初中英语2024届中考语法复习动词知识讲解
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中考英语语法复习动词知识讲解一、动词的种类按其作用可分为行为动词(实义动词)、连系动词、助动词和情态动词1)行为动词(实义动词)行为动词意义完整,能独立用作谓语e.g.Thesunshonebrightlythismorning.2)连系动词连系动词本身有一定的意义,但不完整,不能单独作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。常见的连系动词有be,become,get,look,seem,feel,smell,sound,keep,become,turn,fall等e.g.Sheisagoodswimmer.3)助动词助动词本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语,表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其他语法形式。常见的助动词有be,have(has),do(does),will(would),shall(should)1.助动词的基本形式原形一般式过去式过去分词现在分词beamwasbeenbeingisarewerehavehavehadhadhavinghasdodoesdiddonedoingdoshallshallshouldwillwillwould(表中be,do,have及它们的相应形式已不表示“是”、“做”、“有”之意。)1.助动词的用法①助动词be的用法A.be后面跟现在分词构成各种进行时态e.g.Mymotheriscookinginthechicken.B.be后面跟过去分词构成被动语态e.g.Thisbridgewasbuilttwentyyearsago.C.be后面跟动词不定式表示根据安排要发生的事情e.g.WearetohaveanEnglisheveningnextweek.②助动词have的用法A.have后面跟过去分词构成完成时态e.g.Ihavebeentotheteachers’office.B.have后面跟动词不定式构成谓语,表示因客观环境而不得不做的事情e.g.It’sraininghard.Shehastostayathome.①助动词do的用法A.用来构成疑问句和否定句7
e.g.Idon’tthinkyouareright.我认为你不对。B.用来加强语气,起强调作用,一般解释为“一定要”,“真的”e.g.Docomeandseeme.C.用来代替前面刚提到的动词以避免重复e.g.Iworkharderthanhedoes.②助动词shall/should与will/would的用法A.shall构成一般将来时,should构成过去将来时,用于第一人称,后接动词原形。e.g.WeshallvisittheScienceMuseumnextmonth.HeaskedmeifIshouldtakepartinthesportsmeet.B.will构成一般将来时,would构成过去将来时,用于第二、三人称,后接动词原形e.g.Theweatherreportsaysthattherewillbeheavyraintomorrowafternoon.【注】现代英语有一个明显的发展趋势,就是第一人称用shall表示将来时间已越来越少,大量采用will,它在陈述句中能用于所有人称,即使是第一人称疑问句也用will。e.g.Wewillsetoffsoon.WillIbeabletogoouttomorrow.4)情态动词情态动词本身有词义,表示说话人对某种动作和状态的看法,但不能独立作谓语,和动词原形一起构成谓语,情态动词没有人称和数的变化。1.情态动词的基本形式现在式否定式的缩写过去式否定式的缩写cancan’tcouldcouldn’tmaymightmustmustn’tshallshan’tshouldshouldn’twillwon’twouldwouldn’tneedneedn’t2.几个常用情态动词的用法①情态动词can(could)的用法A.表示智力、体力方面的能力e.g.HecanspeakbothEnglishandFrench.B.在口语中,can常代替may,表示“许可”、“可以”e.g.CanIuseyourcomputer?C.can有时意为可能,表示说话人的“怀疑”、“猜测”或“不肯定”,常用于否定句或疑问句e.g.Canthenewsbetrue?D.could可代表can表示现在时间的动作,但语气较为婉转e.g.Couldyoupleaseringupagainatsix?【注】⒈beableto可以和can(could)表示同样意思e.g.Noonecandoit.=Nooneisabletodoit.⒉表示将来或其他时间的能力和做具体一件事的能力时要用beableto,e.g.Willyoubeabletocometonight?①情态动词may(might)的用法A.表示允许或征求对方的许可,有“可以”的意思e.g.Youmaygonow.7
【注】回答带有may的疑问句时,否定式常用mustnot(mustn’t),表示“不可以”、“禁止”的意思e.g.—MayItakethismagazineoutofthereading-room?—No,youmustn’t.B.表示说话人的猜测,认为某一件事“或许”、“可能”发生e.g.Youmayberight.C.Might也可以代替may,表示现在时间的动作,但语气较为婉转客气或更加不肯定e.g.Itmightrainthisafternoon.②情态动词must和haveto的用法A.表示“必须”,“应当”e.g.Wemustbestrictinourwork.B.must的否定形式mustnotmustn’t,表示“不可以”、“禁止”的意思,语气比较强烈。C.回答must的疑问句时,否定式常用neednot
eedn’t或don’thave,表示“不必”、“用不着”e.g.—Mustwehandinourexercisetoday?—No,youneedn’t.D.表示说话人对事物的推测,比may语气肯定得多,意为“一定”、“准是”e.g.Shemustknowhowtosolvetheproblem.E.haveto表示“不得不”、“必须”的意思,它比must更含有“客观条件时的必须如此做”的意思,并有较多的时态e.g.Shehastodoalotofhouseworkeveryday.③情态动词should的用法A.表示劝告、建议,常译为“应当”e.g.Youshouldlistentothedoctor’sadvice.B.表示预测,常译为“可能”e.g.Theyshouldbeherebynow.④情态动词need的用法A.need作为情态动词,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,表示“需要”、“必须”e.g.Youneedn’tcomeheresoearlytomorrow.B.need可用作实义动词,其否定形式要借助don’t,doesn’t或didn’t;疑问形式要借助do,does或dide.g.Doyouneedanyhelp?⑤情态动词willwould的用法A.用于疑问句,一般用于第二人称,表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问e.g.Willyouhaveanothercupofcoffee?B.表示“意愿”、“决心”等,可用于各种人称e.g.I’lldomybest.C.用would时语气比will委婉e.g.Wouldyoupleasepassmetheruler?⑥情态动词shall的用法在疑问句中,情态动词shall用于第一、三人称,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示e.g.Shallwegooutforawalk?7
