.byD.as)return:回来=comeback;归还returnsthtosb.=givesthbacktosb;inreturnfor...作为对...的汇报。right:adv.正好;恰当adj.右的;对的,正确的n.右边;权利。allright好吧，行吧；（病）好了。Allright=OK;That’sallright.没关系；That’sright.对，正确；Ontheright在右边；rightaway立刻；rightnow立刻，马上。rise:vi.&n.上升，升高，增长；站起；起床。raise:提高，提出(=putforward=comeupwith...)resk:冒险，拿...冒险。Riskone’slifetodosth.冒生命危险做...。Riskdoing....冒险做...。Ssame:thesame...as...同......一样,as是关系代词,引导定语从句,在从句中作主、表、宾，表同类物或同一物；thesame...that.....和......一样的,表同一物。如果从句谓语省略，只用as。Thisisthesamebookaswassenttothepoorchild.Ihavethesamescoreashe.satisfy:使满意=pleasebesatisfiedwith=bepleased/contentwith对...满意;besatisfiedof/+句子“相信......”Iamsatisfiedofthetruthfulnessofhisstatement.满足,使满足=meetWeshouldproducemuchtosatisfythepeople’sneed.scene:戏剧中的一场,(事件或事故的)发生地,布景,场景,Onthescene:在现场;view:常指从某一个固定的位置见到的景象;sight:视力,风景(值得观赏的名胜),in/outofsight;scenery:自然景色,风景。sea:atsea=ataloss不知所措；ataloss这有“亏本地”之意；bysea=bysl???=bywater;intheaea;ontheseasearch:v.&n.搜查，探索；搜寻，寻找；search是“搜索、搜查”，宾语是“地方”或“人身”，searchthehouse(her,hispockets)for...;searchfor是“寻找”，宾语是“寻找的物（或人）lookfor.Insearchof...=inone’ssearchof/for...seek:v.搜寻，寻找，寻求，追求，试图注意其过去式，过去分词为sought,常驻机构与介词for连用，也可直接接宾语或接不定式。(todosth)Theysoughtshelterfromtherain.Hefornditworthlesstoseekfame.Wemustseek(for)asolutiontotheproblem.Hesoughttodeceivehisparentsbutinvain.seem:linkverb.看来，似乎是其后可接形容词，名词，介词短语，不定式，that从句或asif从句等。Seemtodo/tobedoing/tohavedone.Heseemtohaveknownthebadnews.Itseemsasifheisdrunk.(heisprobablydrunk)Itsemsasifhewas/weredrunk.(infact,heisn’t)send:sendmyregardstoyourparents=pivemybestwishestoyourparents=say“Hi”toyourparentsfromme代人向你父母问好。sense:asenseofhearing/direction,inasense在某种意义上；liseone’ssenses失去理智/知觉，makesense讲得通，有意义，makesenseof弄清......的意义;bringapersontohissense使......醒过;cometoone’ssense醒过来;talksense说的有道理;separate:adj.分离的;单独的,独立的vt.使分离,使分离开;separate是将统一的,结合起来的东西分开,与from连用;divide是将整体分成几个部分,与into连用。（副词：separately)separate...from...使...和...分离开Afenceatthebackofthegarde～susfromtheneighbour.serve:①vt.为.....服务/尽力Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.②serveas/for...作.......用theboxservesas/fprachair.③servaeas=workas=actas担当,充当.service.n.set:①放置,安排setthetablefordinner;②点燃,放(火)setfiretosth.=setsth.onfire③使下决心setone’smind=makeupone’smind,setone’shopeonsth/doing渴望......,setone’shearton...一心为......,setoneselftodosth.决心做......④使处于某种状态setmyhouseinorder,setsb/sb.doing...使...(突然)做......Whathesaidsetmethinking.他的话引起了我的深思。⑤使某人做......setsbtodosth.⑥树立(榜样),创造(记录)setsb.anezample=setanexampletosb=giveagoodexampleto.给某人树立榜样;setanewrecord⑦设置(背景)besetin...为背景,⑧(日、用等)下落，下沉=godown⑨着手，从事settosth./doing...=setaboutsth./doing开始（做）......;setfooton...踏上;setfootin...进入。⑩（一）套，（一）副，（一）批，设备asetoffurniture,TVset⑾setsaide:留出，把......