中考英语语法知识归类名词

基础题型篇基础题型一单项选择5§1基础语法（一）名词01命题趋势考标导向化近几年全国各地中考对名词的考查主要是词义辨析及名词所有格，名词变复数的规则也是各地中考的考点之一。随着“淡化语法，注重语言运用和交际”这一理念被广泛认同，预计2022年各地中考对名词辨析的考查将呈上升趋势。02定义概念清晰化名词是指人、地点、事物、行为、品质、抽象概念、感情等的名称的词。名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词表示具体的人、事物、地点或机构的专有名称(如：Beijing，China，Jack)。普通名词表示某类人或某类事物的名称。普通名词又可分为个体名词(表示单个的人或事物，如：astronaut，building等)、集体名词(表示一群人或一些事物的总称，如：family，group等)、物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质，如：water，rice等)和抽象名词(表示抽象概念的词，如：health，education等)。一般地说，个体名词和集体名词是可数的，称为可数名词，有单、复数之分；物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，称为不可数名词，通常只有单数，但在某些具体情况下也可以用复数。03知识归类知识网络化❶可数名词和不可数名词分类图解可数名词不可数名词分单、复数两种形式desk→desksbus→buses没有复数形式teameat前面可用基数词、不定冠词修饰threeboys;anorange不可以被基数词和不定冠词直接修饰，若表示数量可用“单位词+不可数名词”apieceofpaper;twocupsoftea可数名词的复数前可用many,some,any修饰manyteachers;somefriends可用much,some,any修饰muchbread;somemilk特例清单◎有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但意义有所不同。如：work(工作)—awork(著作)glass(玻璃)—aglass(玻璃杯)paper(纸)—apaper(报纸；文件；试卷)tea(茶)—atea(一种茶)(表示种类)wood(木头)—awood(小树林)room(空间)—aroom(房间)chicken(鸡肉)—achicken(小鸡)light(光，光线)—alight(电灯)fish(鱼肉)—fishes(各种各样的鱼)exercise(锻炼，运动)—exercises(习题)life(生活)—lives(生命)orange(橘子汁)—anorange(橘子)time(时间)—times(倍，次数)hand(帮助)—ahand(手)radio(无线电)—aradio(收音机)【题组训练】()1.(2022·襄阳)—Whatareyougoingtodowhenyougrowup?—My_______istobecomeanastronaut.A.hobbyB.dreamC.jobD.advice()2.(2022·凉山)—Whereareyougoing，Sam?—Thereisn’tany______inthefridge.I’llgoandbuysome.A.vegetablesB.beefC.eggsD.money()3.(2022·扬州)—Whatagood_____you’vegivenme!Thanksalot.—Mypleasure.A.informationB.newsC.suggestionD.advice()4.(2022·乌鲁木齐)—Ihavegreat_____inlearningphysicsandIamsoworried.Couldyouhelpme?—Sure，I’dbegladto.A.interestB.funC.questionD.trouble()5.(2022·菏泽)Myteachergavememuch_____onhowtostudyEnglishwellwhenIhadsometrouble.A.adviceB.questionC.suggestionD.problem❷可数名词的复数形式分类图解情况构成方法例词一般情况加-scap→caps;dog→dogs;bike→bikes;driver→drivers以字母s,sh,ch,加-esbus→buses;wish→wishes;watch→watches;box→5\nx等结尾boxes以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i再加-eslady→ladies;century→centuries;family→families;story→stories以f或fe结尾一般变f,fe为v，再加-esleaf→leaves;life→lives;half→halves;knife→knives以o结尾o前为辅音音素时加-es,o前为元音音素时加-s。tomato→tomatoes;hero→heroes;potato→potatoes;radio→radios;zoo→zoos;例外，photo→photos;piano→pianos复合名词将后一个词变为复数tooth-brush→tooth-brushes;film-goer→film-goers两部分都变复数mandoctor→mendoctors;womanteacher→womenteachers特殊名词改变内部元音字母foot→feet;tooth→teeth;man→men;mouse→mice词尾加-renchild→children单复数同形Chinese→Chinese;sheep→sheep;deer→deer特例清单1.“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词须用单数形式。如：five-year-old5岁大的；afive-poundnote一张5英镑的纸币asix-foot-deephole一个6英尺深的洞aten-story-highbuilding一幢10层高的楼房atwo-inch-thickdictionary一本2英寸厚的字典a100-meterrace一场百米赛跑2.以-s结尾的名词，有的作单数使用，有的作复数使用。(1)以-s结尾的学科类名词，一般是不可数名词。如：maths,physics,politics等。(2)表示由两部分构成的物体的名词，其形式上可数，若表达具体数目时，要借助数量词pair来表示，其单复数形式取决于pair的单复数形式。如：apairoftrousers一条裤子。(3)以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸、杂志名词，看作单数名词。如：TheNewYorkTimes(《纽约时报》)；TheArabianNights(《一千零一夜》)(4)以-s结尾表示国家、组织或公司名称的专有名词，通常被看做单数。