初二上册英语语法知识点总结

新目标八年级（上）英语复习提纲Unit1:Howoftendoyouexercise?【语言目标】Whatdoyouusuallydoonweekends?IsometimesgotothebeachHowoftendoyoueatvegetables?Everyday.Moststudentsdohomeworkeveryday.【应掌握的词组】1.gotothemovies去看电影2.lookafter=takecareof照顾3.surftheinternet上网4.healthylifestyle健康的生活方式5.goskateboarding去划板6.keephealthy=stayhealthy保持健康7.exercise=take(much)exercise=dosports锻炼8.eatinghabits饮食习惯9.takemoreexercise做更多的运动10.thesameas与什么相同11.bedifferentfrom不同12.onceamonth一月一次13.twiceaweek一周两次14.makeadifferenceto对什么有影响15.howoften多久一次16.although=though虽然17.mostofthestudents=moststudents18.shop=goshopping=dosomeshopping购物19.asfor至于20.activitysurvey活动调查21.dohomework做家庭作业22.dohousework做家务事23.eatlessmeat吃更少的肉24.junkfood垃圾食物25.begoodfor对什么有益26.bebadfor对什么有害27.wanttodosth想做某事28.wantsbtodosth想某人做某事29.trytodosth尽量做某事30.comehomefromschool放学回家31.ofcourse=certainly=sure当然32.getgoodgrades取得好成绩33.someadvice34.hardly=notnearly/almostnot几乎不35.keep/beingoodhealth保持健康36.bestressed紧张的，有压力的37.takeavacation去度假48.getback回来【应掌握的句子】1.Howoftendoyouexercise?你（你们）多久锻炼一次身体？Howoften+助动词do(does或did)+主语+dosth.?疑问词howoften是问频率(多久一次),（在这里助动词do(does或did)是起帮助构成疑问的作用）与一般现在时或一般过去时连用，回答一般是用表示频率的副词，如：once,twice,threetimes…,sometimes,often,quite,often,never,everyday,onceaweek,twiceamonth,threetimesamonth,threeorfourtimesamonth等。2.“Whatdoyouusuallydoonweekends?”“Iusuallyplaysoccer.”“周末你通常做什么？”“我通常踢足球。”第一个do为助动词,在这起帮助构成疑问的作用；而第二个do则是实义动词。3.“What’syourfavoriteprogram?”“It’sAnimalWorld.”“你最喜欢什么节目？”“动物世界。”4.Asforhomework,moststudentsdohomeworkeveryday.asfor...意思是“至于；关于”，常用于句首作状语，其后跟名词、代词或动词的-ing形式（即动名词）。5.Momwantsmetogetupat6:00andplayping-pongwithher.wanttodosth.意思是“想要做某事”；wantsb.todosth.意思是“想要某人做某事”。6.Shesaysit’sgoodformyhealth.begoodfor...表示“对……有益（有好处）”;其反义为：bebadfor...。（这里for是介词，后跟名词、代词或动名词）,7.Howmanyhoursdoyousleepeverynight?8.Iexerciseeveryday,usuallywhenIcomehomefromschool.9.Myeatinghabitsareprettygood.　pretty相当于very。10.Itrytoeatalotofvegetables,usuallytentoeleventimesaweek.trytodosth.表示“尽力做某事”，不包含是否成功的意思而trydoingsth.表示“（用某一办法）试着去做某事”。11.Myhealthylifestylehelpsmegetgoodgrades.helpsb.(to)dosth.帮助某人做某事12.Goodfoodandexercisehelpmetostudybetter.better是well的比较级，而不是good的比较级13.Isherlifestylethesameasyoursordifferent?=Isherlifestylethesameasyourlifestyleorisherlifestyledifferentfromyours?bethesameas…/bedifferentfrom…14.Whatsportsdoyouplay?15.Alotofvegetableshelpyoutokeepingoodhealth.keepingoodhealth=keephealthy=stayhealthy16.Youmusttrytoeatlessmeat.　trytodosth.表示“尽力做某事”,不包含是否成功的意思,less是little的比较级17.Thatsoundsinteresting.　这是“主语+系动词+表语”结构的简单句。sound（听起来），look（看起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），feel（觉得），seem（好象），grow（变得）,get（变得）等词在英语中可用作系动词，后跟形容词作表语。Unit2What’sthematter?【语言目标】What’sthematter?Ihaveaheadache.Youshoulddrinksometea.Thesoundslikeagoodidea.Ihaveasoreback.That’stoobad.Ihopeyoufeelbettersoon.【应掌握的词组】1.Haveacold感冒2.soreback背痛3.neckandneck并驾齐驱，齐头并进4.Ihaveastomachache我胃痛=Ihavegotastomachache=Thereissomethingwrongwithmystomach=Mystomachhurts=Ihave(got)apaininmystomach5.What’sthematter?怎么了？=What’sthetrouble(withyou)?=What’syourtrouble?=What’swrong(withyou)?=What’thematter(withyou)?=Whathashappenedtoyou?=Isthereanythingwrong(withyou)?=what’sup?6.sorethroat咽喉痛7.liedownandrest躺下休息8.seeadentist看牙医9.drinklotsofwater多喝水10.hotteawithhoney加蜂蜜的热茶11.That’sagoodidea好主意12.That’stoobad太糟糕了13.Ithinkso我认为如此14.I’mnotfeelingwell.我觉得不太舒服=I’mnotfeelingfine/allright.=I’mfeelingill/sick.=Ifeelterrible/bad.=Idon’tfeelwell.15.getsomerest多休息16.Ihavenoidea=Idon’tknow我不知道17.stressedout筋疲力尽18.Iamtired我累了Heistired.他累了19.ahealthylifestyle健康的生活方式20.traditionalChinesedoctors传统中医,21.abalanceofyinandyang阴阳调和22.youhavetoomuchyin.你阴气太盛23.toeatabalancediet饮食平衡24.healthyfood健康食品25.stayhealthy保持健康=keephealthy=keepingoodhealth=keepfit26.enjoyoneself(myself,yourself,herself,himself,themselves,ourselves,itself反身代词)玩得高兴，过得愉快=haveagoodtime=haveawonderfultime=havefun27.enjoysth.=likesth.(名词)喜欢某物,enjoydoingsth.喜欢做某事=likedongsthpracticedoingsth.练习做某事，minddoingsth.介意做某事，finishdoingsth.完成某事，giveupdoingsth.放弃做某事，can’thelpdoingsth.忍不住做某事，keepdingsth.坚持做某事.（keepondoingsth./keepsb.doingsth.）bebusydoingsth.忙着做某事beusedtodoingsth.习惯于做某事makeacontributiontodoingsth.为..做贡献goondoingsth.继续做某事forgetdoingsth.忘记做某事rememberdoingsth.记得做某事spend....(in)doingsth.花（时间）来做某事preferdoingsth.todoingsth.比起（做...）来更愿意（做...）28.atthemoment=now此刻29.Hostfamily东道家庭30.Conversationpractice会话练习31.I’msorrytohearthat.听到此事我很难过【应掌握的句子】1．What’sthematter?Ihaveabadcold.2．Maybeyoushouldseeadentist.3．Ihopeyoufeelbettersoon.4．TraditionalChinesedoctorsbelieveweneedabalanceofyinandyangtobehealthy.5．EatingDangshenandHuangqiherbsisalsogoodforthis.6．Peoplewhoaretoostressedoutandangrymayhavetoomuchyang.7．It’seasytohaveahealthylifestyle,andit’simportanttoeatabalanceddiet.8．Whenyouaretired,youshouldn’tgooutatnight.9．Ibelievehim,butIcan’tbelieveinhim.10．Iamnotfeelingverywellatthemoment.I’mtiredandIhavealotofheadaches.11．I’mstressedoutbecausemyMandarinisn’timproving.12．Ipracticeplayingthepianoeveryday.13．ShehadfinishedwritingtheletterwhenIwentin.14．Thedoctoraskedhimtogiveupsmoking.15．Doyoumindclosingthewindow?16．Marycouldn’thelplaughingathisjokes.17．Theykeptworkingthoughitwasraining.Unit3Whatareyoudoingforvacation?【语言目标】Whatareyoudoingforvacation?I’mspendingtimewithmyfriends.Whenareyougoing?I’mgoingnextweek.,Howlongareyoustaying?We’restayingfortwoweeks.【应掌握的词组】1.babysitone’ssister照顾妹妹2.visitone’sgrandmother看望奶奶3.spendtimewithfriends和朋友们一起度过时光4.visitcousins看望表弟等5.gotosportscamp去运动野营6.otothebeach去海滩7.gocamping去野营8.Goshopping去买东西9.goswimming去游泳10.goboating去划船11.goskating去溜冰12.gowalking去散步13.goclimbing去登山14.godancing去跳舞15.gohiking去徒步远足16.gosightseeing去观光17.gohouse-hunting去找房子18.oonahike徒步旅行，gobikeriding骑自行车旅行，gofishing去钓鱼19.dosomeshopping买东西20.dosomewashing洗衣服21.dosomecooking作饭22.dosomereading读书23.dosomespeaking训练口语24.dosomesewing做缝纫活25.thatsoundsnice那好极了26.athome在家27.howabout=whatabout……怎么样？