置于一旁setasideallobjections;setforth陈述,提出,拨出(钟表);setoff动身,出发,使爆炸,点缀,衬托setoffforBeijing,setoffabomb,setsb.offlaughing,Thegreenleavessetofftheredflowers.绿叶衬托红花;Setort出发,开始,陈列,陈述,setouttodo...=setabout/todoing...,setoutone’sidea表明观点;settosth/doingsth.开始认真做...,setup搭起,升起,开办,提出setupnaetnt/atheory/ashop/aflagshade:阴凉出,树阴intheshade;shadow影子shoot:vt.射击;射中;射死;投掷vi.射击。shootabear射杀熊shootatabear表示瞄准熊射击，不一定射中。还可说shootagun,但不能说shootatagun.short:adj.短的；矮的；缺乏的；缩写的。Beshortof...缺少...;beshortfor...是...的缩写形式;inshort=inaword简言之。He’sshortofmoney.TVisshortfortelevision.TV是television的缩写。show:vt.给......看;出示;显示;表明;显出n.展览;展览会showsb.sth=showsth.tosb./Yourworksthatyouarecareless.Onshow展览Anewtypeofmachineisonshow.(主语只能是被展出的东西)show:showsbsth=showsthtosb.把......给某人看showsb.in/into.../out带某人进来/进入....../出动showsb.aroundsw.带某人参观......showoff...炫耀......,side:①旁边,侧边,方面,某一方,山坡onbothsidesoftheriver,twosidestoaquestion,bothsidesinthebattle,onthesideofthehill,fromallsides=fromeveryside从各个方面,onallsides在各方面,到处,ontheside作为兼职,另外,sidebyside肩并肩地,一起.Wemuststudythequestionfromallsides.Thereweremountainsonallsidestenyearsago.Itookanightjobontheside.②takesideswithsb.=takethesideofsb.同意某人,支持某人,袒护某人;takesidesinsth.支持......,站在......一边;standbyone’sside站在某人旁边,道义上支持......,Weshouldtakesidesinpeace,notwar.sight:视力,眼界,视域,情景,奇观,风景haveagood/poor/long/shortsight,loseone’ssigh,catch/get/havesightof看见,发现;at(the)sightof...=onseeing...=assoonas...一看见...;in/putofsight被看见/在扑救见的地方;bein/outofsightof...(不)能看见...;comeinto/gooutofone’ssight进入/走出某人的视野。since:prep.&cinj.Adv.从.....以来;自.....。since引导的从句的动词是过去式，主句是完成时，但Itis...since...=Ithasbeen...since...是个例外，since后的谓语动词是终止性的，表示“自从......有多久了”;如果since后的谓语是延续性动词,表示“自从不......有多久了”Ithasbeenthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.他参军已经三年了。IthasbeenthreeyearssincehelivedinBeijing.他离开北京已经三年了。smell:①vt.闻，闻到Dogssmellfoodbeforetheyeatit.②linkvt.闻起来......Weson’tcareahuntingdogsmellsbadly,vutwereallydon’twantittosmellbad.③smellof有.....的气味Hesmellsoftobacco.So:①adv.这样,那样Doitso;②so...that...如此.....以致于.....,注意与such...that....的区别,它们共有五大结构。so+adj./adv+that+句子，这种结构so+adj/adv.位于句首时要倒装；so+adj.+a/an+可单+that+句子；so+many/much/little/few（多多少少）+名词+that+句子；such+a/an+adj.+可单+that+句子；such+adj.+可复/不可数+that+句子；另外，such...that..与.such...as...不同，前者引导结果状语从句；后者引导定语多句。So____thatnofishcanliveinit.A.shallowisthelakeB.shallowthelakeisC.isthelakeshallowThisissuchaheavybox____Ican’tmoveit.Thisissuchaheavybox___Ican’tmove.A.thatB.as③sodoI/Idoso/soitiswith.../itisthesamewith...的区别。SodoI:“我也如此”表示感谢同一情况也适宜于另一人，前面是肯定句，do是助动词，还可用情态动词和be,have,has等，但时态要和前面一致；若前面句子是否定句，则用Neither/nordoI;若前面句子有肯有否或有be又有行为动词，则用soitiswithsb.=Itisthesamewithsb.soIdo:“我确实是这样”。