如：theUnitedStates(美利坚合众国)；theUnitedNations(联合国)(5)以-s结尾表示群岛、山脉、瀑布等自然景观的专有名词，通常被看做复数。如：theHuangguoshuFalls(黄果树瀑布)；theOlympicGames(奥林匹克运动会)(6)复合名词的复数形式分为两种：一是只将主体名词变为复数形式；二是如果是man，woman与其他名词组成的复合名词，那么两个名词都要变为复数形式。如：anappletree→twoappletrees;awomanteacher→somewomenteachers【题组训练】()6.(2022·广安)—Howmany______arethere?—Aboutfifty.A.tomatosB.tomatoesC.tomato()7.(2022·内江)Youcanfindmany_______aboutthefamousfilmstarontheInternet.A.newsB.picturesC.ticketsD.information()8.(2022·永州)—Whose_______arethese?—IthinktheyareJohn’s.A.keyB.keiesC.keys()9.(2022·茂名)Inautumntherearealotof_____ontheground.A.leafB.leafsC.leaves()10.(2022·贺州)—Whatkindofporridgewouldyoulike，Alice?—Iwouldlike.A.eggporridgeB.eggsporridgeC.fishporridgesD.fishesporridge❸不可数名词的计量分类图解类型英语汉译例子个数单位词piece张apieceofadvice;twopiecesofadvicedrop滴adropofink;threedropsofinkpile堆apileofwood;fourpilesofwood容器单位词cup杯acupofcoffee;sevencupsofcoffeeglass(玻璃)杯aglassofmilk;eightglassesofmilkbottle瓶abottleofjuice;ninebottlesofjuiceboxaboxofchalk;tenboxesof5\n盒、箱chalkbag袋abagofflour;elevenbagsofflour度量衡单位词pound磅apoundofmeat;fourteenpoundsofmeatkilo公斤akiloofoil;twokilosofoil特列清单1.不可数名词表示数量时，可用alotof，much，little，alittle，some，no等修饰。如：Iwantsomewater.我想要一些水。2.不可数名词表示一定的数量时，可借助可数名词，用“a+可数名词+of+不可数名词”结构。表示复数意义时，把可数名词变为复数形式。例如：Heneedstwopiecesofpaper.他需要两张纸。【题组训练】()11.(2022·达州)—AfterP.E.，Ioftenfeelverythirsty.—Whynotbuysome_____todrink?A.breadB.noodlesC.applejuiceD.teas()12.(2022·绥化)Johndidn’tfindmuch_____abouttheaccident.A.newsB.answerC.article()13.(2022·广州)YesterdayfordinnerIhadapieceofbeef，vegetablesand_______.A.somericeB.afewriceC.alittlericesD.arice()14.(2022·益阳)Pleasegivemesome____onhowtolearnEnglishwell.A.planB.informationC.advice()15.(2022·黄冈)—Whatwouldyouliketodrink，girls?—_______，please.A.TwoglassofwaterB.TwoglassofwatersC.TwoglassesofwaterD.Twocupsofteas❹名词所有格分类图解类型构成方法例子有生命的名词(人或动物)在词尾加’sTom’sbook;thegirl’sear-ring;thedog’sears;thehero’sname以s,es结尾的复数名词只加’thestudents’desks;theworkers’tools;theteachers’office不以(e)s结尾的复数名词加’smen’sclothes;Children’sDay;Women’sDay;sheep’swool无生命的名词时间、世界、国家、城市等一般在词尾加’sChina’scapital;Chengdu’sindustries;theworld’spopulation;today’snews其他一般用of结构thedooroftheroom;amapoftheworld;thelegsofthetables;awayoflife特列清单1.用and连接两个并列名词的所有格：(1)当and连接的两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加’s。如：Maryandhersister’sbedroom玛丽和她姐姐共有的卧室；LilyandLucy’smother莉莉和露西的妈妈。(2)当and连接的两个并列名词表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词都在词尾加’s表示所有关系。如：Tom’sandMary’sbags汤姆和玛丽他们各自的包。2.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在表示职业的名词或是姓氏后加上’s代表场所。如：atailor’s裁缝铺；abarber’s理发店；adoctor’s诊所；mysister’s我姐姐的家；astationer’s文具店；Chaplin’s卓别林的家。3.所有物+of+’s结构或所有物+of+名词性物主代词=双重所有格。如：afriendofmyfather’s我父亲的一个朋友apenofmine我的一支钢笔【题组训练】()16.(2022·绥化)InChina，wecelebrate_____DayonJune1st，_____DayonSeptember，10th.A.Children’s;Teacher’sB.Children;TeachersC.Children’s;Teachers’()17.(2022·贺州)—Who’sthatgirloverthere?—Julia，sheisastudentof______.A.myfathers’B.myfatherC.myfathersD.myfather’s()18.(2022·曲靖)Knowledgecanhelpopenupthe_____eyestotheoutsideworldandgivethemagoodstartinlife.A.students’B.student’sC.studentsD.student’5\n()19.