28.howlong多长时间29.howfar多远30.howoften多长时间一次31.howmuch,howmany多少32.haveagoodtime=havefun=haveawonderfultime=enjoyoneself玩得高兴，过得愉快33.showsb.Sth.=showsth.tosb.出示某物给某人看givemethebook=givethebooktome给我书，passmethecup=passthecuptome把杯子递给我，sellmethehouse=sellthehousetome把房子卖给我buymeabook=buyabookforme给我买书，makemeacake=makeacakeforme给我做蛋糕34.getback=comeback回来35.rentvideos租借影碟36.takewalks=goforawalk散步37.thinkabout考虑38.decideon=decideupon决定一个计划39.somethingdifferent不同的事情40．agreatvacation一个愉快的假期41.Ican’twait我等不及了42.thefamousmoviestar著名的影星43.anexcitingvacation激动人心的假期44.Askheraboutherplans向她询问她的计划asksb.aboutsth.向某人询问某事45.forgettodosth.忘记要做某事forgetdoingsth.忘记做过某事【应该掌握的句子】1．Whatareyoudoingforvacation?I’mbabysittingmysister.2．Whoareyougoingwith?I’mgoingwithmyparents.3．Whenishegoingcamping?Heisgoingonthe12thofFebruary,2005.4．I’mgoingtoTibetforaweek.5．Whatareyoudoingthere?I’mgoinghikinginthemountains.6．Showmeyourphotoswhenwegetbacktoschool.7．Whereareyougoingforvacation?I’mgoingtoHawaiiforvacation.8．Whatisitlikethere?11.HethoughtaboutgoingtoGreeceorSpain,butdecidedonCanada.,12.HeisleavingthefirstweekinJuneandstayinguntilSeptember.13.Pleasedon’tforgettoclosethedoorwhenyouleave.14．Shecouldn’twaittogethometoseeheparents.Unit4Howdoyougettoschool?【语言目标】Howdoyougettoschool?Itakethebus.Howlongdoesittake?Ittakes20minutes.Howfarisit?It’s10miles.【应掌握的词组】1.gettoschool到校2.gethome到家3.howabout=whatabout…….怎么样？4.takethesubway乘地铁5.rideabike骑自行车6.takethebus乘公共汽车7.takethetrain乘火车8.takeataxi乘坐出租车9.goinaparent’scar坐父母的车10.bybike,bikebus,bysubway,bytaxi,bycar,bytrain(乘坐……车，放在句尾)11.haveaquickbreakfast迅速吃早饭12.theearlybus早班车13.howfar多远14.takesb.tosp.带某人到某处15.doingsth.takessb.Sometime/money=Ittakessb.sometime/moneytodosth.=sb.spendssometime/money(onsth.)=sb.spendssometime/money(in)doingsth.=sth.costssb.sometime/money=sb.paysomemoneyforsth.花费某人多少时间/金钱做某事/某人花费多少金钱/时间做某事16.busstop公共汽车站，trainstation火车站，subwaystation地铁站，busstation客运站17.wanttodosth.想做某事18.walktoschool步行上学19.inNorthAmerica在北美20.inotherpartsoftheworld在世界的其他地区21.dependon=dependupon依靠，靠……决定22.notall不是所有的23.needtodosth.需要做某事24.numberofstudents学生数25.anumberof=many许多number前可用large,great,small修饰其谓语是复数26.thenumberof….的数量，谓语是单数27.don’tworry(aboutsth./sb.)别着急(为某人/事担心28.aroundtheworld=allovertheworld世界各地，全世界【应掌握的句子】1.Howdoyougettoschool?Iwalktoschool.你是怎样到校的？我步行。2.Howaboutthewhiteshirt?这件白衬衫怎么样？3.IusuallywalkbutsometimesItakethebus.我通常步行，但有时坐公共汽车。4.Howlongdoesittakeyoutogettoschool?Ittakesabout10minutestowalkand15minutesbybus.你需要多长时间到校？步行大约10分钟，乘汽车15分钟。5.Howfarisitfromhishometoschool?About10kilometers.从他家到学校有多远？大约10公里。6.LinFei’shomeisabout10kilometersfromschool.林飞的家离学校大约10公里7.Heleavesforschoolataroundsix-thirty.他大约在6点30分动身去学校。8.Thentheearlybustakeshimtoschool.然后，他乘坐早班车到学校。9.ThomaswantstoknowwhereNinalives.托马斯想要知道尼娜住在哪里。10.InJapan,moststudentstaketrainstoschool,althoughothersalsowalkorridetheirbikes.在日本，大部分学生乘坐火车上学，尽管其他人也步行或骑自行车。,11.Asmallnumberofstudentstakethesubwaytoschool.小部分学生乘坐地铁上学12.Whatdoyouthinkofthetransportationinyourtown?你对你们镇的交通认为怎么样？13.Sheisdeadbuthermemorystillliveson.她虽然死了，但人们仍然怀念她。Unit5Canyoucometomyparty?【语言目标】Canyoucometomybirthdayparty?Yes,I’dloveto./Sorry,Ican’t.Ihavetostudyforatest.I’msorry.I’mplayingsocceronSaturday.Whenistheparty?It’satseven-thirty.【应掌握的词组】1.cometoone’sparty参加某人的聚会2.onSaturdayafternoon在星期六的下午3.I’dloveto我非常乐意4.I’msorry对不起5.studyforatest为测验而学习6.gotothedoctor去看医生7.visitone’saunt看望某人的姑姑8.haveapianolesson上一堂钢琴课10.toomuchhomework太多家庭作业11.muchtoointeresting有趣得多12.maybeanothertime也许下一次吧13.Thanksforasking（inviting）谢谢邀请14.gotothebaseballgame参加棒球比赛15.BirthdayParty生日聚会16.gotothemall去购物中心17.soccerpractice足球练习18.lookfor寻找19.findout找到，弄清楚，查明20.studyforthemathtest为数学考试而学习21.playtenniswithme和我一起打网球22.Ihaveareallybusyweek我一周很忙23.footballmatch足球比赛24.mycousin’sbirthdayparty我表弟的生日聚会25.writesoon尽快回信26.studyformysciencetest为科学考试而学习27.给某人打电话的几种说法：callsb.up,callsb.phonesb.,phonetosb.telephonesb.telephonetosb.phonesb.up,ringsb.givesb.aring,givesb.aphonemakeatelephonecalltosb.28.onThursdaynight星期四晚上29.be(go)onvacation度假30.nextweek下周31.joinsb.加入某人一起32.Pleasekeepquiet!请保持安静,keep+形容词表示“保持某种状态”，keep+(sb.)+doing表示“（使某人）不停地做某事”，keepsth.保存某物34.cultureclub文化俱乐部35.trytodosth.努力（企图）做某事,trydoingsth.试着做某事,tryone’besttodosth.尽力做某事【应掌握的句子】1.CanyoucometomypartyonSaturdayafternoon?Sure,I’dloveto.2.MayIaskyousomequestions?Sure./Ofcourse./Certainly.3.Iwouldlovetogotoyourparty.4.Sheisn’tverywellthesedaysandhastostayhome.5.Wecanlearnwhatwedidnotknow.6.Thankyouforinvitingme.=Thanksforasking(having,inviting)7.Maybeanothertime.8.Canshegotothemovies?No,shecan’t.She’splayingsoccer.,9.Readthesedialoguesandfindoutaboutanotherkindoffootball.10.SheandIarebothstudentsUnit6I’mmoreoutgoingthanmysister.【语言目标】IsthatSam?No,that’sTom,HehasshorterhairthanSam.He’scalmerthanSam.【应掌握的词组】1.longhair长头发2.Howareyou?你身体好吗？3.Howold多大年纪4.howtall多高5.howlongago多久前（的事）6.moreoutgoing比较外向7.want/plantodosth.意欲，企图8.herearephotosofme这是我的照片9.asyoucansee正如你所看到的10.insomeways在某些地方11.welookthesame我们看起来一样，Theylookdifferent他们看起来不同12.thesameto……多……是一样的13.quitethesame完全一样14.allthesame还是，同样应……15.looklike看起来像….一样，而looksame看起来很像16.gotolotsofparties经常参加聚会=oftengototheparty17.alittletaller高一点18.takesth.fromsth.从某处拿/取出某物19.putsth.insth.将某物放入某物中20.makealistof列出清单21.hascoolclothes有漂亮的衣服22.ispopularinschool在学校受欢迎23.isgoodatsports擅长体育24.makemelaugh使我发笑25.that’snotveryimportantforme那对我来说并不重要(beimportantforsb.)26.putup举起，抬起，挂起，张贴，建造；puton穿上，戴上，上演（戏剧）；putdown=writedown=copydown写下来；putout伸出，扑灭；putaway收起来，收好；putoff推迟；putone’sheartinto…全神贯注于……,全身心投入……27.oppositeviews相反的观点28.aweekendteacher周末教师29.AbacusStudyCenter珠算研究中心30.elementaryschoolstudents小学生31.begoodwithchildren善于与孩子相处32.havegoodgrades成绩出色33.enjoytellingjokes喜欢讲笑话34.can’tstoptalking不能停止讲话35.helpothers帮助别人,helpeachother互相帮助36.inone’sfreetime在业余时间37.oneof+复数名词（代词）……其中之一38.usesth.todosth.