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初中英语语法大全汇总

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初中英语语法大全汇总(一)一.词类(PartsofSpeech)名词英文名称TheNoun(缩写为n.)表示人或事物的名称例词boy,clock,book等冠词英文名称TheArticle(缩写为art.)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物。例词a(an),the代词英文名称ThePronoun(缩写为pron)用来代替名词、形容词或是数词例词we,that,his,what形容词英文名称TheAdjective(缩写为adj.)用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征例词old,red,fine,good.数词英文名称TheNumeral(缩写为num.)表示数量或是顺序。例词one,thirteenfirst动词英文名称TheVerb(缩写为v.)表示动作或状态。例词sit,go,be(am,is,are)副词英文名称TheAdverb(缩写为adv.)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例词nottoo,here,very介词英文单词ThePreposition(缩写为prep.)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系。例词in,on,of,to,under.连词英文单词TheConjunction(缩写为conj.)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句。例词and,or,but.感叹词英文单词TheInterjection(缩写为interj.)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。例词oh,hello,hi,er.,二.名词(Nouns)1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类。专有名词:表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。LucyChina中国Asia亚洲Beijing北京。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。普通名词:表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如:teacher老师tea茶reform改革普通名词又可进一步分为四类1)个体名称:表示单个的人和事物。house马car汽车room房间apple苹果fun风扇picture照片2)集体名称:表示一群人或一些事物的名称。people人们family家庭army军队government政府group集团3)物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。fire火steel钢air空气water水milk牛奶4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。labour劳动health健康life生活friendship友情patience耐力2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词(CountableNouns)有复数形式,如:anappletwoapplesacarsomecars不可数名词(UncountableNouns)一般没有复数形式.抽象名词,物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。sand沙sugar糖有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。glass玻璃glass玻璃杯paper纸paper报纸,文件名词的功能,名词在句中作主语,宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。Thebagisinthedesk.bag作主语。书包在桌子里边。Iwashedmyclothesyesterday.clothes作宾语。昨天我洗了我的衣服。Thisisagoodbook.book作表语。这是一本好书。Weelectedhimourmonitor.monitor作宾语补助语。我们选他为我们的班长。Maryliveswithherparents.parents作介词宾语.玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。HeisaPartymember.Party作定语.他是一名党员。Theystudyharddayandnight.dayandnight作状语。他们白天黑夜地学习。3.可数名词有单数(theSingularNunmber)和复数(thePluralNumber)两种形式。名词的复数形式(ThePluralFormNouns)的部分规则如下:1)一般情况下,在词尾加-s.例如:bags,maps,pens,desks,workers2)以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es.例如:buseswatchesboxes3)以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s.例如:licencesblousesoranges4)以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es.例如:babiesfamilies,5)名词以-f或-fe结尾的,把-f或-fe变成-ves.bookshelves,wives,knives注:英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有,man-menwoman-womenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-niceox-oxensheep-sheepdear-dearfish-fish英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。scissors剪刀goods货物trousers裤子clothes衣服glasses玻璃杯4.名词的所有格(ThePossessiveCaseofNouns)在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。实际上,主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。Thebirdisinthetree.鸟在树上。bird作主语,是主格。Isawafilmyesterday.昨天我看了一场电影。film作宾语,是宾格。名词的所有格:名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。LuXun'sbookisworthreading.鲁迅的书值得一读。Thisismyfather'sroom.这是我父亲的房间。