二、短语动词的类型1)动词+介词(用作及物动词,后跟宾语),此类短语动词有waitfor,lookfor,lookafter,lookat,lookinto,agreeto,agreewith,hearfrom等e.g.Helookedafterusverywell.2)动词+副词(有的用作及物动词,有的用作不及物动词),此类短语有findout,giveup,handin,hurryup,knockdown,leavebehind,lookout,lookup,puton,slowdown,thinkover,tryon,tryout,wakeup,workout等e.g.Hecalleduptheman.【注】当这类短语动词的宾语是名词时,它可以置于短语动词之后,置于短语动词之中。但若宾语是代词担任时,则其只能置于短语动词之中。e.g.CanItrythemon,please?3)动词+副词+介词此类短语有catchupwith,comeoutof,doawaywith,getdownto,getonwith,keepupwith,lookforwardto,putupwith等e.g.Ican’tputupwiththesenoisypeople.4)动词+名词+介词此类短语有catchholdof,havepityon,makefriendswith,makefunof,makeroomfor,payavisitto,payattentionto,playapartin,takecareof,takeinterestin,takepartin,takeholdof等e.g.Theeldersistertakescareoftheyoungchildren.5)动词+介词+名词此类短语有cometolife,bringtoanend,gotobed,takebysurprise,setonfire,getintouch等e.g.Thecigarettesetthehouseonfire.6)be+形容词+介词此类短语有beafraidof,befondof,beangrywith/at,bestrictwith,begoodat,beworriedabout,beweakin,beinterestedin,beproudof,betiredof,besickof,besurprisedat等e.g.Shewasafraidofsnakes.三、及物动词和不及物动词1)及物动词必须带宾语,表示动作的对象e.g.Ilikemusic.2)不及物动词不能或不需带宾语e.g.Thewindisblowinghard.3)多数动词既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词e.g.IhearyourfatherhasleftBeijingforTokyo.(及物动词)Whendidheleave?(不及物动词)四、动词的基本形式动词有四种基本形式:动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词1)规则动词的过去式和过去分词是在原形动词后面加-ed构成,现在分词是在原形动词后面加-ing构成规则动词加-ed构成过去式和过去分词的情况及其读音详见下表:词形读音在清辅音后读/t/在元音和浊辅音后读/d/在辅音/t//d/后读/id/一般动词加-edasked,helped,finished,played,answered,opened,called,wanted,needed,repeated7
workedentered以e结尾的动词后加-dhoped,likedlived,died,tied,changed以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先将y改为i,再加-edstudied,tried,carried,cried,worried以重度闭音节或r结尾而且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写辅音字母,再加-edstopped,droppedplanned,referred,beggedregretted,permitted,admitted规则动词加-ing构成现在分词的情况详见下表:词 形加-ing例 词一般动词加-ingsee—seeing,ski—skiing以不发音的字母e结尾的动词先去e,再加-ingbecome—becoming,use—using以重度闭音节结尾,末尾又只有一个辅音字母的动词将末尾辅音字母双写,再加-ingbegin—beginning,sit—sitting,plan—planning,stop—stopping以ie结尾的动词将ie变为y,再加-ingdie—dying,lie—lying,tie—tying2)不规则动词则详见不规则动词表不规则动词表不规则动词表现在式过去式过去分词am,iswasbeenarewerebeenbabysitbabysatbabysatbecomebecamebecomebendbentbentbeginbeganbegunbitebitbittenbleedbledbledblowblewblownbreakbrokebrokenbringbroughtbroughtbuildbuiltbuiltburnburnt/burnedburnt/burnedbuyboughtboughtcancould-catchcaughtcaughtchoosechosechosencomecamecomecostcostcostcutcutcut7
digdugdugdo,doesdiddonedrawdrewdrawndrinkdrankdrunkdrivedrovedriveneatateeatenfallfellfallenfeedfedfedfeelfeltfeltfightfoughtfoughtfindfoundfoundflyflewflownforgetforgotforgottenfreezefrozefrozenforgiveforgaveforgivengetgotgotgivegavegivengowentgonegrowgrewgrownhas,havehadhadhearheardheardhidehidhiddenhithithitholdheldheldhurthurthurtkeepkeptkeptknowknewknownlaylaidlaidleapleapt/leapedleapt/leapedlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedleaveleftleftlendlentlentletletletlielaylainlightlit/lightedlit/lightedloselostlostmakemademademaymight-meanmeantmeantmeetmetmetpaypaidpaidputputputreadreadreadretellretoldretoldrideroderidden7
ringrangrungriseroserisenrunranrunsaysaidsaidseesawseenseeksoughtsoughtsellsoldsoldsendsentsentsetsetsetshakeshookshakenshallshould-shineshoneshoneshootshotshotshowshowedshownsingsangsungsitsatsatsleepsleptsleptsmellsmeltsmeltspeakspokespokenspellspeltspeltspendspentspentspreadspreadspreadstandstoodstoodstealstolestolenstickstuckstuckswimswamswumswingswungswungtaketooktakenteachtaughttaughtteartoretorntelltoldtoldthinkthoughtthoughtthrowthrewthrowntreadtrodtrod/troddenunderstandunderstoodunderstoodupsetupsetupsetwakewoke/wakedwoken/wakedwearworewornwillwould-winwonwon7
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