=dosth..withsth.使用…做…39.be/feelsorryforsb.为某事感到同情或难受;be/feelsorryforsth.因某事感到抱歉或后悔；besorry+tosee/hear听到或看到某种情况很不安或难过；saysorrytosb.向某人道歉40.beginwith从……开始41.nextto在……旁边，紧靠……42.befamousfor因…而著名，因……而广为人知；befamousas作为……而知名43.alltogether总计，总共44.makesb.dosth.让/使某人做某事，相似的用法有几个感官动词see,let,hear,watch,feel等【应该掌握的句子】1．Whatareyoudoingforvacation?I’mbabysittingmysister.2．Whoareyougoingwith?I’mgoingwithmyparents.3．Whenishegoingcamping?Heisgoingonthe12thofFebruary,2005.,4．I’mgoingtoTibetforaweek.5．Whatareyoudoingthere?I’mgoinghikinginthemountains.6．Showmeyourphotoswhenwegetbacktoschool.7．Whereareyougoingforvacation?I’mgoingtoHawaiiforvacation.8.I’mgoingtoHawaiiforvacationinDecember,andI’mstayingforthreeweeks.9．Whatisitlikethere?10.CanIaskyousomequestionsaboutyourvacationplans?11.HethoughtaboutgoingtoGreeceorSpain,butdecidedonCanada.12.HeisleavingthefirstweekinJuneandstayinguntilSeptember.13.Pleasedon’tforgettoclosethedoorwhenyouleave.14.Shecouldn’twaittogethometoseeheparents.Unit7Howdoyoumakeabananamilksmoothie?【语言目标】Howdoyoumakeabananamilksmoothie?First,peelthebananasandcutitup.thenputthemilkintotheblender....Howmanybananasdoweneed?Weneedthreebananas.【应掌握的词组】1.makeabananasmoothie制作香蕉混合饮料2.peelthebananas剥香蕉3.cutupthebananas切碎香蕉4.pourthemilkintheblender将牛奶倒入搅拌器5.turnontheblender打开搅拌器电源6.puttheyogurtintheblender将酸奶放入搅拌器7.turnoff关上,(turnon打开)turnup旋大（灯火等），开大（煤气等）调高（声音等），turndown把（灯火、电器等）关小一点8.howmuchcinnamon多少肉桂9.oneteaspoonofcinnamon一茶匙肉桂10.makefruitsalad制作水果沙拉11.twopiecesofbread两片面包12.mixitallup将它们混合在一起14.turkeyslices火鸡肉片,asliceofbread一片面包13.takesturnsdoingsth,taketurnstodosth.=dosth.inturns轮流做某事15.slicesofduck烤鸭片16.rollpancake卷上薄饼17.makefaces作鬼脸makefriendswith与……交朋友makeanoise吵闹,makemistakes犯错误,makethebed整理床铺makeone’swayto往…走去,makeroomfor给…腾出地方18.it’seasytodosth.做某事容易it’shard(difficult)todosth.做某事难，It’snecessarytodosth.做某事必要19.putsth,inorder将某些东西按顺序排列20.arecipefor……的烹调方法,……的菜【应掌握的句子】1．Howdoyoumakeabananasmoothie?2．Describeaprocessandfollowinstructions.3．Pourthemilkintotheblender.4．Howmanybananasdoweneed?5．Thencomparelistswithanotherstudent.6．Ineedsomehelp.,Unit8Howwasyourschooltrip?【语言目标】?Whatdidyoudoonyourschooltrip??Didyougotothezoo?No,Ididn’t.Iwenttotheaquarium.?Werethereanysharks?No,thereweren’tanysharks,butthereweresomereallysmartseals.【应掌握的词组】1.talkabout谈论，talkover谈论2.giveatalk作报告3.haveatalkto(with)sb.与某人谈话4.gotothebeach去海滩5.haveicecream吃冰淇淋6.gotothezoo去动物园7.gototheaquarium去水族馆8.hangoutwithone’sfriends和朋友闲逛9.takephotos=takeaphoto=takepictures=takeapicture照相10.buyasouvenir买纪念品11.havepizza吃比萨饼12.afamousactor著名的演员13.getone’sautograph得到了某人的亲笔签名14.winaprize赢得奖品（奖项）15.attheaquarium在水族馆16.haveagreattime玩得高兴，过得愉快17.ontheschooltrip在学校的旅游18.BlueWaterAquarium蓝色水族馆19.theVisitors’Center游客中心20.adolphinshow海豚表演21.afterthat后来22.attheendof…在……结束的时候，在……的尽头23.theGiftShop礼品店24.atthebeginningof…在..开始的时候25.aterribleschooltrip糟糕的学校旅行26.thatsoundsinteresting那听起来很有趣27.makeupastory编一个故事28.goforadrive开车兜风30.intherain在雨中inthedark在黑暗中\inthesun在阳光下inthesnow在雪中31.takenotesof=writedown=copydown写下，记下32.havefundoingsth.很快乐的做某事33.playcomputergames打电脑游戏34.forsale供销售35.seeyousoon盼望很快见到你36.inone’sopinion据某人看来,某人的观点上看37.winthefirstprize获得了一等奖38.afamousbasketballplayer著名的篮球运动员39.inthefuture在将来，今后40.can’thelpdoingsth.忍不住做某事41.thestorygoesthat…据说……42.abusydayoff繁忙的假日，inone’soffhours在某人的休息时间theoffseason淡季43.noneof………当中没有一个44.aheavyrain一阵大雨alightrain一阵小雨afinerain一阵细雨44.allday=alldaylong整天allnight=allnightlong整夜【应掌握的句子】1.Howwasyourschooltrip?2.Talkabouteventsinthepast.3.Werethereanysharks?No,thereweren’tanysharks,butthereweresomereallysmartseals.4.Whatelsedidyoudo?5.Finally,theytooktheschoolbusbacktoschool.6.Attheendoftheday,thescienceteacherwasveryhappybecausethestudents7.Thestudentshadaterribleschooltrip.8.Theytookthesubwaybacktoschool.9.ShelivesinCalifornia.Theweatherwasbeautiful.,10.Onmynextdayoff,Idon’twanttogoforadrive.Thatsoundsreallyboring.11.Didyouhavefuncamping?12.Noonecametothesalebecausetheweatherwassobad.Unit9Whenwasheborn?【语言目标】Who’sthat?That’sDengYaping,Sheisagreatping-pongplayer.Whenwassheborn?Shewasbornin1973.WhoisShirleyTemple?Sheisamoviestar.Whendidshebecomeamoviestar?Whenshewasthreeyearsold.【应掌握的词组】1.ping-pongplayer乒乓球运动员2.agreatChineseping-pongplayer中国杰出的乒乓球运动员3.starthiccupping开始打嗝4.too…to…太……，而不……5.writemusic谱写曲子6.amoviestar电影明星7.learntorideabicycle学会骑自行车8.startlearning开始学英语9.beginplayingsports开始进行体育运动10.alovinggrandfather慈爱的祖父11.spendallone’sfreetimewithsb.与某人一起度过了所有的业余时间12.afamousviolinist著名的小提琴手13.iceskating滑冰14.akindandlovinggrandmother和蔼而慈爱的祖母15.askatingchampion滑冰冠军16.thefamousChinesepianist中国著名的钢琴演奏家17.asmallboy(girl)孩提时期18.attheageof…在……年龄时19.takepartin参加、加入20.begintolearntheaccordion开始学习手风琴21.majorin主修，专修22.startforaplace=leaveforaplace动身去…23.becauseof因为、由于【应掌握的句子】1．Whenwasheborn？2．Who’sthat?That’sDengYaping.SheisagreatChineseping-pongplayer.3．HowlongdidCharlesOsbornehiccup?Hehiccuppedfor69years5months.4．Youarenevertooyoungtostartdoingthings.5．TigerWoodsstartedgolfingwhenhewasonlytenmonthsold.6．WhoisShirleyTemple?She’samoviestar.Whendidshebecameamoviestar?Shebecameamoviewhenshewasthreeyearsold.7．Itwasacomedycalled“HowAlone”.8．Arthurisalovinggrandfather.Hespendsallhisfreetimewithhisgrandchildren.9．ShetouredtheU.S.whenshewasfourteen.10.Whenhewasasmallboy,hecouldhumsongsanddifficultpiecesofmusic.11.Whoisthegreatestmanalive?12.Mymotherboughtalivefish.13.Thelivingpeoplearemoreimportant.Unit10I’mgoingtobeabasketballplayer【语言目标】,?Whatareyougoingtobewhenyougrowup?I’mgoingtobeacomputerprogrammer.?Howareyougoingtodothat?I’mgoingtostudycomputerscience.