名词所有格的构成单数名词加's例词:Mike'sfather以s结尾的复数名词加'例词:theteachers'room不以s结尾的复数名词加's例词:men'swomen's三、代词(Pronouns)1.人称代词(PersonalPronouns),第一人称单数主格I(复数We)单数宾格me(复数us)第二人称单数主格you(复数you)单数宾格you(复数you)第三人称单数主格he,she,it(复数they)单数宾格him,her,it(复数them)2.物主代词(PossessivePronouns)形容词性物主代词第一人称单数my(复数our)形容词性物主代词第二人称单数your(复数your)形容词性物主代词第三人称单数his,her,its(复数their)名词性物主代词第一人称单数mine(复述ours)名词性物主代词第二人称单数yours(复数yours)名词性物主代词第三人称单数his,hers,its(复数theirs)四、数词(Numeral)表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。基数词(CardinalNumbers)1one2two3three4four5five6six11eleven12twelve13thirteen20twenty21twenty-one40fouty100onehundred五、动词(Verb)一般现在时(TheSimplePresentTense)一般现在时表示现在的状态如:Heistwelve.Sheisathome.表示经常的或是习惯性的动作.如:Igotoschoolat7:30everyday.表示主语具备的的性格和能力等如:Shelikeapple.TheyknowEnglish.,1.动词be(Verbtobe)肯定式Iam......否定Iamnot....肯定式Youare...否定式Youarenot....肯定式He/She/Itis....否定式He/She/Itisnot....疑问句和简略答语AmI....?Yes,youare./No,Iyouarenot.Areyou....?Yes,Iam./No,Iamnot.2.Therebe结构"Thereis/are+某物/某人+某地/某时"这样一种句型,大致相当于汉语"某地/某时有某物/某人"的说法.句子的is/are和后面所跟的名词在数方面必须是一致.肯定式:Thereis(There's)atableinyourroom.Thereare(There're)somepencilsonthedesk.否定式:Thereisnot(Thereisn't)anycatshere.Therearenot(aren't)anycatshere.疑问式和简略答语Istherearulerinyourbag?Yes,thereis./No,thereisnot(isn't).Arethereanypeopleinthathouse?Yes,thereare./No,therearenot(aren't).Howmanykitesarethereinthesky?Therearethirteen.六、介词(Prepositions),介词一般用于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系.介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语.介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语.本册课本出现的介词短语如下:at:athomeatschoolatsixthirtybehind:behindthedoor/treebehindone'schairbeside:besidethedoorbesidethehousefrom:fromonetoahundredin:inRow/Team/Class/Grade4inone'sschool/grade/class/team/rominyourdesk/pencil-box/bedroominthepictureinthesameclassindifferentclassesinEnglishinthehatinthemorning/afternoonlike:likethis/thatnear:nearthewindownearthedoorof:apictureofaclassroomamapofChinathenameofhercatthewalloftheirclassroonon:onthedesk/chairontheflooronthewallonthebikeonthedutyto:(aquarter)toten(go)toschool/bed/workunder:underthedesk/tableunderthetree/windowunderone'schair/bed(1)表示时间:at:表示某一时间点如:atnoonon:表示特定的日子如:onChristmas,in:表示一段不具体的时间如:inthemorning,intheSecondworldwar如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on如:onacoldmorning,onahotafternoon,onSundaymorningduring:表示期间内的某个时期如:duringthenight,duringtheSecondWorldWarfor:其后接表示一段时间长度的词如:forthreedaysthrough:表示在整个期间没有间歇例:Itsnowedthroughthenight.till/until:表示动作持续的终点例:Istudiedhardtilltwelveo'clocklastnight.by:表示动作完成期限例:I'llbebackbyfiveo'clock.since:表示某动作的起始点例:IhavestudiedEnglishsince1990.(2)表示地点:at:表示较小的地点如:arrivedattheschoolgatein:表示较大的地点如:arrivedinShanghaifor:表示目的地例:I'llleaveforShanghai.above:表示上面,上方,其反意词是belowover:表示垂直上方,其反意词是under,例:Thedogjumpedoverthetable.through:表示穿过如:throughtheforestacross:表示平原上的跨越例:Iwanttowalkacrosstheroad.七、句子的种类(KindsofSentences)英语的句子按照用途可分为以下四类:陈述句用途是用来说明事实或说话人的看法例句:Icanseeamaponthewall.Ithinkit'shis.疑问句用途是用来提出问题.例句:AreyouMrGreen?Canyoufindit?Howoldareyou?祈使句用途是用来表示请求和命令.例句:Sstandup.Comein,please.Let'splaygames.感叹句用途是用来表达强烈的感情.例句:Whatafinedayitis!Howbeautifultheflowersare!八、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句一般疑问句子和特殊疑问句一般疑问句(GeneralQuestion)一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句。