描述同一人。---YouseemtolikeChinesetea.---_____.Heisagoodteacherandloveshisstudents._____.Hedoesn’toftengotoChengdu._____.A.SoIdoB.SoIdoC.SoitiswithmeD.NeitherdoI④so还可用在hope,think,beafraid,call,guess,speak,tel,believe,espect,suppose,imagine,fear,hear,etc后，来代替前面的词、短语、句子；如果把要代替省略的从句则用not;代替省略的不定式，则用to。(但think的否定常用Idon’tthinkso.)---Willshecometoseeyou?---Ihopeso./Ihopenot.---WillyouliveinChengdu?---Ihopeto.---Theboysarenotdoingagoodjobatall,arethey?---______.(D)A.IguessnotsoB.Idon’tguessC.Idon’tguesssoD.Iguessnot⑤conj.因此，所以=andtherefore+句子=thus+doingadv.如此，这样；sothat+句子以便......,为了.....。IspentmuchtimeinlearningEnglish,____greatprogressinit.(D)A.somakeB.andthereforemadeC.thereforeimadeD.thusmaking⑥pron这样，如此Ithink/hope/expect/saysosoastodo...=inordertodo...为了......,但soastodo...不位于句首;so...astodo...如此......以致于.....solongas...=aslongas...只要.....Youaresokindastolendmemuchmoney.⑦sofarfrom非但不,远远不;soso一般;sotosay/speak(插入语)可以这么说,打个比喻说;so/asfaras远到.....,就......而论,据.....所知;Sotosay,hespenttoolittletimeonEnglish.Sofarfromrelaxing,weredoubledourefforts.Sofarasiknow,itispossiblethattheUSAwillattacklraq.spare:①adj.备用的,额外的,空闲的inyourspare/freetime②vt.吝惜,节约,省掉。sparenoefforts/troubleonsth./doingsth.在做事方面不遗余力/不怕麻烦③（为某人）提供（时间，钱等）；拨出。I’mtoobusytosparethetimeforaholidaynow.④不伤害，饶恕，宽恕某人speak:①speakhighly/wellof高度评价，speakfluentEnglish说一口流利的英语。2speak:说语言，speaktosb.=talkto/withsb.而talk:交谈，talkaboutsth/sb.谈论...;say:说,强调具体内容;tell:告诉。tellsb.sth.=tellsthtosb.specially:专门地，指“为某一特别目的而做的”；especially尤其，指程度上进一步，常用字在介词短语或从句前，通常可和particularly互换。spend:花费。spendtime/moneyindoingsth.(in可省略)；spendtime/moneyonsthIt’salwaysdifficultbeinginaforeigncountry,_____ifyoudon’tspeakthelanguage.A.extremelyB.naturalyC.basicallyD.especially(D)Stand:忍受，容忍，位于。standfor:代表，象征；standaside:站开，袖手旁观；standaway:不接近，离开；standback:靠后站，退后；standby:站在一边，袖手旁观；standagainst:抵抗，靠在......上。standout：突出，出色；引人注目。outstanding=brillisnt:杰出的。stair:凝视，盯着看，stairat=fixone’seyeson/upon...盯着......。glareat:怒目而视；withone’seye’sfixedon...stay:stayup挺住，熬夜。store:n.商店vt.储藏，存储。storagen.贮藏；储存。instore贮藏着；准备着；就要来到=ontheway.Have/hold/keepsth.instore贮藏/准备着某物。succeed:①vt.接替，接......之后Avictorysucceededanother.②succeedinsth./doingsth.在......方面成功succeededindoingsth.=managetodo历在sth.=dosth.successfully=besuccessfulindoingsth.成功地做...;trytodosth.尽力做,不一定成功。Hesucceededin(passing)theentranceexamination.③succeedto继承theprincesucceededtothethrone.④success:n.成功，不可数；成功的人/事（可数）。⑤successful.adj.besuccessfulindoing...;successfully.adv.suffer:①vt.遭受，忍受，经历sufferdefeat/painHesufferedonedefeatafteranother,buthedidn’tloseheart.②sufferfrom受痛苦，患病sufferfromcold/hunger/thelossofmemoryTheoldmanissuferingfromastomachache.suggest:①suggest（建议）+句子（谓语用should+动词原形，should可省）②suggest（暗示）+句子（谓语动词随时态而定，不用虚拟）③suggest(one’s,sb)doingsth.