【应掌握的词组】1.growup长大，成长2.computerscience计算机科学3.begoingtodo表示主观打算、准备或有信心做某事4.computerprogrammer电脑程序设计人5.baseballplayer棒球运动员6.takeactinglessons上演技课7.professionalbasketballplayer职业篮球运动员8.practicebasketball练习篮球9.movesomewhere=movetosomewhere搬到（不具体的）某一地方10.soundlike听起来像……11.part-time兼职的,full-time全职的，全日制的12.ayearortwo一两年=oneortwoyears;anhourortwo=oneortwohours一两个小时adayortwo=oneortwodays一两天13.mydreamjob我梦想的工作14.whatIwanttodo我想做的事情15.somewhereinteresting有趣的地方16.areporterforfashionmagazine时装杂志记者17.savesomemoney积蓄一些钱，攒钱18.atthesametime与此同时19.holdartexhibition举办美术展览20.allovertheworld全世界，世界各地21.somewherequietandbeautiful安静而美丽的地方22.sendsth.tosb.将某物发送给某人23.I’mnotsureyet我还没有定下来24.theOlympicGames=theOlympics奥运会25.NewYear’sresolutions新年的决心26.playaninstrument弹一种乐器27.getapart-timejob找到一份兼职工作28.makethesoccerteam组建足球队29.getgoodgrades获得好成绩30.eathealthierfood吃健康的食物31.getlotsofexercise多进行体育锻炼32.takeguitarlessons上吉他课33.Ireallylovemusic我酷爱音乐34.soundsinteresting听起来很有意思35.communicatewithsb.与某人交流36.aforeignlanguageteacher一份当外语教师的工作37.keepfit保持身体健康38.workharderinschool在学校里更努力学习39.makeone’sresolution表决心40.afterhighschool=leaveschool中学毕业后41.internationalmagazines国际杂志社42.theexchangestudents留学生43.haveawelcomeparty召开一个欢迎会【应掌握的句子】1.Iamgoingtobeabasketballplayer.2.Howareyougoingtodothat?I’mgoingtostudycomputerscience.3.Beingacomputerprogrammerishisdream.4.ChengHanisgoingtobeanactor.5.WhereisChengHangoingtomove?He’sgoingtomovetoNewYork.6.Whereareyougoingtowork?I’mnotsureyet.MaybeBeijingorShanghai.Unit11Couldyoupleasecleanyourroom?【语言目标】?Couldyoutakeoutthetrash?Sure.?CouldIborrowthecar?Sorry,butIneedit,Ihavetogotoameeting,?Ihavetomakethebedanddothelaundry.【应掌握的词组】1.couldyouplease…你能……吗？/请你干…….好吗？2.dothedishes洗餐具,3.sweepthefloor清扫地板4.takeoutthetrash倒垃圾5.makeone’sbed铺床6.foldone’sclothes叠衣服7.cleanthelivingroom清扫客厅8.stayoutlate晚归9.hisfather’sreason他父亲的理由10.getaride搭车11.useone’scomputer使用某人的电脑12.hatesth./todosth.讨厌某事/做某事13.dothelaundry=dosomewashing=washclothes洗衣服14.makebreakfast,makedinner,dosomecooking做饭15.washthecar刷车16.workon从事，忙于17.workat学习、致力于、在……上下工夫18.borrowsomemoney借一些钱19.invitesb.todosth邀请某人做某事20.gotothestore去商店21.agreesb.todosth.同意某人做某事22.agreewithsb.=agreewithwhatonesays同意某人的意见23.（需了解）makeadeal作成交易makeaface做鬼脸；makeafoolof捉弄，使出洋相makefriendswith与……交朋友makeanameforhimself成名makeanoteof注意，记下来makefreewith擅自使用makefunof取笑make…into把……作成，使变成makeit成功，到达某处makeone’sliving维持生活makeone’swayto前往某处makeroom腾出地方makeup编造makeuseof利用24.borrowsth.fromsb.向某人借某物(借入)25.lendsb.sth.=lendsth.tosb.借给某人某物(借出)26.askfor要求得到、要求见到27.takecareof=lookafter照顾、照看、照料takegoodcareof=lookafter…well28.needsomehelp需要一些帮助29.comeover过来30.getangry生气31.haveatest考试32.makeacleansweepof彻底扫除【应掌握的句子】1．Couldyoupleasecleanyourroom?2．Couldyoupleaseopenthedoorforme?3．Ihatetodochores.4．Tellyourpartneryouranswertoactivity1a.Doesyourpartneragree?5．Thanksfortakingcareofmydog.6．Youarehavingaparty.Askyourpartnerforhelp.Talkaboutthesethings.7．Takehimforawalk.Givehimwaterandfeedhim.Thenwashhisbowl.Playwithhim.Don’tforgettocleanhisbed.8．I’mgoingtomovetoanewhouse!Ineedsomehelp.Unit12what’sthebestradiostation?【应掌握的词组】1.thebestradiostation最好的无线电台2.comfortableseats舒适的椅子3.bigscreens大屏幕4.friendlyservice友好的服务5.newmovies新电影6.closetohome离家近7.inafunpartoftown在城镇闹区8.TownCinema城镇电影院,9.ScreenCity大屏幕影视城10.MoviePalace电影艺术宫11.JeansCorner牛仔广角12.TrendyTeens时髦少年服装店13.EasyListening轻松听力14.havegoodqualityclothes服装质量好15.intown在城里,inthecity在城市里inthecountry在乡下16.thebeatclothingstore最好的服装店17.doasurveyof对…进行调查18.allthemovietheaters所有的电影院19.themostinterestingmusic最有趣的音乐20.be(get,become,feel)interestedin对…感兴趣21.positivewords肯定的词语22.negativewords否定的词语23.themostcreative最有创造力的24.themostboring最烦人的25.themathteacher数学老师26.agreatsuccess巨大的成功27.wintheprizefor赢得……的奖项28.withoutmusic没有音乐伴奏下29.thefunniestactor最滑稽的演员30.theworstmovie最差的电影31.actionmovies动作片32.beautifulbeaches美丽的海滩33.inthenorthofChina在中国的北部34.anIceandSnowFestival冰雪节35.CentralPark中心公园36.leaderofaband乐队指挥37.ForbiddenCity紫禁城38.elementaryschool小学【应掌握的句子】1.What’sthebestradiostation?2.Howdoyouchoosewhatmovietheatertogoto?3.IthinkGoldTheaterhasthemostcomfortableseats.4.Whatdoyoungpeoplethinkaboutplacesintown?5.Thefilmisinteresting.6.Wherearewegoingforlunch?7.MysisterIsabelisthefunniestpersonIknow.8.Lastweek’stalentshowwasagreatsuccess.9.Hedancedwithoutmusic.一语法：（1）形容词和副词比较级相关知识点一、有关原级的用法1.只能修饰原级的词，very，quite，so，too例如，Heistootiredtowalkon.他太累了以至于不能再继续走了。MybrotherrunssofastthatIcan‘tfollowhim.我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。2.原级常用的句型结构(1)“甲+be+(倍数)+as+形容词原级+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的几倍”例如，TomisasoldasKate.汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。TomistwiceasoldasKate.汤姆的年龄是凯特的二倍。“甲+实意动词+(倍数)+as+副词原级+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的几倍”例如，TomrunsasfastasMike.汤姆和迈克跑得一样快。TomrunstwiceasfastasMike.汤姆跑得速度是迈克的二倍。(2)“甲+be+not+as/so+形容词原级+as+乙”甲不如乙…例如，Thisroomisnotas/sobigasthatone.这个房间不如那个大。“甲+助动词+not+动词原形+as/so+副词原级+as+乙”甲不如乙…,例如，Hedoesn’twalkasslowlyasyou.他走路不像你那样慢。二、形容词副词比较级的用法1.可以修饰比较级的词，much，alot，far，…的多alittle，abit，…一点儿even甚至，still仍然　例如，LessonOneismucheasierthanLessonTwo.第一课比第二课容易得多。Tomlooksevenyoungerthanbefore.汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。Thistrainrunsmuchfasterthanthatone.这辆火车比那辆跑地快Shedrivesstillmorecarefullythanherhusband.她开车仍然比她丈夫还认真。2.比较级常用的句型结构(1)“甲+be+(倍数)+形容词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”例如，TomistallerthanKate.汤姆比凯特高。Thisroomisthreetimesbiggerthanthatone.这个房间比那个大三倍。“甲+实意动词+(倍数)+副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”例如，Igotupearlierthanmymotherthismorning.我今天早晨起床比我妈妈还早。Herunsthreetimesfasterthanhisbrother.他跑的速度比他弟弟快三倍。(2)“甲+be+形容词比较级+than+anyother+单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都……”，含义是“甲最……”。　