例如:Issheatschooltoday?Yes,sheis/No,sheisn't.Canyouseeapencileonthedesk?Yes,Ican./No,Ican't.Doyouplayfootball?Yes,theydo./No,theydon't.特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头的疑问句.(二)一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级(TheComparativeandSuperlativeDegreesofAdjectiveandAdverbs),大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:1)原级,即原形。2)比较级,表示“较……”或“更……一些”的意思。3)最高级,表示“最……”的意思。1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成(1)规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er或-estcoldcoldercoldeststrongstrongerstrongestfastfasterfastestslowslowslowest以字母e结尾的形容词,加-r或-stnicenicernicestlargelargerlargest重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时,应先双写辅音字母,再加-er或-estbigbiggerbiggestthinthinnerthinnesthothotterhottest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,先改“y”为“i”,再加-er或-esteasyesaiereasiesthappyhappierhappiestearlyearlierearliest少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词clever(聪明的)未尾加-er,-estclevercleverercleverest,narrownarrowernarrowest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或mostdeliciousmoredeliciousmostdeliciousinterestingmoreinterestingmostintertingeasilymoreeasilymosteasilycarefullymorecarefullymostcarefully(2)不规则变化good/wellbetterbestbad/badlyworseworstmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest2.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法比较级:表示两者(人或事物)的比较MrKingistallerthanMrReadThismooncakesisnicerthanthatone。Thetractorisgoingfasterthanthebike。最高级:表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较,其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个时,用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the。后面可带of(in)短语来说明比较的范围。Whosedrawingishebestofall?Sheistheyoungestintheclass.Thetaxiisgoingghefastest.MrQiniswalkingtjeslowestofall.,注:在形容词和副词的比较级前,有时可以用much,alittle等来修饰,如:muchbetteralittletaller二。数词(Numerals)(2)序数词(OrdinalNumbers)序数词表示事物的顺序,往往与定冠词the连用。fist1sttwentieth20thsecond2ndtwenty-first21ththird3ndthirieth30thfourth4ndthirty-ninth39thfifth5ndfortieth40thsixth6thfiftieth50thseventh7thsixtieth60theighth8thseventieth70thnineth9thninetieth80thtenth10thhundredth100theleventh11thonehundredandfirst101sttwelfth12th三、冠词(Articles)冠词是一种虚词,让在名词的前面,帮助说明名词的含义,冠词分不定冠词(TheIndefiniteArticle)和定冠词(TheDefineArticle)两种,a(an)是不定冠词。a用在辅音之前,如:aroadaboy;an用在元音之前,如:anhour;anoldman等;the是定冠词。1.不定冠词的用法用于可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类。,Susanisascientist.Passmeanorange,please.指某人或某事,但不具体说明何人或何物。Aboyislookingforyou。Weworkfivedaysaweek。表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈。WearegoingtohaveanEnglishlessontomorrow。Ihaveamouth,anose,twoeyesandtwoears。用于某些固定的词组中。afew,alittle,alotof,amomentago2.定冠词的用法。特指某些人或某些事物Showmethephotooftheboy。Thebookonthedeskismine。指双方都知道的人或事物。Wherearethenewbooks,Jim?Theyareonthesmalltable。指上文提过的人或事物。JiMeilivesonafarm。Thefarmisnotbig。用在世界上独一无二的事物前。Thesunisbiggerthanthemoon。用在序数词和形容词最高级前。ThefirstmonthoftheyearisJanuary。Walkalongthisroad,andtakethefourthturningontheleft。用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。,theGreatWalltheWomen'sHospital用在一些习惯用语中。inthemorning(afternoon,evening),ontheleft(right),attheback(front)ofthedaybefoeryesterday,allthesame3.不用冠词的情况在专有名词和不可数名词前,China,GradeTwo,BillSmilk,milk名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,some,any等代词。Theletterisinherbag,Comethisway,please.Ihavesomequestion.