建议某人做......①Itis/wassuggestedtheat+句子;Mysuggestionisthat+句子;Thesuggestionthat+句子这些从句都用虚拟,即(should)+动词原形。②suggestdoingsth.建议做...,不能用suggest/demand/hopesbtodosth.Ourenglishteacher____usbuyingagoodEnglish-Chinesedictionary.A.askedB.orderedC.suggestedD.required(C)suppose:①suppose+句子“认为......”,要用否定转移,Idon’tsuppose...省略形式用Isupposeso/not.②supposing/suppose+句子“假如......”,引导条件状语从句。③besupposedto应该做......,Hewassupposedtocometothemeeting,buthedidn’t.=Heissupposedtohavecimetothemeeting,buthedidn’t.④suppose...tobe...假定......是......。sure:①besureofdoing...表主语“对......有信心”。②besuretodo...表推测或要求,“一定,务必”。③besure+句子“确信,有把握”。④makesureof.../todo...;makesurethat...“确信，弄清”。⑤sureadv.=surely/certainly/ofcourse当然。⑥sure的主语只能是人，certain的主语是人或物，侧重客观事实。surround:besurroundedwith/by...被......包围/环绕。survive:vt.幸免于...,从......中生还:surviveanaircrash.(不用from);幸存:强度从灾难中幸存下来;而exist:生存,存在。Ttake:takeafter:长相或举止像某人；takesth.back:收回（所说的话）；takesb.backto...=remindsb.of...使某人加想起或追忆......;takein...=fool欺骗,蒙骗,收容(一般指有困难者),putsbup留某人食宿,把...拿进来;takeon:呈现,takeonanewlook雇佣=hire/employ;takeover:接管,接任;takeoff:取下,起飞,带走,成名,休假;taketwodaysoff:请两天假;takeout:拿出;takeaseat:就座,坐下;takepartin=participatein参加;takeanactivepartin:积极参加;takecareof=lookafter=attendto:照料,照顾;takeexercise:做运动;takeone’splade:坐某人的座位,代替某人;taketurnskoing/todosth.轮流做......。Ittakessb.+sometimetodo=sb.takessometimetodo...=sb.spendssometimeindoimg...taste:v/n.tasteof+名词：尝起来有...味道。taste+adj.尝起来怎样。teach:teachoneselfsth.自学=learnsth.byoneself;teachsbalearn给某人上课(=givesbalearn),教训某人一顿。tear:tearintwo/intopieces;teardown...把...撕下来,拆除。tearat...撕扯...;tearup...撕毁,取消(合同等)。tell:①vt.告诉，讲诉tellsbsth=tellsthtosb.把...告诉某人;tellsb.nottodosth.告诉某人不做.....;tellsbaboutsth.告诉某人关于......;tellalie/thetruth.②tell...from...区分,辨别It’sdifficulttotellLucyfrimLily,becausetheyarealike.③tellof/about...讲诉,谈论Thereturnedscholarisgoingtotellofwhathesawandheardabroad.④tellon/upon...对......发生影响,说......的坏话Thehardworkistellingonmyhealth.tend:tendtodosth.易于,倾向于做某事;tendto/toward+n.倾向于某事。term:intermsof就......而言;用......的字眼;从......观点,角度。Intermsofcustomersatisfaction,thepolicycannotbecriticized.there:①therebe的各种时态（特别是：theris/aregoingtobe...,therehas/havebeen...,thereusedtobe...,thereseemstobe...)②therebe的非谓语结构(therebe...todo/done/doing)③therebede独立主格结构：therebeing...,+句子。④there开头的全倒装结构：thercomesthebus./therehecomes.（不用进行时）⑤therebe的习惯结构：therebe+名词(need,possibilith,help,use等)=Itbe+形容词(necessary,possible,helpful,usefuletc.)____isnopossbility.think:①thinkof想起，想出，考虑认为，thinkofawaytodo...想出办法做...;thinkabout...考虑Whatdoyouthinkof...=Howdoyoulike/find...=What’s...like?(主要对性质和特征提问)。