例如，TheYangtzeRiverislongerthananyotherriverinChina.=TheYangtzeRiverislongerthananyoftheotherriversinChina.长江比中国的任何一条其他的河都长。=TheYangtzeRiverislongerthantheotherriversinChina.长江比中国的其他所有的河都长。=TheYangtzeRiveristhelongestriverinChina.长江是中国最长的河流。　注意：TheYangtzeRiverislongerthananyriverinJapan.长江比日本的任何一条河都长。“甲+实意动词+副词比较级+than+anyother+单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都……”，含义是“甲最……”。例如，Mikegetstoschoolearlierthananyotherstudentinhisclass.=Mikegetstoschoolearlierthananyoftheotherstudentsinhisclass.迈克比他们班上任何一个其他的同学到校都早。=Mikegetstoschoolearlierthantheotherstudentsinhisclass.迈克比他们班上其他的同学到校都早。=Mikegetstoschoolearliestinhisclass.迈克在他们班到校最早。　注意：MikegetstoschoolearlierthananystudentinTom’sclass.迈克比汤姆班上任何一个学生到校都早。(迈克和汤姆不是同一个班)(3)“甲+be+the+形容词比较级+ofthetwo+……”表示“甲是两者中较……的”。例如，Lookatthetwoboys.Mybrotheristhetallerofthetwo.看那两个男孩，我弟弟是两个当中较高的那个。(4)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。例如，Heisgettingtallerandtaller.他变得越来越高了。Theflowersaremoreandmorebeautiful.花儿越来越漂亮。Hedoeshishomeworkmoreandmorecarefully.他做作业越来越认真了。(5)“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越……，越……”。例如，Themorecarefulyouare，thefewermistakesyou’llmake.你越认真，犯的错误越少。(6)“特殊疑问词+be+形容词比较级，甲or乙？”　例如，Whichisbigger，theearthorthemoon？哪一个大，地球还是月球？“特殊疑问词+实意动词+副词比较级，甲or乙？”例如，Whodrawsbetter，JennyorDanny？谁画得比较好，詹妮还是丹尼？3.最高级常用句型结构,(1)“主语+be+the+形容词最高级+单数名词+in/of短语”表示“……是……中最……的”。例如，Tomisthetallestinhisclass./ofallthestudents.汤姆是他们班上/所有学生当中最高的。Thisappleisthebiggestofthefive.这个苹果是五个当中最大的。“主语+实意动词+(the)+副词最高级+单数名词+in/of短语”表示“……是……中最……的”。例如，Ijump(the)farthestinmyclass.我是我们班跳得最远的。(2)“主语+be+oneofthe+形容词最高级+复数名词+in/of短语”表示“……是……中最……之一”。例如，BeijingisoneofthelargestcitiesinChina.北京是中国最大城市之一。(3)“特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲，乙，or丙？”用于三者以上的比较。例如，Whichcountryisthelargest，China，BrazilorCanada？哪一个国家最大，中国，巴西还是加拿大？“特殊疑问词+be+the+副词最高级+甲，乙，or丙？”用于三者以上的比较例如，Whichseasondoyoulike(the)best，spring，summerorautumn？你最喜欢哪一个季节，春天，夏天还是秋天？三、形容词和副词比较级常用句型1.当A>B时，用“比较级+than+比较对象”来表示。如：Myroomissmallerthanyours.我的房间比你的小。ShegotthereearlierthanIdid.她比我到得早。注意：一般来说，比较对象为人称代词时，用主格或宾格均可。但是，当句子中谓语动词为及物动词时，人称代词用主格或宾格意义不同。如：Ilikeyoubetterthanhe(likesyou).我比他更喜欢你。Ilikeyoubetterthan(helikes)him.我喜欢你胜过喜欢他。2.当A>B，但B包含A时，则须用other来将A排除出去，即：（1）用“比较级+than+anyother+名词单数”来表示。如：ChinaislargerthananyothercountryinAsia.中国比其他任何亚洲国家都要大。（2）用“比较级+than+anyoftheother+名词复数”来表示。如：Heisolderthananyoftheotherboysinhisclass.他比他班上任何同学年纪都大。（3）用“比较级+than+alltheother+名词复数”来表示。如：Yourdepartmentspentmorelastyearthanalltheotherdepartmentsputtogether.你们部门去年的花销比其他所有部门的加起来还多。（4）用“比较级+than+（anyof）theothers”来表示。如：Ireceivedlessmoneythantheothersdid.我比别人收到的钱少。5）用“比较级+than+theother+名词复数”来表示。如：Heisclevererthantheotherstudentsinhisclass.他比班上其他学生聪明。6）用“比较级+than+anyoneelse”来表示。如：Youknowhimbetterthananyoneelse.你对他比任何别人都更了解。　3.当A>B，但B不包含A时，句型为：（1）用“比较级+than+anyofthe+名词复数”来表示。如：Heisricherthananyofthepeoplehere.他比这儿的任何人都有钱。（2）用“比较级+than+any+名词单数”来表示。如：I‘mtallerthananystudentofyourclass.我比你们班的任何学生都高。4.当A=B时，用“as+原级+as+比较对象”来表示。如：Sheisastallasme.她与我一样高。Hegetsupasearlyashisparents.他起床与他父母起得一样早。-规则变化如下:1)单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加-er和-est构成。　　great(原级)(比较级)(最高级),2)以-e结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-r和-st构成。　　wide(原级)(比较级)(最高级)3)少数以-y,-er,-ow,-ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-er和-est构成。　clever(原级)(比较级)(最高级)4)以-y结尾,但-y前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把-y去掉,加上-ier和-est构成.　　happy(原形)(比较级)(最高级)5)以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加-er和-est。　　big(原级)(比较级)(最高级)6)双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more和most加在形容词前面来构成。　beautiful(原级)?　(比较级)(比较级)　difficult(原级)(最高级)(最高级)　　常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级:　　原级------比较级------最高级　　good------better------bestmany------more------most　　much------more------mostbad------worse------worstfar------farther,further------farthest,furthest三、用适当形式填空：1.Bobis_________(young)thanFredbut__________(tall)thanFred.2.Yingtianisnotas___________(tall)asYongxian.3.Almostallthestudents'facesarethesamebutLiDeminglooks_______(fat)thanbefore.4.Whichis_________(heavy),ahenorachicken?5.--How_________(tall)isSally?--She's1.55metres________(tall).WhataboutXiaoling?--She'sonly1.40metres______(tall).Sheismuch_______(short)thanSally.Sheisalsothe_______(short)girlintheclass.6.Heis______(bad)atlearningmaths.Heismuch_______(bad)atChineseandheisthe_________(bad)atEnglish.7.AnniesaysSallyisthe________(kind)personintheworld.8.Heisoneofthe_________(friendly)peopleintheclass,Ithink.9.Adictionaryismuch_________(expensive)thanastory-book.10.Anorangeiaalittle______(big)thananapple,butmuch________(small)thanawatermelon.11.MissChenis___________________thanMr.Wang.(popular)12.Mr.Lin_________________________Mr.Brown.(sad)13.Thebasketball_______________________thebaseball.(big)14.QuestionA________________________________QuestionB.(important)15.Arose__________________________________aweed(野草).(beautiful)16.Torontois___________cityinCanada.(large),17.Playingcomputergamesis________________ofalltheactivities.(interesting).18.TheNile(尼羅河)is______________riverintheworld.(long)19.Goodhealthis______________________thinglife.(important)20.Takingataxiis_____________waytogettotheairport.(easy)21.Test1is_____________________ofallthetests.（difficult）22.Heis________thananyotherboyintheclass.（clever）23.Sheis_______thanalltheotherstudents.(young)24.Thewindowis________________ofthetwo.(narrow)25.Whereisthe________bus-stop?(near)26.Heisoneof_______________________Politicians.(famous)27.Tomdrivesmuch________________thanJohn.(careful)28.Thewhitefloweris________(beautiful).Theyellowfloweris_____________(beautiful)thanthewhiteflower.Theredfloweristhe___________ofthethree.