复数名词表示一类人或事物时,Myfatherandmotherareteachers.Ilikecakes.在星期,月份,季节,节日前,ItisSunday(Monday,Tuesday,etc。)today。June1stisChildren'sDayinChina。Itiscoldinwinter。在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。MrMottisgoingonatrip。WhatcolourareMrsGreen'sshoes?在三餐饭和球类运动的名词前。Hewenttoshoolbeforebreakfastthismorning。,Canyouplaybasketball?四、动词(Verbs)(2)1.动词的种类(KindsofVerbs)行为动词ActionVerbs:含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句中能独立作谓语。Shehassomebananas。Theyoftencomebackearly。Ilistentotheradioeveryday。连系动词LinkVerbs:本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。Hisfatherisateacher。Twinsusuallylookthesame。Treesturngreen。助动词AuxiliaryVerbs本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定,疑问,时态或其他语法形式。Hedoesn'tspeakEnglist。Weareplayingbasketball。Doyouhaveabrother?情态动词ModalVerbs本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态,情态动词没有人称和数的变化。ShecanspeakalittleEnglish。MayIspeaktoAnn,please?Wemustgonow。2.一般过去时态(TheSimplePastTense),一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday,lastnight,in1990,twodaysago等,也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常和often,always等表示频度的时间状语连用。例如:Igotupat6:30yesterday。Myfatherwasatworkyesterdayafternoon。Healwayswenttoworkbybuslastyear。一般过去时的构成be肯定句:Iwas……He(she,it)was……We(You,They)were……否定句Iwasnot(wasn't)……He(She,It)wasnot(wasn't)……We(You,They)werenot(weren't)……work肯定句I(You,He,She,It,We,You,They)worked。否定句I(You,He,She,It,We,You,They)didnot(didn't)worked。therebe肯定句Therewas……Therewere……否定句Therewasnot(wasn't)……Therewerenot(weren't)……,疑问句和简略答语be第一人称WasI……?Yes,youwere。No,youwerenot。Werewe……?Yes,we(you)were。No,we(you)werenot。第二人称Wereyou……?Yes,Iwas。No,Iwasnot。Wereyou……?Yes,wewere。No,wewerenot。第三人称Washe(she,it)……?Yes,he(she,it)was。No,he(she,it)wasnot。Werethey……?Yes,theywere。No,theywerenot。work第一人称DidIwork?Yes,youdid。No,youdidnot。Didwework?Yes,we(you)did。No,we(you)didnot。第二人称Didyouwork?Yes,Idid。No,Ididnot。Didyouwork?Yes,wedid。No,wedidnot。第三人称Didhe(she,it)work?Yes,he(she,it)did。No,he(she,it)didnot。Didtheywork?Yes,theydid。No,theydidnot。therebeWastherea/any……?Yes,therewas。No,therewasnot。Wasthereany……?Yes,therewere。No,therewerenot。规则动词过去式地构成,一般在动词原形末尾加-ed例如:looklooked,playplayed,结尾是e的动词加-d例如:livelived,hopehoped,useused末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed例如:stopstopped,planplanned,triptripped结尾是"辅音字母+y"的动词,先变y为i再加-ed.例如:studystudiedcarrycarried,worryworried.常见的不规则动词有:am/is-wasare-werego-wenthave-haddo-didget-gotcome-camesay-saidsee-sawput-puteat-atetake-took3.一般将来时态(TheSimpleFutureTense)一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用.如:tomorrow,next,week,nextyear等例如:Iwillgotomyhometownnextweek.WewillcometoseeyoueverySunday.1)一般将来时的构成一般将来时由"助动词"will+动词原形"构成.在口语中,will在名词或代词后常简缩为'll,willnot常简缩为won't.在疑问句中,主语为第一人称(I和well)时,常用助动词shall.第一人称肯定式I/Wewillgo.否定式I/willnotgo.疑问式Shall/wego?第二人称肯定式Younotgo.否定式Youwillnotgo.疑问句Willyougo?第三人称肯定式He/She/It/Theywillgo.否定式He/She/It/Theywillnotgo.疑问式Willhe/she/it/theygo?注:(1)在书面语中,主语式第一人称(I和we)时,常用助动词shall+动词原形.例如:,Ishallwriteyoualetternextmonth.Weshallbeverypleasetoseeyou.(2)在表示"带意愿色彩的将来"时,常用will.例如:Iwilltellyouallaboutit.(3)在问对方是否愿意,或表示客气的邀请或命令时,常用will.例如:Willyougotothezoowithme?Willyoupleaseopenthewindow?(4)在表示建议或者征求对方意见时,可用shall.例如:Shallwegoattheten?Shallwegetsomefood?2)用"begoingto+动词原形"表示将要发生的的事或打算,计划,决定要作的事情.