②think同believe,guess,suppose,imagine等要用否定转移，联锁疑问句中，doyouthink作插入语。Idon’tthinkyoucanfinishitintime,canyou?Whendoyouthinkhewillcomehere?③Ithinkso/Idon’tthinkso;Iguess/beafraid/hopeso(not)throw:(threw,thrown)v.投，掷，扔。throw...to...把...扔向...;throw...at....把...扔向...(带恶意);throwlightupon/on...:使某事显得很清楚。throwdoubton/upon...怀疑...。time:①n.时间，时候，时刻，时机，时期，时代（复），次数，倍数（可数）②v.测定......的时间,记录......的时间。③aheadoftime提前；allthetime一直；atanytime在任何时候；atatime一次，一度；atnotime在任何时候都不；atonetime曾经；atthattime在那时；atthesametime同时；atthetimeof在......时候;attimes有时;bythetime到...时候;everytime每当......时候,每次;fromtinetotime=attimes=sometimes;innotime立刻,很快;intime及时,总有一天;killtime消磨时间;onceuponatime从前;ontime按时,准时;outoftime不合时宜;timeandtimeagain.一次又一次;Sometime(将来)某个时候;sometime一段时间;sometimes几次,几倍;sometimes有时;every/eachtime/thefirsttime/thelasttime/thenexttime/nexttime/anytime+从句,相当于一个状语从句。相似用法：the+瞬间名词(moment,minute,instant...)表示“一......就......”;theday/week/year/spring/summer/autumn/winter...;immediately/instantly/directly+从句:一......就......。④Itis(high/about)timethat+句子（动词用过去时态）是......的时候了,Itis(high/about)timeforsb.todo...⑤Itisthefirst/secondtimethat+句子(havedone)⑥Thefirsttime+句子(一般过去时),+主句to:①动词短语中作介词有:lookforwardto...盼望;lookupto...尊敬;belongto...属于;referto...指......,参考,提及;objectto....反对;dowrontgto....冤枉;holdonto.....抓住......不放;besuitedto...适应于;pointto...指向;devote...to献身于,致力于;getdownto认真考虑,开始;payattentionto注意;stickto坚持;get/beusedto习惯于;leadto导致。②toone’s名词(joy,surprise,happiness,delight,disappoitment...)使某人......的是。③too...to...太......而不能......,表否定意义(enoughto表肯定意义),但形容词是pleased,ready=willing,eager,anxious,easy等不表否定,而表very(much).I’mtoopleasedtopleasedtohelpher.=I’mverypleasedtohelpher.touch:getin/intotouchwith...与...取得联系(不可与一段时间连用);losetouchwith...与...失去联系(不可与一段时间连用);beintouchwith与...有联系;beoutoftouchwith...与...无联系;keepintouchwith与...保持联系(可与一段时间连用)。trade:doatradein...做......买卖;tradesthwithsb.与某人换取某物;tradeAforB:用A换取B≈changeAforB.transport:n.运输,运送(=transportation)transportsthfromAtoB把...从A地送往B地。trick:playatrickonsb.开某人的玩笑,捉弄某人;makeafoolofsb.愚弄某人;playajokeonsb./aboutsth.拿...开玩笑;laughatsb.嘲笑某人;makefunofab.取笑某人。trouble:troublesbtodosth.putsbtothetroubleofdoingsth.maketroubletroublemakertrue:cometrue（不可用被动）=turnintoreality=berealized实现。realize:vt.实现。trust:①vt.信任，信赖(=relyonsbtobehonest)Nobodytrustthethief.②trustin信奉，对...有信心(=havefaithin)Wealtrustinourfuture.③④⑤⑥turn:①n.旋转,转向,转变,次序It’sone’sturntodosth.轮到某人做......,turnbackto翻到......,taketurnstodosth.轮流做......②vi.转动,朝向,求助,翻转,转而反对turnto转向......,求助于......,致力于.....,翻到......,turnagainst转而反对......,背叛......。Whocanyouturntoforhelpifyouaresoselfish?Nothingcanmakemeturnagainstmymothercountry.③vt.转动，使弯曲，翻转，改变turnakeyinthelock,turnon/offthewater(light,gasandsoon.),turn...into...