高中英语2025届高考语法知识讲解系列（倒装句 动词不定式）

高考英语语法知识讲解一、倒装句（一）完全倒装句1.therebe在这种句型中，there置于句首没有具体的意义，be是谓语动词，be后面是主语，be动词的单复数形式要于后面的主语保持一致。Thereisnotmuchfurnitureintheroom.除了be动词外，还有stand（lie，exist，live，remain，appear，seem，happen，come，enter）等动词也可以用于这种句型。1）herestandsatempleonthetopofthehill.2）Oncetherelivedanoldfishermanonthelonelyisland.3）Thereseems(tobe)somethingwrongwiththeengine.4）Atthefootofthemountainthereliesabeautifullake.2.在以here,there,out,in,away,off,up,down,now,then等副词开头的句子中，当谓语动词是不及物动词时，通常把谓语动词放在主语前面，构成完全倒装。（但是主语是代词时，即使这些副词位于句首，谓语动词也不需要倒装。）1)Herecomesthebus.(Thebusiscoming.)2)Theregoesthebell.(Thebellisringing.3)Assoonasthedooropened,outrushedthestudents.4)Nowisyourturn.5)Upjumpedtheboyswithjoyatthenewsthattheirteamwon.6)Hereweare.7)Awaytheywentinahurry.8)Offhefelltheladder,havinghisleftarmbroken.3.有时为了强调，把表语或状语放在句首，这时当句子的谓语动词是不及物动词时，通常把谓语动词放在主语前面，构成完全倒装。1)Nearthefactoryisaheavilypollutedriver.2)Onthegroundlayanoldgoat,whichhadcomeintothecavetodie.3)Theycametoafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatalittleboy.4)OnthefrontwallhangsamapofChina.（二）部分倒装结构1.一些表示否定意义的副词(never,hardly,seldom,little,neither,nor,nowhere)放在句首时，句子的谓语动词通常要部分倒装，即把助动词放在主语的前面。1）Littledoeshecareabouthisclothes.2）NeverwillIforgetthedaysthatIspentinthecountry.3）HardlycanIunderstandwhathewroteinhisletter.4）SeldomhaveIgonetothecinemathesedays.5）Neithercouldtheorydowithoutpractice,norcouldpracticedowithouttheory.6）Mybrotherdoesn’tlikemaths,andnordoI.7）IhavesearchedalltheplacesIcanthinkofformywatch,butnowherecanIfindit.2.在notonly…but（also）…,hardly…when…（刚……就……），句型中，含有否定词的部分，其谓语动词通常也要部分倒装。1）NotonlyishegoodatEnglish,buthealsoisgoodatmaths.2）Notonlycantreesprovideuswithfreshair,buttheyalsoprovideuswithwood.4 3）HardlyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.4）HardlyhadIreachedtherailwaystationwhenthetrainbegantomove.3.notuntil…放在句首时，谓语动词的倒装有两种不同的情况。Until如果是用作介词，则句子的谓语动词部分倒装。1)NotuntilthendidIunderstandwhathemeant.2)NotuntilyesterdaydidIknowyouwouldcome.Until是连词，则主句的谓语动词要部分倒装1）Notuntilhismothercamebackdidtheboygotobed.2）NotuntilyoumentionedyournamedidIrecognizeyou.4.only放在句首时，谓语动词的倒装也有两种情况。如果only修饰的是副词或介词短语，则句子的谓语动词要部分倒装。1)OnlyinChinacanyoufindpandas.2)OnlythenwillyouunderstandwhyI’msostrictwithyounow.如果only修饰的是一个状语从句，则主句的谓语动词要部分倒装。1)Onlywhenthewarwasoverin1918wasEinstainabletogethappilybacktowork.5.so用于肯定句中，放在句首，表示“……也是这样”的意思时，句子的谓语动词要部分倒装。1)LiMinghasfinishedhisexercise,andsohaveI.2)Jackworksveryhard,andsodoesTom.如果so表示“的确如此”，“确实这样”的意思时，即用来表示同意或肯定某种说法，或用来表示强调，或用来单纯重复上文的意思，则其谓语动词不须倒装。3)---Sheisaverygoodstudent.---Sosheis.HeaskedmetohelphimandsoIdid.6.当表示频率的副词及短语（如often,always,once,nowandthen等），和表示程度的副词(如：so,such,thus等)放在句首时，谓语动词要部分倒装。1)OnceamonthwillIgotoseemygrandparents.2)OftenhaveIseentheoldmanwalkwithhisgrandson.3)Alwaysdidhegetupearlyandwatertheflowersinthegarden.4)Soloudlydidhespeakthateventhepeopleatthebackofthehallcouldhearhimclearly.5)SuchawiseandinspiringleaderwasAlbertLincolnthatalltheAmericanpeoplelovedhimdeeply.6)Nowandthendidhecometoschoollatethoughhehadbeenblamedformanytimes.二、动词不定式（一）不定式结构作主语Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.Toperseveremeansvictory!注①：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置：It’sagreatpleasuretobehere.Itisnotaneasythingtomasteralanguage.注②：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如：Ittookusfivehourstogetthere.Itmadeusveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat.注③：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“for+名词词组”来表示，如：Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itwasdifficultformetodothework.4 注④：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上“of+名词词组”来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如：It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.Itwascarelessofhertomakesuchamistake.（二）不定式结构作表语1.主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Todothatwouldbetocutthefoottofittheshoe.2.主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组，或以what引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.Yourmistakewasnottowritethatletter.Mysuggestionistostartworkatonce.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号“to”，如：Allwehavetodoispushthebutton.TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.AllIcoulddowassendhimatelegram.（三）不定式结构作动词宾语1.“动词+带to的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford,agree,arrange,ask,choose,decide,demand,desire,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,continue,try,start,forget,mean,intend,begin,等，例如：I’vearrangedtomeethimatteno’clock.Ididn’texpecttofindyouhere.2.“动词+疑问词+带to的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,forget,inquire,know,explain,remember,see,understand,wonder等。疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what,where,who(m),when,how,whether,which（why除外），如：Idon’tknowwhattodo/wheretogo/who(m)toask/whentostop/howtogetthere.Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertosellitornot.Wemustfindoutwhattodonext/wheretoputit.注①：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行it，把不定式后置，例如：Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.Wethoughtitwrongnottohelpher.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.注②：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语,只有在个别场合,即在含有否定意义的带有介词except或but(=except)的结构中才能这样用，例如：Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Thechilddidnothingexceptweep.Shecandoanythingbutsing.Hewilldoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoney.Theycoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctorstoarrive.注意不定式符号的省略问题！4 （四）不定式结构作定语1.不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如：It’stimetogotobed.Heisnotamantobowbeforedifficulties.Haveyouanythingtodeclare?Sheusuallyhasalotofmeetingstoattendintheevening.Iwanttogetsomethingtoreadduringthevocation.2.能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如：Idon’twishtoquarrelwithyou.→Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou.Theywillattempttocrosstherivertonight.→Theywillmakeanotherattempttocrosstherivertonight.Shepromisednottodothatagain.→Shemadeapromisenottodothatagain.3.某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如：Hewasobviouslyanxioustogo.→Hisanxietytogowasobvious.4.不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如：Hehasalargefamilytosupport(=thathemustsupport).注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如：Shehasalotofthingstoattendto.Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Let’sfirstfindaroomtoputthethingsin.5.有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上for+名词词组，如：Here’sabookforyoutoread.Hegaveordersforthevisitorstobeshownin.4