(2022·广东)Katherinewasexcitedtoreceiveadozenofrosesfromherhusbandon_____Day.A.WomanB.WomenC.Woman’sD.Women’s()20.(2022·长沙)—Istheschoolbagunderthedeskyours?—No，it’smy_______.Heleftittherejustnow.A.brotherB.brother’sC.brothers’04整合集训反馈层级化()1.Thetwomodelplanesonthetableare____.A.thetwins’B.thetwin’sC.twinsD.twin’s()2.It’scommon_______thatkangaroosliveinAustralia.A.informationB.knowledgeC.directionD.instruction()3.Ahuman________candosomethingsbetterthanacomputer,forexample,itcancreateanewidea.A.headB.bodyC.brainD.arm()4.InEngland,if_____isinthemiddleoftheday,theeveningmealiscalledsupper.A.foodB.lunchC.breakfastD.dinner()5.—Canyoutellmewhotheoldwomanoverthereunderthebigtreeis?—Oh,she’s______grandmother.A.TomandMike’sB.Tom’sandMike’sC.Tom’sandMikeD.TomandMike()6.—Excuseme,isthesupermarketfarfromhere?—No,it’sabout_______.A.8minuteswalkB.8minutewalkC.8minutes’walkD.8minute’swalk()7.Look!The________areplayingfootballontheplaygroundnow.A.boy’sstudentB.boystudentC.boysstudentD.boystudents()8.ItiswellknownthatMr.Smithisagoodfriendof_______.A.Tom’suncle’sB.Tom’suncleC.uncle’sofTomD.uncleofTom’s()9.Wehaveno______inthefridge.Let’sgoandbuysomecucumbers,carrotsandcabbages.A.vegetablesB.eggsC.meatD.fruit()10.Therestaurantissopopularhere.Look,therearesomany________here.A.foodB.dishC.peopleD.waiter()11.Allthe______teachersenjoyedthemselvesonMarch8th,becauseitwastheirownholiday.A.manB.menC.womanD.women()12.—IwanttobuythebookTheTransparentCarrotbyMoYan.Doyouknowits__________?—Notreally.Maybe25yuan.A.coverB.sizeC.colorD.price()13.—Canyougetapianoforme,dear?—Butthereisn’tenough______foritinourhouse.A.placeB.floorC.roomD.ground()14.Listen!Agroupof_____aretalkingabouttwo_____.A.Frenchmans;GermanB.Germans;FrenchmansC.Frenchmen;GermansD.German;Frenchmen()15.Hisfatherisnotan_____doctorbuta_____doctor.A.animal’s;children’sB.animal;childrenC.animal’s;childrenD.animal;children’s()16.Ifyouworkhard,you’llgetgood__________.A.gradesB.notesC.lessonsD.answers()17.—Couldyoutellmesomethingabouttheboywhohelpedyoujustnow?—Sorry,Iknownothingabouthim.Weare_________.A.friendsB.neighborsC.classmatesD.strangers()18.—Billisill.Doyouknowwhat’swrongwithhim?—Poorboy.Hisillnessisthe______ofeatingbadfood.A.causeB.resultC.reasonD.end()19.Afterathree-dayheavyrain,thelakerose______.A.twofeetandahalfB.twoandahalffoot5\nC.twoandhalffeetD.twofootandahalf()20.Weneedtocomeupwitha(n)_____andmakeadecisionatonce.A.informationB.adviceC.ideaD.news()21.—CanIhelpyou?—I’dlike_________formytwindaughters.A.twopairofshoesB.twopairsofshoeC.twopairofshoeD.twopairsofshoes()22.DashanwasborninCanada,butBeijinghasbecomehissecond__________.A.homeB.familyC.houseD.country()23.—MayIknowyour_________,MrYang?—Ofcourse.I’m1.85metrestall.A.widthB.weightC.lengthD.height()24.It’sdifficulttohearyour_____becausethe______oftrafficistoohigh.A.voice;noiseB.sound;voiceC.noise;soundD.noise;voice()25.Myfatherenjoysplayingtennis.It’soneofhis________.A.habitB.habitsC.hobbyD.hobbies5参考答案：(一)名词题组训练1—5BBCDA6—10BBCCA11—15CAACC16—20CDADB整合集训1—5ABCDA6—10CDAAC11—15DDCCD16—20ADBAC21—25DADAD5