（2）英语代词情态动词总结及练习题情态动词专题：（一）情态动词的定义情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。（二）情态动词的特点1）有一定词义；2）不受主语人称和数的变化影响；3）与主要动词的原形（或称不带to的不定式）一起构成谓语（除oughtto作固定词组看待）。（三）情态动词的分类和意义意义情态动词（四）情态动词的基本用法1.can(could)1）表示能力，could主要指过去时间。Twoeyescanseemorethanone.两只眼比一只眼看得清。Couldthegirlreadshewenttoschool?这女孩上学前能识字吗？2）表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）。Thetemperaturecanfallto–60℃,thatis60℃belowfreezing.气温可降至—60℃，也就是零下60℃。Hecan’t(couldn’t)haveenoughmoneyforanewcar.他不可能有足够的钱买新车。Youmustn'tsmokewhileyou'rewalkingaroundinthewood.Youcouldstartafire.在林子里走时勿吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。3）表示允许。CanIhavealookatyournewpen?我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗？Heaskedwhetherhecouldtakethebookoutofthereading-room.他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。4）表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。Wherecan(could)theyhavegoneto?他们会去哪儿了呢？Hecan’t(couldn’t)beoversixty.他不可能超过六十岁。Howcanyoubesocareless?你怎么这么粗心？5）比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。Can(Could)youlendmeahand?帮我一把好吗？I’mafraidwecouldn’tgiveyouananswertoday.恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。2.may(might),1）表允许，might可以指过去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。Youmaytakewhateveryoulike.你喜欢什么就拿什么。HetoldmethatImightsmokeintheroom.他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。May(Might)Iaskforphotoyourbaby?我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗？在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如Yes,please./Certainly./Pleasedon’t./You’dbetternot./No,youmustn’t.等，以免显得太严峻或不客气。2）表可能（事实上）。可以指过去时间，也可以指现在时间，但语气更加不肯定。Hemaybeathome.他可能在家。Shemaynotknowaboutit.她可能不知道这件事。Hewasafraidtheymightnotagreewithhim.他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。Theymightbehavingameeting,butI’mnotsure.他们有可能在开会，不过我不肯定。3.Must1）表示义务。意为“必须”（主观意志）。Wemustdoeverythingstepbystep.我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。Youmustn’ttalktoherlikethat.你不可能那样对她说话。--Mustwehandinourexercise—booksnow?我们现在就要交练习本吗？--No,youneedn’t./No,youdon’thaveto.不必。（这种情况下，一般不用mustn’t）2）表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。Hemustbeill.Helookssopale.他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。She’swearingadiamondnecklace.Shemusthavealotofmoney.她戴着钻石项链，一定很有钱。4.Shall1）表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。ShallIgetsometea?我给你点茶好吗？Shalltheboywaitoutside?让那男孩在外面等吗？Whatshallwedothisevening?我们今晚做什么？2）表说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。YoushalldoasIsay.按我说的做。（命令）Youshallhavemyanswertomorrow.你明天可以得到我的答复。（允诺）Heshallbesorryforitoneday,Itellyou.有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。（警告）Nothingshallstopusfromcarryingouttheplan.什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。（决心）5.Will1）表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。Iwilldoanythingforyou.我愿为你做任何事。Noneissoblindasthosewhowon’tsee.不愿看的人眼最瞎。Ifyouwillreadthe这本书，我会把它借给你。2）表请求，用于疑问句。Willyouclosethewindow?It’sabitcold.请你把窗户关上好吗？有点冷。Won’tyoudrinksomemorecoffee?再来一点咖啡好吗？3）表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。Fishwilldieoutofwater.鱼离开水就不能活。Thedoorwon’topen.这门打不开。Theboywillsittherehourafterhourlookingatthetrafficgoby.那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点，看着车辆行人通过。6.Should1）表义务。意为“应该”（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。Youshouldbepolitetoyourteachers.你对老师应该有礼貌。Youshouldn’twasteanytime.你不应该浪费时间。2）表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。Thefilmshouldbeverygoodasitisstarringfirst-classactors.,这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。Theyshouldbehomebynow.照说他们现在应当已经到家了。7.Would1）表意IsaidIwoulddoanythingforyou.我说过我愿意为你做任何事。2）表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。Wouldyoulikeanotherglassofbeer?再来杯啤酒好吗？Wouldyoumindcleaningthewindow?请把窗户擦一下好吗？Theywouldn’thaveanythingagainstit.他们不会有什么反对意见。3）表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。Everytimeshewasintrouble,shewouldgotohimforhelp.她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。8.oughtto1）表义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务等该做），口气比should稍重。Youarehisfather.Yououghttotakecareofhim.你是他父亲，应当管他。Yououghtn’ttosmokesomuch.你不应该抽这么多烟。2）表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。HanMeioughttoknowhistelephonenumber.韩梅该知道他的电话号码。There’safinesunset;itoughttobeafinedaytomorrow.今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。9.usedto表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。Heusedtoliveinthecountryside,butnowhelivesinthecity.他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。Thereusedtobeabuildingatthestreetcorner,bn.街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。Iusedn’t(didn’tuse)tosmoke.我过去不抽烟。Usedyou(Didyouuse)togotoschoolonfoot?你过去常步行去学校吗？（一）need和dare的用法need和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时，可用于各种句式。1.用作情态动词--NeedIcome?--Yes,youmust.--我需要来吗？--需要。Youneedn’ttelephonehimnow.你现在不必打电话给他。Idon’tthinkyouneedworry.我想你不必发愁。Shedarenotgooutaloneatnight.她晚上不敢一个人出去。HowdareyousayI’munfair?你竟敢说我不公平？Notoneofthemdaredmentionthis.他们谁也不敢提这件事。2.用作实义动词Youdon’tneedtodoityourself.你不必亲自做这件事。Weneedtotellthemthenews.我们需要把这消息告诉他们。Thetableneedspainting(tobepainted.).桌子需要油漆一下。Weshoulddaretogiveourownopinion.我们要敢于提出自己的观点。Hedidnotdare(to)lookup.他不敢抬头看。Idaredayhe’llcomeagain.我想他会再来的。（Idaresay…为固定习语）（二）情态动词后跟完完成这项工作的。Heisn’there.Hemusthavemissedthetrain.他还未到，一定是没赶上火车。Wherecan(could)hegone?他能到那里去了呢？Youmay(might)havereadaboutit.你可能在报上已经读到这件事了。Youcould(might)havebeenmorecareful.你本来可以更细心的。Heneedn’thaveworriedit.他本不必为此事担心。Therewasalotoffunatyesterday'sparty.Yououghttohavecome,butwhydidn'tyou?昨天的聚会非常有意思。你本应该来，为何不来呢？2.情态动词后跟进行式，表示“想必正在……”，“可能正在……”，“应当正在”等意。It’stwelveo’clock.Theymusthavinglunch.