例如:WhatareyougoingtonextSunday?下星期你打算干什么?They'regoingtomeetoutsidetheschoolgate.他们打算在校门口见面.We'renotgoingtohaveanyclassesnextweek.下一周我们不上课.五.句子的成分(Membersofthesentence)组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分,即:主语.谓语.表语.宾语.宾语补足语.定语和状语.主语和谓语是句子的主体部分.表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分主语(TheSubject)表示句子所说的是什么人或什么事物,一般由名词代词或相当于名词的短语等充当.例句:LucyisanAmericangirl.WestudyinNo.1MiddleSchool.谓语(ThePredicate)说明主语"做什么","是什么"或者是怎么样.谓语(谓语部分里主要是词)用动词.谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致.例如:WeloveChina.Mikehopetobeadoctor.Hisparentsarefarmers.Sheissinging.,表语(ThePredicative)说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。例句:Herauntisadriver.宾语(TheObject)表示动作或行为的对象,由名词,代词或相当于名词的词,短语等充当,和及物动词一起说明主语做什么.例句:Heoftenhelpsme.WestudyEnglishatschool.Didyouseehimyesterday?定语(TheAttribute)用来休息名词或代词.做定语的除形容词外,还有代词,数词,名词介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等.例句:Theblackbikeismine.Wehavefourlessonsinthemorning.What'syourname.please?状语(TheAdverbial)用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.一般表示行为发生的时间,地点目的,方式,程度等意义,通常由副词,介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示例句:Peopleareallworkinghard.Itisverynice.Wehadameetingthisafternoon.六.句子的种类(KingsofSentence)1.四种疑问句(FourKindofQuestion)选择疑问句(TheAlternativeQuestion)提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种,这种疑问句叫选择疑问句.它的机构是一般疑问句加or加一般疑问句,但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略.说是or前面部分用声调,后面用降调.如:Isherbrotheraadoctororateacher?Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?ShallwegotothecinemaonSaturdayoronsunday?反意疑问句(TheTagQuestion),反意疑问句表示提问者有一定的主见,但没有把握,希望对方来证实.反意疑问句由两部分组成,前一部分是对事物的陈述,后一部分是简单的提问.如果前一部分用肯定的形式,后一部分一般用否定的形式;前一部分用否定的形式,后一部分久用肯定的形式两部分的人称和时态要一致.反意疑问句陈述的部分用降调.后办部分可升可降.提问者对陈述部分把握较大时,后半部分用降调;把握不大时,用降调.Theweatherhereisverycold,isn'tit?You'refromAustralia,aren'tyou?Yes,Iam.对反意疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就要用Yes,事实是否定的,就要用no.这和汉语不一样,应该注意.如:Heisn'tgoingtothemeeting,ishe?它不去参加会是吗?Yes,heis.不,他要去的.No,heisn't.对他不起.2.感叹句(TheExclamatorySentence)感叹句多用how和what引起.how和what与所修饰的词放在句首,其他部分用陈诉语气.在口语中谓语常省略(1)how作状语,修饰形容词,副词和动词.如:Howcolditistoday!Howdelicioustheyare!Howbeautifultheflowersare!HowImissyou!(2)what作定语,修饰名词(名词前可由其他定语),单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a(an).如:Whatagoodidear!,Whatabeautifulday!Whatahappywoman!感叹句用来表示强烈的感情.句末要用感叹号!,读时要用降调.在口语中常用省略句.后面的主语和谓语往往省略,由时候只用一个词或者是词组.如:Howcold!Wonderful!(三)一、动词(Verbs)1.现在完成时(ThePresentPerfectTense)(1)现在完成时的构成现在完成时由“助动词have(has)+过去分词”构成。现以动词work为例,将现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式以及简略答语列表如下:肯定式I/Youhaveworked。He/She/Ithasworked。We/You/Theyhaveworked。否定式I/Youhavenotworked。He/She/Ithasnotworked。We/You/Theyhavenotworked。疑问式和简略回答HaveI/youworked?Yes,you/Ihave。No,you/Ihavenot。Hashe/she/itworked?Yes,he/she/ithas。No,he/she/ithasnot。Havewe/you/theyworked?Yes,you/we/theyhave。No,you/we/theyhavenot。注:规则动词的过去分词的构成与动词过去式相同,(2)现在完成时的用法表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。Haveyouhadyourlunchyet?Yes,Ihave。I'vejusthadit。Ihavealreadypostedthephotos。表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用。表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词。Ihaven'tseenherthesedays.I'veknownLiLeiforthreeyears.I'vebeenatthisschoolforovertwoyears.Theyhavelivedheresince1996.Howlonghaveyouworkedinthislibrary?ShehastaughtussinceIcametothisschool.