=change...into...,turn(over)thesoil/record④byturns轮流，inturn轮流，依次，outofturn不依顺序地；makeab.turninone’sgrave使某人在九泉之下也不安宁；theturnoflife更年期；turnaway走开，转过脸去，把......打发走,turndown关小,拒绝=refuse,翻下turndownyourcollargas/radio/one’ssuggestion;turnin上缴;turninto...变成,进入,译成;turnoff/on关/开(水源,煤气,电灯,电源等);turnout结果是,证明是,生产,制造,turnout+adj./tobe.../+that+句子结果是......,turnout+thatclause;turnover打翻,移交,翻身turnoverthelamp/land,turnoverinbed.turnup出现,证明是,到达,突然发生,开大(声音,煤气等)。Iinvitedhimtodinner,buthedidn’tturnupatthattime.Itturnedoutthathisteachingmethodwasbehindtimes.⑤linkv.turn作联系动词时，可接名词或形容词，接名词时不用冠词或复数；而change不作联系动词。Itturnedout(that)twotreavellershadbeenkilledTwoyearslaterhebecameateacher=Twoyearslaterheturnedteacher.Theleavesonthetrees____yellowwhenwintercomesandespeciallyafteraheavysnowtheworld____intoawhiteone.(B)A.change,changesB.turn,changesC.change,turnsD.turn,becomesUuntil:①conj.&prep.直到.....为止(=till,但放句首时,常用until),用于肯定句中,主句谓语为延续性动词。Until作连词时，如方句是将来，从句用一般现在时。I’llwaituntilshecomes.Hewaitedforherfortenyearsuntilshegraduatedfromcollege.②not...until在......之前;直到......才(=not...till),用在否定句中,这时谓语是终止性动词.当until后面的动词的主语与主句的主语相同时,后面可直接用分词短语.Ididn’tmanagetodoituntilyouahdexplainedhow.Iwin’tattendyourbirthdaypartyuntil____.A.beinginvitedB.invitedC.invitingD.Iwillbeinvited(B)③Notuntil...位于句首时,主句用半倒闭。（不用till)NotuntilIbegantoworkdidIrealizehowImissedmypasttimeIhadwastedwhenIshouldhavespentlearningEnglish.④强调句中用：“Itis/wasnotuntil...that...”结构。不能再用倒闭。ItwasnotuntilmyfathercamebackthatIwenttosleeplastnight./NotuntilmyfathercamebackdidIgotosleeplastnight.up:breakup分解，腐蚀；buildup逐渐建立；bringup教育，培养；cleanup打扫，清理；clearup整理，收拾，（天气放晴）；doup扣好；giveup放弃；lookup查寻，拜访；makeup组成，构成；pickup拾起，接收，挑选，从新学；putup举起，张贴；stayup挺住；setup建立；takeup拿起，占据；turnup调高，到场；goup上升；joinup联合起来；holdup阻挡；fixup修理，安顿；keepup保持，继续；roundup赶拢；divideup分配；shupup闭嘴。use:①usedtodo...“过去常常”，与现在形成对照，表明现在不做了，只有过去时态，指过去的习惯或状态。一般疑问句用下面两种形式：Didyouusetodo...?或Usedyoutodo?否定句时可用Usednottodo...,use(d)n’ttodo...,口语中常用didn’tusetodo...②be/become/getusedtosth.(doingsth.)习惯于做......=beaccustomedto...,to是介词,所以后接名词或动名词,可以有多种时态。Youwillsoongetusedtolivinginthecountry.你很快就会习惯乡村生活的。③beusedtodosth.“被用来做......”。usedto和would:都用来谈过去的习惯。Whenwewerechildren,weusedto(would)goskatingeverywinter.但Usedto可以指动作或情况，而would只表示重复的动作。Iusedtohaveanoldbike.这句中不能用Would.④beusedas...被用来作为......;beusedfor...被用来为了......;canbeusedbysb.=becomeavailabletosb.⑤makeuseof...=makethemostof...takeadvatageof利用.Vvalue:u.n.价值；重要性；益处Itisgreatvalue.=It’sveryvaluable.（不可数）value和worth:value指我们所估计一件东西的价值，因此是没有一定的。Worth指东西本身的真正价值，是历久不变的，是可贵的。如：Ithinkitisbutthreehundreddollarsinvalue.Suchathingisworthstudying.You’llfindthismapofgreatvalueinhelpingtogetaroundLondon.very:adv.