现在是十二点。他们一定正在吃饭。,1．MayIstopmycarhere?No,you_＿＿＿.A.can'tB.mustn'tC.needn'tD.don'thaveto2.Mustwecleanthehousenow?No,you_______.A.needn'tB.maynotC.mustn'tD.can't3.Johnhisfatherabouthisfailureintheexam.A.daresnottellB.daresnottellingC.darenottellD.daresnottotell4.You___returnthebooknow.Youcankeepitnextweekifyoulike.A.can'tB.mustn'tC.needn'tD.maynot5.Johnny,youplaywiththeknife,you___hurtyourself.A.won't...can'tB.mustn't...mayC.shouldn't,mustD.can't...shouldn't6.Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryone_____getout.A.hadtoB.wouldC.couldD.wasableto7.Wouldyougooutforawalkwithme?No,I.Mygirlfriendiscoming.A.wouldn'tB.shallnotC.won'tD.shouldn't8.Man____diewithoutwater.A.willB.canC.needD.shall9.Ifhestartedat90'clock,hebetherebynow.A.needB.shallC.oughttoD.must10.Imailedthelettertwoweeksago.She_____it.A.mustreceiveB.can'treceiveC.mightreceiveD.musthavereceived11.Theprofessorgaveordersthattheexperiment_____before5:30p.m.A.befinishedB.willfinishC.mustbefinishedD.wouldbefinished12.Therewasplentyoftime.You_____.A.mustn'thurryB.mustn'thavehurriedC.needn'thurryD.needn'thavehurried13.Tomwasadiligentboy.He___gotoschoolthoughitwasraininghard.A.wasabletoB.couldC.couldn'tD.wasn'tableto14.______Igobackbeforelunch?No,Idon'tthinkyou________.A.Need...mustB.Do...needtoC.Must...havetoD.May....oughtto15.Theteacher___doalltheexercises,butapupil_______.A.needn't....mustB.maynot...mustC.needn't....needn'tD.can't....must16.Wouldyouopenthewindowplease?Yes,I______.A.willB.wouldC.doD.can17.Aliononlyattacksahumanbeingwhenitishungry.A.ShouldB.CanC.willD.shall18.____MustIfinishthisnovelthismorning?____No,you_____.A.mustn'tB.mightnotC.don'thavetoD.can't19.Thetaxi____onlyholdsixpassengers.Itisfull.Youtakethenextone.A.may...mayB.can...mayC.may...canD.must...can20.Ialittleearlier,butImetafriendofmineontheway.A.maycomeB.mayhavecomeC.couldhavecomeD.musthavecome,21.Iwishtogohomenow,_________I?A.mayB.can'tC.mustD.do22.Hemusthavefinishedhishomework,he?A.mustn'tB.didn'tC.needn'tD.hasn't23.Thispenlookslikemine,yetitisn't.Whoseitbe?A.mustB.canC.mayD.might24.Hedidn'tdowellintheexam.He________hardathislessons.A.musthaveworkedB.oughttohaveworkedC.wouldhaveworkedD.hasworked初中英语基本语法结构运用的基本结构可以分为五个类型。1、主语+系动词+表语（S+V+P）列如：Sheisastudent（身份）HehasbecomeanengineerIttastessweetTheyareintheclassroom动词是系动词，其后的表语表示主语的身份，特征或者状态。英语中可用作系动词的数量很少，最常用的是be的各种变化形式，系动词，如become，turn，look，seem，appear，sound，taste，smell，remain，prove，keep，fall，等2、主语+动词（S+V）列如：waterflowsHeisreadingShehasarrivedTheywillcomeMarycried例如：TheyhavereachedNEWYORKTheyhavearrivedatNEWYORK3、主语+动词+宾语（S+V+O）例如：TomspeaksEnglishHeboughtajacketTheyhavefinishedthejobRoseisreadingabook及物动词，其后必须跟一个宾语3、主语+动词+宾语+宾语（S+V+O+O）例如：MrBrownteachesthemEnglishMothertoldmeastoryGiveusaringwhenyouarriveatthecollegeThestudentsaregivingtheclassroomathoroughcleanup直接宾语是动作承受者或结果，间接宾语则表示动作是为谁做的4、主语+动词+宾语+补语(S+V+O+C)例如：WeelectedhimchairmanWeshouldkeeptheclassroomcleanIwanthertocomeShehadanewdressmade、Shehearedhimsinging宾语和补语在逻辑上是主与表或者主与谓的关系。也就是说补语表示,宾语的特征，身份，状态，或是宾语的行为动作。如果这一结构的句子变为被动句，那么原来的宾语变成了主语，后面的补语便是主语的补语：Wefoundhim（readinginthelibrary）（括号内表示宾语的补语）所有者成分都是必不可少的，缺少任何一个成分都会破坏句子结构的完整性。句子结构中的基本成分包括主语、动词、表语、宾语、和补语、英语句子中还有起修饰作用的定语和状语，以及起解释说明作用的同位语。下面括号部分即为定语、状语和同位语。例如：SheisagoodstudentTheywillcomesoonMrBrown，Tom‘sfather，isanengineer因此，英语的句子成分主语有主语，动词，表语，宾语，补语，定语，状语和同位语。问题：名词作表语和名词作单宾之间的区别？名词作宾语补足语和名词作直接宾语的差别？分析下列各句属于哪种基本结构，并划出各个句子成分。1、IsawJaneinthereadingroom2、Productiongrowsrapidly3、Theytreatedmeastheirownson4、Hisclassmatesmadehimtheirmonitor5、VictorpassedRoberttheball6、Youdidnotneedtoarrivesoearly7、Thechildrenranmerrilyafterhim8、Itisgettingdark9、Martin，mygoodfriend，hasgivenmealotofhelp10、Circumstancesdonotpermitmetoleave11、Thepopulationofcityroseby20percent12、Shehadanewdressmade13、Herfaceturnedredathiswords14、Theoldprofessorlecturestwiceaweek15、Tombecomeagoodstudentatlast16、Iwantthatblueskirt,theoneontheleft17、Theywillhaveameetinginroom20518、Herparentsboughtheranewradio19、Shetoldusalotofinterestingstories20、Thefoodsmellsnice,现在进行时1.现在进行时的定义现在进行时主要用于表示目前正在进行的动作，有时也可表示现阶段在进行的动作。如：TheteacherisgivingusanEnglishlesson.老师正在给我们上英语课。Thefarmersaregettingintheircrops.农民们正在收割庄稼。Wearemakingpreparationsfortheconference.我们一直在为会议作准备。2.现在进行时的结构现在进行时由“am/is/are+现在分词”构成。如：I’mstudyingatYuCaiSeniorMiddleschool.我在育才中学读书。Heiswritingonthedesk.他再课桌上写字。TheyaretalkingabouttheirvisitingtheGreatWall.他们在谈论游长城的事情。【说明】动词现在分词的构成方法：(1)一般在动词后加-ing。如：say—saying,play—playing,think—thinking,study—studying,teach—teaching,blow—blowing,build—building.(2)动词若以-e结尾,则去e再加-ing。如：love—loving,make—making,guide—guiding,date—dating.(3)在以单短元音的重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ing。如：begin—beginning,regret—regretting,plan—planning,ban—banning.(4)在以ie结尾的动词后，改ie为y，再加-ing。如：lie—lying,die—dying,tie—tying.(5)在以-c[k]结尾的动词后加-king。如：picnic—picnicking,panic—panicking.3.现在进行时的应用(1)表示目前正在发生或进行的动作。如：Theyareplantingtreesonthemountain.他们在山上植树。Motherispreparingsupperinthekitchen.母亲在厨房做晚饭。(2)有些非持续性动词的进行时可以表示动作即将进行或发生，或表示动作的重复。如：Heisjoiningthearmy.他要参军了。Theyarebuyingthehouse.他们要买那座房子。(3)当现在进行时中有always,forever,constantly,continually修饰时，表示说话人的赞赏或厌烦的感情。如:Whyisthebabyalwayscrying?为什么那个老是在哭。Theyarealwayshelpingus.他们总是帮助我们。注意：表示状态、感觉、心理活动的静态动词，一般不使用语进行时态。一、选择题练习1.Who_____overtherenow?A.singingB.aresingC.issingingD.sing2.It’seighto’clock.Thestudents_____anEnglishclass.A.haveB.havingC.ishavingD.arehaving3.Listen!Thebaby_____inthenextroom.A.cryingB.criedC.iscryingD.cries4.Look!Thetwins_____newsweaters.A.arewearingB.wearingC.arewearD.iswearing5.Don’ttalkhere.Grandparents_____.A.issleepingB.aresleepingC.sleepingD.sleep6.Tomisaworker.He_____inafactory.Hissisters_____inahospital.A.work/workB.works/workC.work/works7.Who_____Englishbestinyourclass?A.speakB.speaksC.speaking8.MrsRead_____thewindowseveryday.A.iscleaningB.cleanC.cleans9.We_____musicandoften_____tomusic.A.like/listenB.likes/listensC.like/arelistening10.She_____upatsixinthemorning.A.getB.getsC.Getting,11.OnSundayshesometimes_____hisclothesandsometimes_____someshopping.A.wash/doB.iswashing/isdoingC.washes/does12.Thetwinsusually_____milkandbreadforbreakfast,butJim_____somecoffeeforit.A.have/haveB.have/hasC.has/have二、填空：　　1.Myfatheralways__come____(come)backfromworkverylate.　　