现在完成时可以和already,never,just,before,yet等状语连用。Haveyouevereatenfishandchips?I'vejustlostmysciencebook.I'veneverbeentothatfarmbefore.Ihaven'tlearnedthewordyet.have(has)been和have(has)gone的区别:have(has)been表示“曾经到过某地”,have(has)gone表示“已经去过某地了”Wherehashebeen?他刚才跑到哪去了?Wherehashegone?他到哪去了?ShehasbeentoShanghai。她到过上海。ShehasgonetoShanghai。她到上海去了。注:非延续性动词在否定结构中可用现在完成时,如:Ihaven'tboughtanythingfortwomonths。,(3)现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday,lastnight,threeweeksago,in1990等,而一般过去时只表示过去动作或状态,和现在不发生关系,它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:Ihaveseenthefilm。我看过这部电影。Isawthefilmlastweek。我上星期看了这个电影。Hehaslivedheresince1992。1992年以来他一直住在这里。Helivedherein1992。1992年他住在这里。2.过去将来时(TheFutere-in-the-PastTense)(1)过去将来时由“助动词would+动词圆形”构成。would常缩略为‘d。(2)过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。如:Ididn'tknowifshewouldcome。Iwasn'tsurewhetherhewoulddoit。WangLeisaidthatshewouldvisitherunclenextSaturday。过去将来时也可以用“was(were)goingto+动词原形”来表示。如:Ididn'tknowifshewasgoingtocome。WangLeisaidthatshewasgoingtovisitherunclenextSaterday。3.过去完成时(ThePastPerfectTense)(1).过去完成时的构成过去完成时由“助动词had(用于各种人称和数)+过去分词”构成(2).过去完成时的用法过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”,表示过去某一时间可用by,before等构成的短语,也可用when,before等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示。例句Bytheendofthematch,theyhadscoredtwogoalsandwehadscoredfour.Wehadreachedthestationbeforeteno'clock.WhenIgotthere,youhadalreadystartedplaying.Wedidashehadtoldus.Hesaidhehadneverseensuchanexcitingmatchbefore.Bythetimewegotthere,thebushadalreadygone.4.动词不定式(TheIvnfinitive)(1)动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to,动词不定式(或不定式短语)没有人称和数的变化。在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍保持动词的特点。即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。如:toreadthenewspaper,tospeakatthemeeting等(2)动词不定式具有名词,形容词和副词的特征,因此在句中可以作主语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语、定语,状语作宾语ShewantedtoborrowmyCDplayer.Theybegantoreadandwrite。作状语ShewenttoseehergrandmalastSunday。Hecametogiveusatalkyesterday。作宾语补足语Lucyaskedhimtoturndowntheradio。Sheaskedmetospeaklouder。Shefoundhimtobeaverygoodpupil。,作定语Haveyougotanythingtosay?Ihadsomethingtoeatthismorning。作主语Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy。Toplayinthestreetisdanerous.(3)动词不定式的否定形式由“not+动词不定式”构成。如:Tellhimnottobelate。Thepolicemantoldtheboysnottoplayinthestreet。(4)动词不定式和疑问句连用动词不定式亏和疑问句what,which,how,where,when等连用,构成不定式短语。如:Thequestioniswhentostart。Idon'tknowwheretogo。Heshowedmehowtouseacomputer。Nobodytolduswhattodo。(5)不带to的情况有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to,这种动词有两类;一类是感觉动词,如see,hear,watch,feel,notice等,如:Isawhimcome。我看见他来了。Iheardhimsing。我听见他唱歌了。另一类是某些使役动词,如make,let,have等,如:Lethimgo。让他走吧Theymadethechildrenwork12hoursaday。,他们强迫孩子们一天干12小时。动词help后的不定式可带to,也可不带to。5.被动语态。(ThePassiveVoice)(1)主动语态和被动语态英语动词有两种语态,即主动语态(TheActiveVoice)和被动语态(ThePassiveVoice)ManypeoplespeakEnglish.(主动语态)Englishisspokenbymanypeople。(被动语态)(2)被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称,数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现以动词ask为例子,将一般现在时和一般过去时被动语态的肯定式,否定式及疑问式列表如下:一般现在时肯定式Iamasked……Youareasked……He/Sheisasked……Weareasked……Youareasked……Theyareasked……否定式Iamnotasked……Youarenotasked……He/Sheisnotasked……Wearenotasked……Youarenotasked……Theyarenotasked……疑问式AmIasked……?Areyouasked……?Ishe/Sheasked……?Areweasked……?Areyouasked……?Aretheyasked……?