很，非常adj.恰好的。①very在否定句中的意思是“不很”如：Idon’tlikehimverymuch.②当作“正是；恰好”讲时，very前应加the或this,that及形容词性物主代词修饰名词。如：HeistheverymanI’mlookingfor.③形容词、副词、现在分词和形容词的过去分词常用very来加强语气。如：Iamveryglad.Heworksveryhare.It’sveryintersting.Iamverytired.vote：vi./n.投票，选举，选举权。voteonsth.就---投票表决；votefor/against投票赞成/反对；votetodo投票去做；votethat...投票决定(should+do),should可以省掉。Wwaste:①adj.=useless②n.浪费，废物awasteoftime/money③v.浪费wastetime/moneyonsth.orindoingsth.浪费时间或金钱做......。watch:watchout(for...)=lookout(for...)=becareful(todo)=takecare(todo)当心，小心；keep(a)watchon/over...密切注视......;peekwatch/goorbeonwatch:值勤。way:①feelone’sway摸索着前进；fightone’sway奋勇前进；loseone’sway迷路；makeway开路，让路；makeone’swayto去......(途中),朝......前进；leadtheway带路，领路；forceone’sway挤着向前走；windone’sway曲折前进；onone’swayto...在......途中;ontheway+adv.在去......的途中;inaway在某中程度上;inanyway在任何方面;innoway决不;inthe/one’sway挡路,碍事;inthisway=inthismanner=bythismeans用这种方法;bytheway顺便问一下;bywayof...经由,通过......方式。weigh:vt.称......的重量,vi.称起来多重。weightn.重量；puton/gainweight:增加体重；loseweight:减肥，它们都不用惯词或限定词；overweight：超重。whatever:和whichever,whoever,whomever等可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导让步状语从句，引导让步状语从句时，可以换成：nomatterwhat/which/who/whom的形式。Youmaytakewhateveryouwant.Whoeverberaksourclassruleswillbequnished.(whoever作两个谓语动词的主语，而who和第一个谓语部分一起做第二个谓语的主语。)Whobreaksourclassruleshasn’tbeenknown.when:作并列连词，表“突然”，意为“这时”(=atthattime);作从属连词，“当......时候”,意思为“然而”;作从属连词,“当......时候”,只接延续性动词。IlikeEnglishwhilemybrotherlikesmaths.Iwasabouttoleavewhenthetelephonerang.Whydoyouhelpherwhen/sinceyouhaveknownsheisacheat?Turnofftheswitchwhenanythinggoeswrongwiththemachine.where:where引导的地点状语从句（可以换成in/at/totheplace+where引导的定语从句）。leavethebook(atrhplace)whereitwas.Where引导的名词性从句（可以换成theplace+where引导的定语从句）。Thisis(theplace)wherehewasborn.whether:conj.是否（引导名词性从句和让步状语从句。）Idon’tknowitistrue(ornot).某些Whetheryousucceedorfail,youhavetodoyourbest.If和whether:都有“是否”的意思。if多用在口语中，并且后面不能跟ornot;whether多用在书面语中，且后面可以跟ornot.如：Idon’tknowifyouunderstandit.Idon’tknowwhetheryouunderstanditornot.在介词后要用Whether,不能用if.如：Iamworriedaboutwhethersheishappy.whole:常用在单数名词前或复数名词前在量词时；而all多用在复数或不可数名词前，分割或分开的从或物前只用all,hour和century前用whole,时间名词前二者均可用。Allthestudentsinthewholeclasscalebratedthepartyfortwowholedays.____classeswillattendthemeetingfor____.A.Alltheclasses,awholehourB.Alltheclasses,allthehourC.Thewholeclasses,awholedayD.Thewholecalsses,allthehour(A)wipe:wipeout:擦洗---内部=makesthinsideclean;去除，消灭=destroy,remove,orgetridofsthcompletelywish:①wish+句子（用一般过去时表现在，过去完成时表过去，过去将来时表将来）②wisttodo=hopetodo③wishsb.todosth.但不用hopesb.todosth.Iwishyoutogothere.④wish+双宾语，但hope不能。Iwishyousuccess/agoodhealth/ahappyNewYear.