2.Theteacherisbusy.He__sleeps___(sleep)sixhoursaday.　　3.Listen!Joan__issinging__(sing)intheclassroom.Sheoften__sings__(sing)there.　　4._Does__yourbrother___know___(know)Japanese?　　5.Where__do___you____have___(have)luncheveryday?　　6.Thegirl___likes____(like)wearingaskirt.Look!She___iswearing___(wear)aredskirttoday.宾语从句一.宾语从句的定义置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词（afraid,sure,glad等）之后也可以带宾语从句。二.宾语从句中引导词的用法在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：连词：that(that常可省略),whether,if。代词：who,whose,what,which。副词：when,where,how,why等。（一）that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略）可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say,think,insist,wish,hope,demand,imagine,wonder,know,suppose,see,believe,agree,admit,deny,expect,explain,order,command,feel,dream,suggest,hear,mean,notice,prefer,request,require,propose,declare,report等。例句：Theboybelievesthathewilltravelthroughspacetootherplanets.注意事项：当主句谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,expect等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。例句：Idon’tthinkitisrightforhimtotreatyoulikethat.在以下情况中that不能省略1当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。例句：Hesaid(that)youweretooyoungtounderstandthematterandthathewasaskednottotellyou.2当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。例句：JustthenInoticed,forthefirsttime,thatourmasterwaswearinghisfinegreencoatandhisblacksilkcap.3当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。例句：Ican’ttellhimthathismotherdied.注意事项：许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。例句：Ifinditnecessarythatweshoulddothehomeworkontime.（二）由whether,if引导的宾语从句由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。例句：Iwonderwhether(if)theywillcometoourparty.只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句1在带to的不定式前例句：Wedecidedwhethertowalkthere.1在介词的后面例句：I’mthinkingofwhetherweshouldgotoseethefilm.2在动词后面的宾语从句例句：Wediscussedwhetherwehadasportsmeetingnextweek,3直接与ornot连用时例句：Ican’tsaywhetherornotthetcancomeontime.只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句1if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”例句：Thestudentswillgoonapicnicifitissunny.2if引导否定概念的宾语从句时例句：HeaskedifIdidn’tcometoschoolyesterday.3引导状语从句evenif（即使）和asif（好象）时例句：Hetalksasifhehasknownallaboutit.（三）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see,say,tell,ask,answer,know,decide,show,findout,imagine,suggest,doubt,wonder,discover,understand,inform,advise等。英语中的连接代词有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。例句：Canyoutellmewhomyouarewaitingfor?英语中的连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。例句：Noneofusknowswherethesenewpartscanbebought.三.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。例句如下：1Idon’tknowwhattheyarelookingfor.2Couldyoutellmewhenthetrainwillleave?3Canyouimaginewhatkindofmanheis?四.宾语从句的时态1主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。例句：Theheadmasterhopeseverythinggoeswell.2主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。例句：Shewassorrythatshehadn’tfinishedherworkontime.3当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。例句：Theteachertoldhisclassthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.五.宾语从句的特点1宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。2宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。3连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。4whether和if都可引导宾语从句，但whether后可紧跟ornot；whether从句可作介词的宾语。5如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it.宾语从句专项训练1．Idon'tknow_________hewillcometomorrow．_________hecomes，I'lltellyou．A．if；WhetherB．whether；WhetherC．if；ThatD．if；If2．Idon'tknow_________thedayaftertomorrow．A．whendoeshecomeB．howwillhecomeC．ifhecomesD．whetherhe'llcome3．Couldyoutellme_________thenearesthospitalis？A．whatB．howC．whetherD．where4．Couldyoutellme_________theradiowithoutanyhelp？A．howdidhemendB．whatdidhemendC．howhemendedD．whathemended5．Iwanttoknow_________．A．whomisshelookingafterB．whomsheislookingC．whomisshelookingD．whomsheislookingafter6．Doyouknowwhere_________now？A．helivesB．doesheliveC．helivedD．didhelive,7．Doyouknowwhattime____？A．thetrainleaveB．doesthetrainleaveC．willthetrainleaveD．thetrainleaves8．Idon'tknow_________．Canyoutellme，please？A．howthetwoplayersareoldB．howoldarethetwoplayersC．thetwoplayersarehowoldD．howoldthetwoplayersare9．Thesmallchildrendon'tknow_________．A．whatistheirstockingsinB．whatisintheirstockingsC．whereistheirstockingsinD．whatintheirstockings10．Ican'tunderstand_________．A．whatdoesChristmasmeanB．whatChristmasdoesmeanC．whatmeanChristmasdoesD．whatChristmasmeansII．按要求转换句型。1．DoesMr．BrownenjoylivinginChina？Couldyoutellus？（改写句子）→Couldyoutellus_________Mr．Brown_________livinginChina？2．“Doesthegirlneedanyhelp？”heaskedme．（变为复合句）→Heaskedme_________thegirl_________somehelp．3．Jimisnotastudent．Tomisnotastudent，either．（合并为一个句子）_________Jim_________Tomisastudent．4．Whendoesthetrainleave？Iwanttoknow．（改为含宾语从句的复合句）Iwanttoknow_________thetrain_________．5．Theywenthomeaftertheyhadfinishedtheirhomework．（用not．．．until改写）They_________gohome_________theyhadfinishedtheirhomework．6．DidPetercomehereyesterday？LiLeiwantstoknow．（改为含宾语从句的复合句）LiLeiwantstoknow_________Peter_________hereyesterday．宾语从句专项训练参考答案：I．1—5DDDCD6—10ADDBDII．1．if／whether；enjoys2．if／whether；needed3．Neither；nor4．when；leaves5．didn't；until6．whether；came