一般过去时肯定式Iwasasked……Youwereasked……He/Shewasasked……,Wewereasked……Youwereasked……Theywereasked……否定式Iwasnotasked……Youwerenotasked……He/Shewasnotasked……Wewerenotasked……Youwerenotasked……Theywerenotasked……疑问式wasIasked……?wereyouasked……?washe/Sheasked……?wereweasked……?wereyouasked……?weretheyasked……?(3)含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。如:Thisbicyclecanbemendedintwohour。Thistreesmaybeplantedinspring。Theroommustbekeptclean。Theflowersshouldbewateredoften。(4)被动语态的用法当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时,或者只需强调动作的承受者时,需要被动语态。如:Thisjacketismadeofcotton。EnglishisspokeninCanada。二、宾语从句(TheObjectClause)宾语从句在复合句中作主语的宾语,宾语从句通常作主语的宾语,宾语从句通常由下面一些词引导1.由that引导(that在口语或非正式文体中常省略),如:Hesaidthathewouldliketoseetheheadmaster.Shesaidthatshewouldleaveamessageonhisdesk.Heknewthatheshouldworkhard.,Hesaidthathemightfallbehindtheotherstudents.HewasafraidthathewouldforgethisChinese.2.由连接代词或连接副词引导,如:Doyouknowwhathehassaid?Idon'trememberwhenwearrived?IaskedhimwhereIcouldgetsomuchmoney?Canyoutellmewhichclassyouarein?ThechildrendidnotknowwhoFatherChristmaswas.3.由连词whether或if引导(口语中常用if)Lilywantedtoknewif/wheherhergrandmalikedthehandbag。Sheaskedmeifshecouldborrowtherebooks。三、定语从句(TheAttributiveClause)在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,如:(1)Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman(2)YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词,叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词what,which,who,(宾格whom,所有格whose)和关系副词where,when,关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,同时又作定语从句的一个成分。由关系代词引导的定语从句that在从句中作主语或宾语指物Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly。(作主语)ThenoodlesthatIcookedweredelicious。(作宾语),指人Whoisthemanthatisreadingthebookoverthere?(作主语)ThegirlthatwesawyesterdaywasJim'ssister。(作宾语)which在从句中作主语和宾语。指物ThesilkwhichisproducedinHangzhousellswell。(作主语)ThesongwhichtheBeatlessangwereverypopular。(作宾语)who,whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语指人TheforeignerwhovisitourclassyesterdayisformCanada。(作主语)TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledRoy。(作主语)ThepersontowhomyoujusttalkedisMrLi。(作宾语)MrsEvansisthepersontowhomyoushouldwrite。(作宾语)四、状语从句(Adverbialclause)在复合句中,修饰主句的动词,形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句,状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为时间,原因,条件,比较,目的,结果和让步等类。时间由as,after,assoonas,before,since,until,when,whenever,while等连词引导。Asheexploredthesea,hetookalotofpicture.AssoonashearrivedinFrance,hecalledme.HehasbeeninShanghaisincehewasborn.Don'tcomeinuntilyouarecalled.Wheneverwe'reintruble,he'llhelpus.WhileIwaswatchingTV,thebellrang.,原因由as,because,since,等连词引导Ididn'tgosurfing,becauseitwastoocold.Asthecarisexpensive,wecan'tbuyit.Sincehewasbusy,hedidn'tcome.条件由if,unless等连词引导IfyoutravelinIndia,youcanuseEnglisheverywhere.Iwon'tpasstheexamunlessIworkhard.比较由as(so)……as,than等引导Canoeingisnotas(so)interestingassailing(is).LiLeiswimsbetterthanJim(does).结果由so……that,等引导Hewassoweakthathecouldn'twalkon.目的由so,sothat等引导We'llsitnearthefrontsowecanhearthespeakerbetter.Hesatinthedarksothathecouldn'tbeseen.让步由although,eventhough等引导Althoughthetrafficwasheavy,wegottotherailwaystationontime.Eventhoughheiseighty,helooksstrongandhealthy.

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