⑤Itiswishedthat+句子，希望......⑥wishsb+adj.Isincerelywishyouhappyforever.⑦wishfor...希望,想要Weallwishforgoodweather.⑧n.希望,愿望meetone’sneedsandwishes.⑨n.祝愿(复)withbestwishes.祝好(信末用语),Send/giveone’sbestwishesto...代......向某人问好.with:的复合结构:①with+名词+介词短语Ilikemooncakeswithmeatkinthem.②with+名词+doing表主谓关系③with+名词+done表被动关系Sheoftensleepswiththewindowsclosed.④with+名词+todo表将来⑤with+名词+形容词⑥with+名词+副词Sheoftensleepseithlightson.Youcanusealargeplasticbottle,____cutoff,asapottogrowyoungplantsin.A.boughtB.havingboughtC.tobeboughtD.tobuy(A)Withmanyproblems____,themanagerfeltworried.A.settledB.tobesettledC.tosettleD.beingsettled(B)witness:n./v.证据,证明,亲眼看见,目睹;表示,表明n.(=eyewitness)目击者;证人;see,find,witness...还可经用物作其主语;witnesstoseeing/havingseen作证说看见...;NationalDayfoundpeoplesinginganddancinghappilyinastreetparade.Scoreswillwitnessyourhardwork.word:liketohaveawordwithsb.=likeawordwithsb.和某人说话;havewordswithsb.同某人吵架;receive/get/haveword得到消息;keep(break)one’sword遵守(违背)诺言;getinaword插话;ina(one)word=inshort总之;inotherwords=thatistosay换句话说;inwords用语言;sayagoodwordforsb.为某人说好话,推荐;withtehwods说完这些话;wordforword逐词;wordcamethat...有消息说...(无冠词)work:①n.工作,职业,不可数名词;job可数名词atwork在工作,在运转,在起作用;inwork在业,有工作;outofwork失业;set/goaboutwork=settowork着手工作②n.著作(常用复数,可用单数)③n.工厂(单数、复数同)；工事（常用复数）④运转，起作用，有效果，行得通Theplanwon’twork.⑤workas充当，从事某职业；workat做......;workon继续工作,给某人做思想工作,演算;workout制定出,设计出,算出,结果.......(=turnout)Wedidn’tplanourartexhibitionlikethatbutitworkedoutverywell.⑥works:工事,著作,工厂worth:beworthdoing=beworthyofbeingdoen=beworthytobedone.wouldrather:宁愿①wouldrather+句子（和wouldassoon,wouldwooner,wouldprefer一样用虚拟语气，即一般过去时表现在或将来；过去完成时表过去）。②wouldrather(not)dosth.表示现在或羔的主观愿望或选择。③wouldrather(not)havedonesth.表示与过去事实相反的愿望。④wouldratherdo...thando...表示现在或将来“宁愿做......而不愿做......。⑤wouldratherhavedone...thanhavedone...表示过去“宁愿做......而不愿做......。有无冠词的区别:attable吃饭;atthetable坐在桌边;byday/night,bytheday按日计算;bysea乘船;bythesea在海边,在海岸,被海水;inblack穿黑色衣服;intheblack赚钱,赢利,反义;inthered赤字;inred穿红色衣服;inthered;incaseof万一,如果;inthecaseof至于,就......而论;inchargeof负责;inthechargeofsb.由某人负责;incourseof在......过程中,形容词短语,作表语较多;inthecourseof在......期间,可位于句首,副词性短语内乱状语较多;infashion流行的,时髦的,形容词性短语;inafshion勉强的,马马虎虎的,副词性短语;infrontof,inthefrontof;infuture全部的将来;inthefuture将来一段时间;inopen公开的,毫不顾及的;intheopen在野外,公然的;inpossessionof拥有;inthepossessionof归......所有;insecret秘密地;inthesecret参与秘密;insightof看见;inthesightof在......看来,经.....看来;instate庄重地;inastate处于......状态(混乱,兴奋,焦虑等);instore储藏;inthestore在具体场所;intrain,inthetrain;inword口头上;inaword总而言之;keephouse,keepthehouse;onboard在船上;ontheboard在木版上;onearth在世界上,人类社会;ontheearth究竟;onfire起火,热情的;onthefire在火上,未解的;outofquestion无疑的,不在话下的;outofthequestion不可能的,办不到的;takeair传播消息;taketheair到户外,开始广播;withchild怀孕;withachild和一个小孩.